Міністерство освіти І науки україни ізмаїльський інститут водного транспорту кафедра сучасних мов І гуманітарних дисциплін
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Theme V
WORD-MEANING
The aim is: to study the problems of word-meaning.
The tasks are:
to consider referential and functional approaches to the problem of meaning;
to consider types of word-meaning and meaning in morphemes;
to analyse the denotational and connotational types of meaning;
to analyse motivation of words according to its types and degrees;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for Discussion
1. Definition of word-meaning. Referential and functional approaches to the problem of meaning.
2. Types of word-meaning. Grammatical, lexical, part-of-speech, denotational and connotational meaning, emotive charge and stylistic reference.
3. Meaning in morphemes. Lexical, part-of-speech, differential and distributional meaning.
4. Motivation. Types of motivation. Morphological motivation, phonetic motivation, semantic motivation. Complete and partial motivation.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
SEMASIOLOGY | the branch of linguistics which studies the semantics of linguistic units. |
SEMANTICS | the meaning of words, expressions or grammatical forms. |
WORD | the basic unit of language. It directly corresponds to the object of thought (referent), which is a generalized reverberation of a certain ‘slice’, ‘piece’ of objective reality, and by immediately referring to it names the thing meant. |
| REFERENT | the object of thought correlated with a certain linguistic expression. Also: the element of objective reality as reflected in our minds and viewed as the content regularly correlated with certain expression. |
| CONCEPT | a generalized reverberation in the human consciousness of the properties of the objective reality learned in the process of the latter’s cognition. Concepts are formed linguistically, each having a name (a word) attached to it. |
| MEANING | is a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign-its so-called inner facet whereas the sound-form functions as its outer facet. |
| DISTRIBUTION | is the position of a linguistic element in relation to other units. |
| GRAMMATICAL MEANING | is that component of word-meaning which is recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words. |
| LEXICAL MEANING | the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the main material part of the word (as distinct from its formal or grammatical part), which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the things (phenomenon, quality, state, etc.) the word denotes. |
| DENOTATION | the expression of the main meaning, meaning proper of a linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation. It is the denotational meaning that makes communication possible. |
| CONNOTATION | the pragmatic communicative value the word receives by virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used. The main types of connotations are: stylistic, emotional, evaluative and expressive (intensifying). |
| DIFFERENTIAL MEANING | is the semantic component of morpheme-meaning that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes. |
| DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANING | is the meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up the word. |
| MOTIVATION | is a connection between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning. |
| COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS | splitting of an individual meaning of a word into its constituent smallest unit-semes (e.g. “woman” may be split into semes “human”, “female”, “adult”). |
Required Reading
O b l i g a t o r y :
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1973, pp. 112-139.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M., 1979, pp.13-28.
3. Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мов. – Нова книга,2003,с. 18-67
4. Ніколенко А.Г. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Нова книга, 2007.
O p t i o n a l :
1.Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 «Иностр. яз.». – М.: Высшая школа, 1985, C. 99-113.
2. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов (на англ. яз.). – 2-е изд. – Л.: Просвещение, 1975, C. 9-85.
3. Кубрякова Е.С. Типы языковых значений: Семантика производного слова. – М.: Наука, 1981.
4. Манакин В.Н. Сопоставительная лексикология. К., 2004, с. 150-250.
5. Медникова Э. М. Значение слова и методы его описания. М., 1974, с. 6-15.
6. Мостовий М.І. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Х., 1993, C. 66-129.
7. Никитин М.В. Лексическое значение слова. М., 1983, с. 6-62.
9. Никитин М.В. Основы лингвистической теории значения, М., 1988.
10.Раєвська Н.М. English Lexicology. – K., 1971, pp.107-203.
11. Шмелев Д.Н. Проблемы семантического анализа лексики. – М., 1973.
Tasks and Exercises
1. Discuss the meaning of the words house, white, die in connection with the problem “concept - meaning”.
A house in the country. A full house. Every word was heard in all parts of the house. White House. An ancient trading house in the city. A noisy cheerful house. To keep house. To bring down the house. To leave one’s father’s house. On the house.
White clouds. White hair. A white elephant. The white race. White magic. White meat. As white as snow. White wine. It’s white of you. White lie.
Die of hunger. Die a violent death. Die in one’s bed. The day is dying. Die to the world. I’m dying to know. His secret died with him. Die in harness. Die game. Never say ‘die’.
2. Explain the motivation of the following words and word-groups:
a driver, unanswerable, skin-deep, home-made, to winter, to water, a bee, a snake, book for a needle in a bundle of hay, catch at a straw, babble, basketball, blooming health, bookshelf, bottleneck, boyish, bump, buzz, catlike, chatter, chirrup, crash, eatable, foot of a mountain, giggle, green with envy, handkerchief, head of a procession, heart of the country, howl, key to a mystery, legs of a table, lioness, mow, nightgown, nose of a plane, overgrow, prefabricated, purr, skilful, splash, swish, teacher, tinkle, tongues of flame, travelling-bag, twitter, watery.
3. Explain the absence of motivation in the following words and word-groups:
big, red, to read, baker’s dozen.
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
What is uderstood by semantics?
What are the two approaches to the problem of meaning?
What are the various types of word-meanings?
What are the types of morpheme-meanings?
What is uderstood by motivation?
What are the types of motivation?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Semasiology | Коннотація |
Semantics | Лексичне значення |
| Referent | Дистрибутивне значення |
| Concept | Семасиологія |
| Meaning | Референт |
| Distribution | Денотативне значення |
| Grammatical meaning | Значення |
| Denotation | Граматичне значення |
| Connotation | Дистрибуція |
| Differential meaning | Дифференційне значення |
| Distributional meaning | Поняття |
| Motivation | Мотивація |