І. В. Корунець порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов навчальний посібник Видання друге, доповнене й перероблене вінниця нова книга

Килигейовій постаті... (Гончар) Mont Blanc appears - still, snowy, and serene. (Shelley) Then met his look, tired, gloomy, desperate. (D. Parker)

The Detached Adverbial Complements/ Відокремлені адвербіальні члени речення

Detached adverbial parts of the sentence are the adverbial complements of place, time, condition, concession, manner, comparison and attendant circumstances. The means of expressing these complements in English and Ukrainian are both isomorphic and allomorphic. Isomorphic is the expression of adverbial complements by means of an adverb, an adjective, a participle or a prepositional noun/pronoun. Allomorphic means include the gerund and the nominative absolute participial constructions in English and the diyepryslivnyk/the diyepryslivnyk construction, as well as the nominals governed by prepositions in Ukrainian. Equally common in both languages is the implicit predicative meaning of all detached secondary parts of the sentence and their distribution (in front position, in midposition and in postposition to the modified component).

Allomorphism is partly observed in the means of expressing some of the detached adverbial parts of the sentence in English and in Ukrainian. These means in English include the so-called secondary predication constructions joined by analytical connection, whereas in Ukrainian the nominal components are joined with the help of synthetic or analytic and synthetic means. The nomenclature and the syntactic/specifying functions of the detached adverbial parts of the sentence are common in English and Ukrainian, which can be seen from the table 28.

Table 28

Detached Adverbial Complements

Meaning	Way of Expressing the Detached Part of the Sentence
	In English	In Ukrainian
Local	1 was sitting at a box table writing letters, in a tent near the beach at Buna. (F. Hardy)	Я сидів за ящиком-столом (у шатрі коло пляжу в Буні) й писав листи.

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Meaning	Way of Expressing the Detached Part of the Sentence
	In English	In Ukrainian
Temporal	Up to a year ago, Richard Abernethie's will was very simple. (Christie)	Заповіт Річарда Абернеті ще десь рік тому був дуже простий.
Manner	Slowly, very slowly, she went. (Galsworthy)	Повільно, дуже повільно йшла вона.
Attendant Circumstance	For five days he toiled... going nowhere, seeing nobody, and eating meagrely. (London) She hesitated by the door-way, her hand on the handle of the open door. (Maurier)	Упродовж п'яти днів він важко працював, нікуди не виходячи, ні з ким не зустрічаючись, впроголодь. Вона, вже взявшись за ручку прочинених дверей, раптом завагалася.
Cause/ Reason	For some reason, she seemed to hate first base... "Because of my age, — I could not be persecuted". (Vonnegut)	3 якихось причин, як видно, вона не вподобала першу базу... "Через моє неповноліття... мене не змогли судити."
Condition	If necessary, she must see Mr. Bridgenorth. (Galsworthy) "Dead, he would have been safe". (Vonnegut)	Якщо треба, вона муситиме зайти до Бріджнорта. "Мертвий — він був би у повній безпеці»...
Measure and Degree	"He realised that much, no more. (F. Hardy) It (car) was coming fast, more than fifty miles an hour... (Caldwell)	Це ще він розумів, але не більше. Автомобіль їхав швидко, більш ніж п'ятдесят миль за годину...
Concession	It was a fine calm day, though very cold... (Bronte) With all her faults, there was nobody like Edee... (Priestley)	Був гарний спокійний день, хоч і дуже холодний... Попри всі її недоліки, жодна інша не могла зрівнятися з Еді...

Close to detached parts of the sentence in both languages are specifying parts (уточнюючі відокремлені члени речення). They are used postposed to the ordinary parts of the sentence to specify their meaning. They are joined to their preceding components either asyndetically) or syndetically, with the help of conjunctions or connective words, the latter being less frequent. Most specifying parts of the sentence are of adverbial meaning. Cf.

He liked people, especially children. Він любив людей, (а) особливо дітей/ (Maugham) Він любив людей, а надто дітей.

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Typology of the Homogeneous Parts of the Sentence

Homogeneous parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian are actually not only of identical functions, but also of identical structure and nomenclature. Hence, homogeneous may be in the sentence:

1. Co-ordinate Subjects (extended or unextended):

2. Co-ordinate Homogeneous Predicates. These may also be simple, expanded or extended by their structure. Eg:

Less co-occurrent are homogeneous phrasal predicates, like He gave his consent and took leave. (Cf. in Ukrainian: Він дав згоду і брав участь у грі.)

Common in both contrasted languages are homogeneous parts in compound verbal and compound nominal predicates (i. e. predicatives):

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When used without the linking verb (є), the homogenous predicatives in the Ukrainian sentence above turn into homogeneous simple nominal predicates (ми нерозумні, сентиментальні, афективні...).

3. Homogeneous Co-ordinate Objects. These parts of the sen tence may be expressed by different parts of speech functioning as nomi nals. Homogeneous objects may also be extended or expanded and prep ositional:

...I remember Tegumai Bopsulai, Я пам'ятаю Тегумая Бопсулая,

and Tqffinwi Metallumai and Те- і Таффінваю Металумаю, і Те-

shumai Tewindrow, her Mummy, шумаю Тевіндрову, її матір,

and all the days gone by. (Kipling) і всі минулі літа.

Pertaining to English only, however, is the expression of homogeneous objects by gerunds which have correspondingly infinitival or substantival equivalents for their substitutes in Ukrainian. Cf.

We avoid remembering and mentio- Ми уникаємо згадувати й ви-

ning her name now. (Maugham) мовляти її ім'я зараз.

He insisted on coming and look- Він наполягав на приїзді й

ing about the garden. (Wain) обшукові всього саду.

4. Co-ordinate Homogeneous Attributes. Isomorphism in the func tioning of homogeneous attributive adjuncts manifests itself in the distri bution (preposed or postposed) and in structural forms (extended, unex tended, prepositional) of this part of the sentence. Allomorphic, however, is their connection with the head components, mainly synthetic or analyt ical and synthetic in Ukrainian, and naturally analytical (syndetic or asyn detic) in English. Cf.

"Why, the whole dear, kind, nice, Ну, Таффі, тут зібралося всеньке clean, quiet tribe is here, Tuffy. дороге, добре, гарне, чисте, спокійне

(Kipling) плем'я.

5. Homogeneous Co-ordinate Adverbial Modifiers. The homo geneous adverbial modifiers are characterised by isomorphism in their functions and are often identical in the grammatical means and ways of

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their expression. The most frequently occurring are the homogeneous adverbial parts of the sentence expressing the meaning following: a) time and frequency:

A great many strangers come to Capri for a few days, or for a few weeks... (Maugham)	Багато іноземців приїжджають на Капрі на кілька днів чи на кілька тижнів...
b) place and direction:
We shall meet here, or in the village. (Ibid.)	Ми зустрінемося тут чи в селі
He moved out into the sunshine and up to the road. (Galsworthy)	Він вийшов на сонце і попрямував до шляху.
c) manner or attendant circumstances:
I behaved very shamefully, very ungenerously, very ungratefully to her... (Bronte)	Я поводився з нею надто негідно, дуже нешляхетно, дуже невдячно...
They went side by side, hand in hand, silently... (Galsworthy)	Вони йшли поруч, рука в руці, не розмовляючи...
d) purpose:
I shall come to see you and to help you. (Maugham)	Я прийду, щоб побачити вас і допомогти вам.
...she was going to the station with him, to drive the car back. (Galsworthy)	...вона їхала з ним до станції, щоб відвести назад машину. . .
e) result:
She was too weak to stand up and to go there. (Ibid.)	Вона була занадто слабка, щоб устати й підійти туди.
I was too much disturbed to go to bed myself. (Snow)	Я був так стурбований, що й сам не міг іти спати.

Grammatically Independent Elements in the Sentence

The existence of grammatically independent elements in the sentence is one more proof of isomorphism in the systemic organisation of the main syntactic units in the contrasted languages. Independent elements in English and Ukrainian are represented by interjections, words/phrases of direct address, parenthetic words and inserted words or sentences. Each of the elements serves to express corresponding attitudes of the speaker towards the content of the utterance.

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1. Elements of Direct Address/Прямі звертання. These are single words or word-groups denoting a person or non-person to whom the rest of the sentence is addressed. They may occupy the initial, the mid- or the closing position in the sentence/utterance:

"Tom!" — No answer. (Twain) "Well, Miss Phillips, fat coming off nicely?" (Maugham) "Go and eat, Dave ". (Caldwell)

"Томе!" — Ані звука. "Ну як, міс Філіпс, жирок потрошку сходить?" "Піди і поїж сам, Дейве".

Elements of direct address in Ukrainian are mostly marked by a vocative case inflexion (cf. Томе, Дейве). Though some nouns expressing the vocative case relation do not have (like in English) a morphological expression of it (cf. міс Філіпс, небо, слово).

Words of direct address are often preceded in English and Ukrainian by emphatic particles or emotives. Cf.

"Well, Mr. Eustace", she said (E. M. Foster) "Oh, Christ, don't be magnanimous." (Maugham)

"Ну, пане Юстасе", — сказала вона. — О, Христосе, не будь таким великодушним!"

2. Parenthetic and Inserted Elements of the Sentence/Вставні та вставлені елементи речення. Parenthetic elements in sentences/clauses of the contrasted languages have identical structural forms (word, word-group, sentence) and are used to perform one of the following two main functions in the sentence: a) the modal function (when expressing the hypothetical or reported indirect modality); b) the subjective and evaluative function [32, 1972, 227]. Hypothetical modality is mostly expressed in English and Ukrainian with the help of modal words/ phrases and sentences. The most often used are like the following:

certainly, maybe, most likely, in all probability, it seems, perhaps, possibly, probably, no doubt, surely, undoubtedly, etc.

безсумнівно, видно, мабуть, звичайно, можна сказати, здається, напевне, є надія, як здається, треба гадати.

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Parenthetic elements in English and Ukrainian may refer to the sentence as a whole or to a secondary part of it. They may occupy the initial, the mid- or the closing position in the sentence utterance too:

The parenthetic elements in the sentences above have no syntactic ties with any part of these sentences. Characteristic of both languages is also the employment of parenthetic words, phrases and sentences to express the general assessment of the action or fact on the part of the speaker. These words/phrases are the following:

Parenthetic words/phrases and sentences are used in the contrasted languages to express subjective and evaluative modality. They help convey indirectly the speaker's attitude toward some fact, event or information. These parenthetic expressions are as follows:

Isomorphic by their linguistic nature and especially by their structural form are also inserted elements in sentences of the contrasted languages.

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They give some additional information about a part of the sentence/its general content. Insertions are marked by commas, dashes, or brackets (they are used only in the mid- or closing position of the sentence). Cf. Mr. Quest, once again interrupted, turned his darkly irritable eyes on him.

(D. Lessing) It was — still is — an admirable way of inducing counter-irritation. (Cronin)

Similarly in Ukrainian: А це вміння (розмовляти і слухати) дуже важливе для письменника. (Рильський). А Ярема — страшно глянути — по три, по чотири так і кладе. (Т. Шевченко) Людині суджено не рухатись по колу. (Це, зрештою, й гаразд). (Рильський)

Equally common in both contrasted languages is the existence of inserted sentences. Cf. "You do not object, I hope, Elena?" (Christie) "I thought this" — he indicated the X-ray films — "would give some extra confirmation". (Hailey) Cat counted the Dog's teeth (and they looked very pointed) and he said... (Kipling) Or in Ukrainian: Там батько, плачучи з дітьми (а ми малі були і голі), не витерпів лихої долі... (Т. Шевченко) Ще в сіянку випали дощі, а це — що вже година стоїть — тихо, сонячно. (Головко) Нарешті брат Іван його переконав (Чимало ж зусиль ця справа коштувала!) (Рильський)

Non-Segmentable Sentences in English and Ukrainian

The system of simple sentences in the contrasted languages is formed by two common opposite poles. The first of them is represented by segmentable sentences and the second by simple non-segmentable sentences. The latter, consisting of a particle/a combination of particles, a modal word/modal phrase, an interjection/a group of interjections, can not be segmented into smaller syntactic units, i. e. parts of the sentence. Nonsegmentable sentences in English and Ukrainian may contain some rather vague ties with the antecedent sentence. They include affirmative, negative, declarative, interrogative and incentive non-segmentable sentences. Among them there are emotionally coloured (exclamatory) and emotionally neutral (non-exclamatory) non-segmentable simple sentences.