І. В. Корунець порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов навчальний посібник Видання друге, доповнене й перероблене вінниця нова книга
| Вид материала | Книга |
- Лист №1/131 від 03. 02. 2000, 348.79kb.
- М. В. Богданович М. В. Козак Я. А. Король методика викладання математики в початкових, 6474.23kb.
- Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти України як навчальний посібник для студентів архітектурних, 1979.84kb.
- Затверджено рішенням Центральної методичної ради Запорізького державного медичного, 1450.14kb.
- Н. І. Панасенко Кандидат філологічних наук, 2299.44kb.
- Каніщенко О. Л. Маркетинг: теорія І господарські ситуації: Навчальний посібник / 2-ге, 7.13kb.
- Наталя Чабан навчальний посібник з історії української культури мвс україни, 9171.9kb.
- Практичний курс англійської мови навчальний посібник з практики усного та письмового, 5352.9kb.
- Кредитно-модульний курс рекомендовано Міністерством освіти І науки України як навчальний, 6238.72kb.
- Навчально-методичний посібник (друге видання), 1764.23kb.
Обставина причини
The means of expressing the adverbial complement of cause/ reason, despite its common nature in English and Ukrainian, can be both isomorphic and allomorphic.
1. Isomorphic is the expression of the complement by nominals preceded by the conjunctive prepositions because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, which have their semantic and раrtly structural equivalents in Ukrainian (через, через те що, внаслідок, завдяки, дякуючи, в результаті):
| Because of his bad leg, he couldn't walk so fast... (Hornby) | Він не міг так швидко йти через хвору ногу. хвору ногу. |
| Rip felt famished for want of hisbreakfast. (W. Irving) | Від згадки про сніданок Ріпові дуже захотілося їсти. |
2. Some prepositions in English and Ukrainian aquire causal meaning before nouns denoting psychological or physical state. (These prepositions are for, from, out of, with — від, з/зі, через), eg:
| He could hardly speak for fear.(H.G. Wells) | Від страху він не міг слова промовити/ сказати. |
| They would be there out of curiosity.(G. Greene) | Вони прийдуть туди просо із цікавості. |
3. Partly common is the expression of this part of the sentence, i.e.
367
complement also by means of participial constructions corresponding to Ukrainian diyepryslivnyk constructions:
The men were weary, having run Вибігавши за худобою весь день, behind the beasts all day. (Back) чоловіки натомилися.
4. Allomorphism in the expression of this part of the sentence in English is restricted to a) nominative absolute participial constructions and b) to the gerund (gerundial complexes), eg: He was in jail for having killed a person in a fight. (Abrahams) ...I have great fear of the knife for my poor boy, his mother died under it due to negligence. (G. Greene).
Pertaining only to Ukrainian is the expression of the adverbial meaning of cause by nouns in indirect case forms and by diyepryslivnyks or adverbs of cause/result: Очі від утоми закрилися. (Панас Мирний) Од хвилювання Тетяна не могла спокійно говорити. (Васильченко) З радощів він мало не збожеволів. (Коцюбинський) Натомившись, спить дочка його рідна, єдина. (Нехода) ...Зозла у голову дубові стрілами навхрест ударив. (Вирган) Спересердя він кинув наполовину недокурену сигарету на підлогу. (Загребельний)
The Adverbial Complement of Purpose / Обставина мети
The complement of purpose in both contrasted languages is optional for the structure of the sentence. It may be expressed in English and Ukrainian by the following common/isomorphic means:
1. By an infinitive/infinitival phrase often introduced in Ukrainian by the conjunction щоб:
I smiled to her to show my sympathy. Я посміхнувся їй, щоб показати!
(Maugham) висловити своє співчуття.
...we both went to our rooms to get ...ми обоє пішли до номерів, щоб/
ready and all. (Salinger) аби приготуватися..
2. By infinitives introduced by the phrase conjunction so as corre sponding to Ukrainian щоб/так щоб:
368
...he got into the habit of ...thrusting ...у нього вже стало звичкою...
the hand inside his shirt so as to rest засовувати руку за пазуху, так
the thumb in the warmth of his armpit. щоб зігріти великого пальця під
(London) пахвою.
3. By prepositional nouns which have indirect case forms in Ukrainian:
...I came out to the islands for my Я приїхав на ці острови за здоров'ям. health. (Maugham) (задля лікування, щоб набратись здо-
ров'я).
4. The allomorphic expression of the adverbial complement of pur pose is realised in English with the help of the prepositional gerund and through the secondary predications for — to constructions with the infini tive, eg: She used it/or keeping small bits and odds. (Christie) The boy stood aside for him to go by. (Galsworthy) In Ukrainian the preposition для+noun (для збереження) or the conjunction щоб+the infinitive con struction is used to express this same meaning (as in the last sentence): Хлопець відступився (став убік, дав дорогу), щоб він пройшов.
The Adverbial Complements of Result (Consequence) Обставина наслідку
This adverbial part of the sentence, both in English and Ukrainian, refers to an adjective or to an adverb accompanied by an adverb of degree (enough, too, sufficiently, so...as). Hence, it has no identifying questions or prop-forms. This complement may be expressed: 1. By an infinitive:
It was a great landlocked harbour Це була закрита природна гавань, така big enough to hold a fleet of завбільшки, що в ній сховається цілий
battleships. (Maugham) флот бойових кораблів.
2. Sometimes English predicative constructions, like the for to +the infinitive, may also be used to express the complement of result. The Ukrainian semantic equivalents of the construction is the infinitive. Cf. His experience of women was great enough for him to be aware that
369
the negative offer meant nothing more than the preface to the affirmative.
(T. Hardy) — Його досвід у стосунках із жінками був досить великим/багатим для того, аби зрозуміти, що їх початкова відмова означала не що інше, як преамбула до кінцевої згоди.
3. The infinitival complement of result may be followed in English and Ukrainian by a subordinate object clause. Cf. At first she was too puzzled to understand what had happened. (Wells) Спочатку вона була так приголомшена, що не зрозуміла, що трапилося/Спочатку вона була надто приголомшена, аби зрозуміти, що трапилося.
The Adverbial Complement of Condition/Обставина умови
1. The adverbial complement of condition in the contrasted languages is usually expressed by a noun or pronoun preceded by a preposition or a prepositional phrase (but, for, except for, without). The corresponding Ukrainian prepositions are за, у, при/за таких обставин, у випадку, за умови. For example:
This time Pedro let him take the rifle Цього разу Педро дозволив йому взяти
without a murmur of protest. рушницю без жодних заперечень/
(G. Trease) Навіть не спробував заперечити.
But for his open eyes, he might have Коли б не розплющені очі, можна було
been asleep. (Galsworthy) б подумати, що він спить.
2. This adverbial meaning can also be expressed in English and Ukrai nian by a participle or adjective preceded by the conjunctions if or un less/якби, якщо:
If ifs and ands were pots and pans. Якби знаття, що в кума пиття. (При-
(Proverb) казка).
Nobody spoke, unless spoken to... Ніхто не починав розмову, якщо/коли
(Dickens) до нього не зверталися.
3. The complement of condition may also be expressed in English by an infinitive, a participle or a secondary predication construction, which are usually conveyed in Ukrainian with the help of conditional clauses
370
introduced by the conjunctions якби or якщо. Cf. She would have done better not to notice him. Weather permitting, everybody will continue the trip. Було б краще, якби вона не помічала його. Якщо погода дозволить, всі продовжать свій похід.
Ukrainian allomorphic complements of condition can also be expressed by diyepryslivnyks / diyepryslivnyk phrases as in the following proverbs and sayings. Лежачи і сокира ржавіє. Не спитавши броду, не лізь у воду.
The Adverbial Complement of Concession/Обставина допусту
Concessive complements in the sentence point to conditions contrary to the action that takes place (or to the state of object/living being) that continues. Hence, the identifying question in spite of what? and the prop-forms indicating concession are mostly used. These are, first of all the adverb nevertheless and the introductory phrase in spite of that/ this. Their Ukrainian counterparts are незважаючи (на), попри.
Most often, however, the complement of concession is expressed in English by the above-mentioned connective phrase in spite of and by the connectives despite, for all, with all and by phrases introduced by the conjunction though. Their Ukrainian equivalents are the same conjunctions and semantically close prepositional phrases: незважаючи на, всупереч усьому, наперекір фактам, хоч/хоча:
In spite of her big nose I liked her Незважаючи на її великий ніс, вона все
very much. (Salinger) ж дуже подобалася мені.
Notwithstanding the unpropitious Незважаючи на несприятливу погоду,
weather, the air raids continue авіанальоти не припиняються/продов-
unabated. (F. News) жуються.
Though frightened, he carried it off Хоч і настрашений, він з усім добре
very well. (Cronin) справлявся.
A concessive meaning may be created in English without the prepositions, connectives and the conjunction though, which is impossible in Ukrainian. Eg: With all his witty tricks he was a snob. (Salinger) In Ukrainian, however, the conjunction or connective is always used: Незва-
371
жаючи) на всі його дотепні витівки, він усе ж був недотепою/снобом. Or: Попри всі його дотепи, він так і зостався неотесаним снобом.
Adverbial Complements of Attendant Circumstances/ Обставини супроводжуючих способів дії
These adverbial complements may be expressed in the contrasted languages both by isomorphic and by allomorphic means, the latter being observed mainly in English. Isomorphic is the expression of attendant circumstances by means of adverbs of manner or prepositional word-groups with semantically corresponding adverbs, prepositional noun phrases or diyepryslivnyks in Ukrainian. Eg:
...she began to speak in a limping ...вона почала своє звертання пошепки
whisper. (W. Trevor) й запикуючись.
Jimmi... dived under and began to Джиммі.., пірнаючи, відпливав, а потім
swim with strong, easy strokes. легко навзамашки плавав.
(J. Wain)
Winter set in early and unexpec- Зима лягла рано і з непередбачено/
tedly with a heavy fall of snow. несподівано великими снігопадами.
(Cronin)
The adverbial co-ordinate word-group early and unexpectedly has a combined temporal meaning (early) and that of attendant circumstance (unexpectedly-how?). In Ukrainian the temporal meaning is equivalently conveyed with the help of the adverb (рано) and the adverb of manner/attendant circumstances непередбачено. It has an equivalent in Ukrainian несподівано which is also semantically connected with the prepositional noun phrase with heavy fall of snow. The latter has also a functional and semantic equivalent in Ukrainian з великими снігопадами (how? in what way?)
An allomorphic expression of attendant circumstances is also observed in English when it finds its realisation through gerundial and nominative absolute participial constructions: Now I can go to bed at last without dreading tomorrow. (B. Shaw) Тепер я можу лягати спати, не боячись уже куняти зранку. Similarly in the sentence She hesitated by the door-
372
way, her hand on the handle of the open door. (Maurier) Where the attendant circumstance is expressed with the help of the nominative absolute participial construction (complex) ...затрималась у прочинених дверях (how? in what way?), тримаючись рукою за клямку.
The Adverbial Complement of Comparison/Обставина порівняння
This adverbial complement is introduced in English by the conjunctions than, as, as if, as though or by the preposition like, all having direct semantic and functional equivalents in Ukrainian (ніж, як, за, ще). The adverbial modifier of comparison usually complements the noun or the adjective as a head component of the word-group. Cf.
"...my Tegumai, you're no better "...моя Теґумай, ти не краща, ніж/за
than my Taffy". (Kipling) мою Таффі."
"It (cave) isn't as high as the hills, "Вона (землянка) насправді не така
really..." (Ibid.) висока, як горби."
The preposition like, on the other hand, acquires a connective function joining the predicative part of the sentence and the adverbial complement of comparison, as it is also in Ukrainian. Cf.
The man spoke English like an Чоловік розмовляв по-англійськи, як
Oxford graduate. (Carnegie) Like оксфордський випускник. Яка пані, mistress, like maid. (Proverb) така й служниця/Який Сава, така й
слава.
There exist some ambiguous conjunctive constructions in which the complement of comparison overlaps the adverbial meaning of degree. Cf.
Be as clear and short as possible. Будь чітким і виразним, наскільки (Carnegie) можливо.
Transparent comparison is also expressed when objects and phenomena are compared by the conjunctions as and than in sentences of each of the contrasted languages. For example:
373
Her eyes are bright as diamonds and її очі яскраві, як діаманти, і блакит-
bluer than the skies above. (Kipling) ніші, ніж небеса над нами.
"If you even live to be as old as I am, "Якщо ти коли-небудь доживеш до
you will find many things strange." стількох років, як я, ти зрозумієш,
(Hemingway) що багато що є дивним."
The Adverbial Complement of Degree/Обставина ступеня
This part of the sentence in both contrasted languages may complement any of its parts expressed by verbs, adjectives, adverbs and statives. The complement characterises actions, states and quality from the viewpoint of their intensity, hence the identifying questions: how much? to what extent? — скільки? наскільки? до якого ступеня/ обсягу?
The complement is mostly expressed in English and Ukrainian by common means, the main being the following:
a) by adverbs of degree:
I think he was pretty surprised to Гадаю, він був вельми (аж надто)
hear it from me. (Salinger) здивований, почувши це від мене.
His life was extremely hard. (Carnegie) Його життя було дуже важким.
b) by adverbial phrases of degree:
...I'll come inmost mousy-quiet. (Kipling) Я ввійду дуже тихо, як мишка. Lady Bobs looked so pretty-prettier Леді Бобз така гарна - до того ж asleep than awake. (Galsworthy) краща сонною, ніж розбудженою.
c) The adverb of degree may sometimes complement (i.e. be an adjunct to) a noun. Cf. She is quite a beauty. (Sheridan) Вона просто- таки красуня. Or in Ukrainian: ...так ще не зовсім біда. (Кв.-Осно в'яненко) so it is not quite bad. He is already quite a grown-up (boy). Він уже зовсім парубок І cf. вона вже зовсім дівка.
The Adverbial Complement of Measure/Обставина міри
The meaning of measure in the contrasted languages is expressed by numerals with nouns denoting a unit of measure (length, weight, time,
374
temperature, etc.) as well as by some word-groups and adverbs expressing quantity. The adverbial complements follow statal verbs denoting various processes of measurement (to measure, to weigh, to cost, to last, to walk, to run — міряти, важити, коштувати, бігти, йти, продовжуватися / тривати).
1. Nouns of measure in word-groups of both languages are mostly preceded by numerals:
It cost about ninety bucks, and all he Річ коштувала близько дев'яноста bought it for was twenty. (Salinger) доларів, а він купив її всього за двадцять.
In three steps the grandmother За три кроки бабуня дійшла до дверей.
reached the door. (Donnell)
2. No less frequent is the expression of the complement of measure by substantival word-groups of quantitative meaning, eg:
He stood still a long while, surveying Довгий час він стояв нерухомо,
the hillside. (London) оглядаючи горбистий краєвид.
Не moved down the stream a few steps. Потім він пройшов кілька кроків
(Ibid.) уздовж струмка.
3. Adverbs denoting measure also express these adverbial comple ments: Measure twice, cut once/score twice before you cut once. (Prov erbs) He is twice the man. (Hornby) Similarly in Ukrainian: Лінивий двічі ходить, скупий двічі платить. (Прислів'я) Важить білуха дуже багато, стільки як слон. (Трублаїні)
The Detached Secondary Parts of the Sentence/ Відокремлені другорядні члени речення
Isomorphic in English and Ukrainian, like in all other Indo-European languages, is also the existence of detached secondary parts of the sentence, which may be unextended or extended. Their position in the sentence is not always fixed and they have a loose connection with their head components. Apart from their relatively free preposed or postposed
375
placement detached parts of the sentence in both contrasted languages have an implicit predicative meaning. Besides, these parts of the sentence can be only object (indirect), attribute and the adverbial parts. The most frequently detached in both contrasted languages are attributes (including appositional attributes).
The Detached Attribute/Відокремлене означення
This part of the sentence may refer in English and Ukrainian to nouns and to pronouns, usually expressing in both contrasted languages some additional adverbial meaning (cause, condition, comparison, concession, time, etc.). Cf.
Very white, he turned back to the назад balcony. (Galsworthy)
Зовсім блідий, він повернувся на балкон.
The subject "he" is not simply "white" (attribute) but "very white", i. e. white to some degree (how white?). Similarly in Ukrainian (наскільки блідий - зовсім блідий).
Sometimes Ukrainian equivalents of English loose attributes may have no synthetic agreement with their head components. Cf.
There were two figures, middleaged and young. (Galsworthy)
Там було дві постаті, середнього віку й молода/ й молодшого віку.
Here exists no agreement between the Ukrainian head noun "постаті" and the adjunct component/detached apposition "середнього віку й молода".
A detached attribute can also be expressed by a prepositional noun: . .his greatest joy in life had been найбільшою втіхою в його житті була
... his long summer holidays, in довга літня відпустка — в Італію й
Italy and around the Alps... Альпійські гори.
The Detached Apposition/Відокремлена прикладка
Detached appositions identify or explain the head component which may be a noun or a pronoun:
376
...Minna found the house, a pretty Мінна знайшла будинок, невеличкий
little cottage, set back from the гарненький котедж, захований
street. (Norris) подалі від вулиці.
In the east mountain peaks-fingers А на сході гірські шпилі ..латки снігу/
of snow - glittered above the mist. снігові пальці... виблискували понад
(Galsworthy) туманом.
Detached apposition in Ukrainian may often be joined with the subordinating part/noun with the help of the conjunctions або, чи, тобто, як and by specifying words as як от, а саме, особливо, навіть, переважно, родом, на ймення, на прізвище, etc.
The English specifiers are semantically similar: quite, almost, namely, by name, etc. Cf. Цей красень на ймення Олексій Розум. This handsome youngster Oleksiy Rozum. Той хлопчина, родом із кріпаків, став генієм України. That poor boy, born a serf, became a genius of all Ukrainians.
Ukrainian detached appositions can often be in partial agreement (in number only) with the head component, eg: Ось софора, диковинне південне дерево. (Гончар) Інженер-синоптик Марина Гнидерево. (Which weather forecasting engineer? What Maryna?)