Semantic peculiarities of the English article and ways of its translation
Дипломная работа - Иностранные языки
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al name is modified by an attribute in pre-position: Soviet Russia, North America, Latin America, Central Asia.. - The word groups the Soviet Union, the United States are always used with the definite article.
2.Geographical names modified by a particularizing attribute are used with the definite article.
The Philadelphia into which Frank Algernon Cowperwood was born was a city of two hundred and fifty thousand and more. (Dreiser)
- With names of oceans, seas, rivers the definite article is used: the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific), the Black Sea, the Thames, the Ohio River.
- Names of lakes do not take the article if the word lake is used, which is nearly always the case; if it is not mentioned we find the definite article: Lake Windermere, Lake Ontario, the Ontario.
- With names of mountain chains the definite article is used: the Urals, the Alps.
With names of mountain peaks no article is used: Elbrus, Everest.
6.With names of groups of islands the definite article is used: the Hebrides, the Bermudas.
With names of single islands there is no article: Madagascar.
7.The names of the following towns, countries and provinces are used with the definite article: the Hague, the Netherlands, the West Indies, the Ruhr, the Riviera, the Crimea, the Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Congo. The Lebanon is generally used with the definite article, occasionally without the article.
8.Names of streets and squares are used without articles: Oxford Street, Wall Street, Trafalgar Square, Russell Square.
There are a few exceptions: the High Street, the Strand.) Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines.of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines are used with the definite article.he added that the Independent had accepted and was about to publish two poems which he had been able to write because of her. (Dreiser)three men came to the turning at the corner of the Grosvenor Hotel. (Hichens)) Names of cardinal points.the names of cardinal points the definite article is used: the North, the South, the West, the East.the expressions from East to West, from North to South no article is used.) Names of months and days.a rule names of months and days are used without articles.is a spring month. My day off is Friday.these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute the definite article is used.May of 1949 will always rest in my memory.Trotwood came on the Friday when David was born.of days are used with the indefinite article when we mean one of many Mondays, Fridays, etc.Crusoe found his servant on a Friday.do not remember exactly when he came from Moscow, but Isure it was on a Monday.of months are used with the indefinite article when modified by a descriptive attribute.cold May is the usual thing in Leningrad.) The use of articles with nouns modified by proper nouns.a noun is modified by a proper noun in the genitive case no article is used.met Robert's father.noun modified by a proper noun in the common case is used with the definite article.summer I visited the Tretyakov Gallery.
The sailor led him back to the little irregular square by the
Medici Palace. (Voynich)
USE OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS IN SOME SET EXPRESSIONS)The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions.
1. in a hurry - второпях Things done in a hurry are done badly.2. to have a mind to do something (a great mind, a good mind) - иметь желание что-либо сделать, быть склонным что либо сделатьI have a great mind to have a serious talk with her.3. to fly into a passion - прийти в бешенствоIf you contradict him, he will fly into a passion.4. to get in a fury (in a rage) прийти в яростьIf you contradict him, he will get in a fury (in a rage).5. to take a fancy to (chiefly with names of living beings)- проникнуться симпатией, почувствовать расположениеI wonder why she took a fancy to the little girl.6. in a low (loud) voice - тихо(громко)Don't speak in a low voice.7. a great many (with countables) - многоI have spoken to him a great many times.8. a great deal (with uncountables) - многоWe can't skate today, there is a great deal of snow on the ice.9. it is a pity - жальIt is a pity you did not go to the concert last night. 10. it is a shame - стыдноIt is a shame not to know these elementary things.11. it is a pleasure - приятноIt is a pleasure to read beautiful poetry. 12. as a result - в результатеAs a result of the inhabitants strenuous efforts the damaged city was soon rebuilt. 13. to have a good time - хорошо провести времяLast night we went to an evening party and had a very good time.14. to be at a loss - быть в недоуменииShe was at a loss what to say.15. at a glance - сразу, с первого взглядаShe saw at a glance that something had happened.)The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions.
1. it is out of the question - об этом не может быть и речиWill you go to the theatre tonight?" "It's out of the question you have lots of things to do."2. to take the trouble to do something - потрудитьсяYou had a difficult text to translate and you did not take the trouble to consult the dictionary. 3. in the original - в оригиналеYou know English well enough to read Dickens in the original. 4. to play the piano (the violin, the harp) - играть на рояле (скрипке, арфе)She plays the piano very well.5. to keep the house - сидеть домаShe has a cold and will have to keep the house for a couple of days.6. to keep the bed - соблюдать постельный режимShe has a bad cold and will have to keep the bed for a couple of days.7. on the whole - в целом On the whole Tom is a pleasant fellow, but sometimes he has whims. 8. the other day (refers to the past) - на дняхI met him the other day.9. on the one hand. on the other hand - с одной стороны.с другой стороныOn the one hand he certainly excites suspicion, but on the other hand we have not enough evidence against him. (Qppenheim)10. to tell (to speak) the truth говорить правду; To tell the truth, - по правде говоряHe always speaks (tells) the truth.11. to be on the safe side - для верностиI am almost sure of the pronunciation of this name, but to be on the safe side let us consult the pronouncing dictionary. ) Nouns in set expressions used without an article.
1. out of doors - на дворе, на улице, вне домаThe children spent most of the time out of doors.2. to take to heart - принимать близко к сердцуDon't take things too much to heart.3. to take offence - обижатьсяIf he had heard your remark, he would have taken offence.4. to give (to get, to ask) permission - дать (получить, просить) разрешениеI asked permission to keep the book a little longer.5. to lose heart - терять мужество, приходить в уныниеНе found the subject very difficult at first, but he did not lose heart.6. at present - в настоящее времяHe went on working hard and finally mastered it. You may go home, we don't want you at present.7. from morning till night - с утра до вечераНе worked in his little garden from morning till night.8. from head to foot - с головы до ногShe was dressed in furs from head to foot.9. from beginning to end - с начала до концаThe whole story is a lie from beginning to end.10. at first sight - с первого взглядаНе fell in love with her at first sight.11. by chance -случайноThey met quite by chance.12. by mistake - по ошибкеI have brought the wrong book by mistake. 13. for hours - часамиНе could read for hours.14. for ages - целую вечностьI have not seen you for ages.15. by land, by air, by sea - cyшей, по воздуху, моремI like travelling by sea.16. to go to sea - стать моряком My sister wants to be a doctor, and my brother wants to go to sea. 17. on deck - на палубеWe spent hours on deck.18. to keep house - вести хозяйствоHer sister keeps house for her.19. at sunrise - на рассвете We left the town at sunrise.20. at sunset - на закатеWe arrived at the village at sunset.21. at work - за работойWhenever I come, he is always at work. 22. at peace - в миреWe want to be at peace with all countries.23. by name - по имениHis cat, Snowball by name, was playing on the carpet.24. in debt - в долгуMr. Micawber was always in debt.) The use of articles with predicative nouns.stated above a predicative noun is used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class.a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute, the definite article is used.is the student you wanted to speak to.a predicative noun denotes a post which can be occupied by one person at a time, either no atricle or the definite article is used.. Henderson is manager, not under-manager any longer. (Lindsay) Montanelli was director of the theological seminary at Pisa. Comrade N. is the dean of our faculty.article is used with predicative nouns after the verbs to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect. turned traitor.
Компейсон стал предателем.
Shakespeare commenced actor.
Шекспир начинал как актер.appointed him head-teacher.
Его назначили старшим преподавателем.predicative noun sometimes has an adjectival c