Semantic peculiarities of the English article and ways of its translation
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omparison, but a high degree of a quality.listened with the most profound attention. He listened with the deepest attention.same phenomenon is found in Russian:
Он слушал с глубочайшим вниманием.
(b) Most + of + noun.definite people or things are meant the noun is used with the definite article and most is followed by the preposition of.of the flowers in the garden were planted by the schoolchildren.of the gentlemen looked both angry and uncomfortable. (Voynich)say most, not most of the, when we do not mean definite people or things. The noun is used in a general sense.flowers smell sweet.) Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little.means 'мало', it has a negative meaning.few means 'несколько', it has a positive meaning. few means 'те немногие (которые)'.
He was a very good man. There are few like him in the world to-day. (Abrahams)left after a few moments. (Dreiser)need not fear to hear the few remaining words we have to say. (Dickens)means 'мало', it has a negative meaning.little means 'некоторое количество', it has a positive meaning. little means 'небольшое количество (которое)'.
We can't go skiing to-day. There is too little snow.have a little time. Let us take a walk in the garden.'t waste the little time you have.) Two, the two; three, the three, etc.means 'два'.two means 'оба, те два'.students entered the room.two friends travelled together.
The two books you lent me proved very interesting.
d) The second, a second.second is an ordinal numeral meaning 'второй'.second attempt proved more successful than the first.second means 'another, one more'. Having eaten the gruel, Oliver asked for a second portion.the third, a third, the fourth, a fourth, etc. we see the same difference in meaning.made an experiment which proved his theory. He made a second, a third, a fourth experiment with the same results.second time means 'once more'.rang the bell, but nobody answered it, so I had to ring a second time.) Another, the other.pronoun another has two meanings:
(a)'какой-либо другой'.
Give me another pen, I don't like this one.
(b)'еще один'.
I am thirsty; 1 should like another cup of tea. The other means 'определенный другой'. There are two books here, take one and I'll take the other.) Last, the last.modified by the adjective last are always used with the definite article except in the expressions last month, last year, last week, last summer (winter, autumn, spring).last word remained with George.summer, in Switzerland, he was quite well. (Voynich)) Next, the next.means 'будущий' when referring to time: next month, next week.next means 'следующий': the next room, at the next lesson. Next time means 'в следующий раз'.
We shall discuss this matter next time.reference to time viewed from the past both next and the next mean 'следующий'.spent a fortnight in Kiev. The next week was spent in Odessa (or: Next week was spent in Odessa).) A number, the number.number of means 'many'. It is rendered in Russian by много, ряд.number means 'число, количество'.father and a number of his cronies were in the dining-room. (Dreiser)number of mistakes he makes is startling.
1.4.3 Omission of the article
Sometimes the article is not used where we naturally expect to find it in accordance with the rules. No change of meaning is observed in these cases.article is often omitted in newspaper headings, telegrams, in stage directions.Blast Kills Woman. (Dally Worker) Girl Gymnast Keeps Title. (Moscow News)article is often omitted with homogeneous members closely connected with each other and joined by the conjunction and. In most cases they go in pairs.breakfast was taken away, and that meal over, it was the general custom of uncle and niece to separate. (Ch. Bronte)[20]analyses of theoretical and practical aspects of the English articles enabled to make the following conclusions:
1.Considering the process of the historical development of the English articles there appeared two concepts according to the first of which the article is the notional part of words and according to the second it is one of the forms of Adjectives. Most scientists supported the first point of view in the 19th century, but at the same time there existed a theory that included the article into the class of Pronouns or into the class of Adjectives. In the 20th century the article was not considered to be a notional part of words by a wide range of scientists. In our work we support the thought that the article is a notional part of words as it posesses three characteristics (the lexico-grammatical meanings of (in)definiteness; the right-hand combinability with nouns; the function of noun specifiers) which make us believe that the English article is a notional part of words.
2.The syntactical role of the article consists in marking off a noun or a noun phrase as a part of the sentence.
.The morphological value of the article lies in indicating the substantivization of other parts of words, mainly adjectives or participles, also pronouns, adverbs, numerals.
.The main functions of the indefinite article are: classifying, generic and numerical.
.The two main functions of the definite article are specifying and generic.
.The absence of any article, which is sometimes referred to as the zero article, is as meaningful as their actual use. It is regularly observed with countable nouns in the plural, with non-counts used in a general sense, with proper nouns.
.The omission of an article differs from the absence of an article in that it is stylistically or traditionally determined.
article translation contextual indefinite
Part II. Lexico-grammatical aspects of translation of the definite and indefinite articles
to a concrete detailed analyses of ways and methods of rendering English articles into Ukrainian it is very important to mention the category of Definiteness and Indefiniteness as it can give a considerable semantic shade of meaning.
.1 The Category of Definiteness and Indefiniteness
noun in English and Ukrainian, as in other languages, possesses the semantic category of definiteness and indefiniteness [39, c.412].In other words, when a noun (even a proper name) or family/geographical name is taken out of its context to which it belonged, its meaning may not be definitely understood, i.e. identified. Thus, the proper names Mykola, Petro or Anatoliy when used for the first time (eg. I met Petro/Mykola yesterday evening) may not be definite enough for the listener or collocutor who may inquire: which Petro/Mykola? Your friend/cousine Petro/Mykola? You mean your co-student Petro/Mykola? etc. Even when one uses the geographical name like Beskyd the real meaning of this proper noun may not be clear to the listener who has not enough preliminary information about the used name. This is because "Beskyd" may be the name of a mountain in the Carpathians as well as a tourist camp or a hotel there. Similarly identified must also be many other nouns in Ukrainian despite its being a predominantly synthetic by structure language. Thus, it may be sometimes far from easy to unanimously identify the real meaning, for example, of such a seemingly transparent for every Ukrainian listener name as КиСЧв. Even in the sentence as Вiн мешкав деякий час у КиСФвi (when used in oral words) and when the listener does not see this noun written, it may mean the city named КиСЧв or the "КиСЧв" hotel (then it is in inverted commas in Ukrainian). Similarly when one hears the English king's name Charles, one would naturally inquire which king Charles? The first, the third or the fifth? Only when the substantivized numeral is added (Charles the First or Charles the Third, etc.), will the King's name become definite (clearly and finally indentified).
The category of definiteness and indenfiniteness may be identified in English and Ukrainian both at language level (when the noun is out of a concrete context) and at words level, i.e. in oral presentation or in a written microtext. The main means of making the noun definite in English is to use the definite or indefinite (zero) article or any other determining or identifying adjunct. For example: Bristol (zero article) means the town of Bristol, whereas the Bristol is the name of a hotel or an inn, ship, etc. Similarly even with such a proper noun as УкраСЧна which, when used without the definite article, means the country of Ukraine, but when presented in inverted commas it will mean anything: готель "УкраСЧна", концертний зал "УкраСЧна" or an agricultural en terprise/joint venture "УкраСЧна". The definite article may also determine, i.e. make definite some other groups (or single) nouns as, for example, those denoting generic nouns or unique objects on the globe, or even in the universe as in the following sentences: The lion is a wild animal. The sun is a bright celestial body. The Bible is a holy book of all Christians.
The category of definiteness may be also indicated by syntactic, i.e. lexico-syntactic means. Namely, by an appositive noun or a substantivized numeral, an adjective or any other adjunct: Cf.: the Tory government, King Henry V, the first Summet meeting, уряд Topi, король Генрiх П'ятий, готель "Колос", дiвчина - парашутистка, nepша зуcmpiч у eepxax, четвертий унiверсал уряду УHP, etc. Hence, the categories of definiteness and indefiniteness may be expressed both