English football lexis and its influence on Russian
Дипломная работа - Иностранные языки
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n particular. These phrases could conceivably be used outside sport relating to events with fixed beginnings or ends, and where time is measured in minutes, but there were only few instances of this (referring to e.g. concerts)preposition from occurs in phrases expressing the number of minutes remaining in a game, as in minute(s) from time and minute(s) from the end.Nevin scored the third five minutes from time.
Marc Bowens goal two minutes from the end brought some consultations to Wales.
These phrases are based on the conceptual metaphor time is stationary and we move through it.(s) from time and minute(s) from the end are almost entirely restricted to sports reporting, and mostly to football. Like the time phrases discussed above the findings for minute(s) from time and minute(s) from the end indicate that football (to some extent together with other sports) has developed its own register-specific phraseology to express time. [13, 160]contrast to the phrases discussed so far, the final whistle/финальный свисток is mostly used to place events after a football match rather than within it. The metonymic link here between full time and the official signal that the game is over, namely the referee blowing for the whistle. A large majority of instances found occur in football reporting in prepositional phrases, such as after a football whistle, at the final whistle, before the final whistle and on the final whistle. Phrases like as/whenтАжblew/went are used to place events taking place immediately after the game, rather than during the game. At usually occurs with expressions of emotions or reactions to the result.boys ringing round the Morumby Stadium at the final whistle must have sounded sweet to the visitors.the final whistle, which sometimes includes further specification of time, such as just/soon/long after, also typically occurs with reactions to the result, but the use of this phrase is slightly more varied in that it co-occurs with descriptions of other post-match events such as crowd trouble and violent incidents on and off the field.game was played in a sporting manner until moments after the final whistle when Middlesbroughs Marc Proctor was apparently elbowed in the face by the Sunderland full-back Paul Hardyman.final whistle can be compared with another metonymic phrase also referring to the end of the match, namely the (very) last kick/последний удар (of the match/ first half). This is similar to the final whistle in that it refers t the last important events of match, but in contrast to the final whistle, the last kick evidently relates to events during the match rather than after it. It is noteworthy that in material analyzed, this phrase is more commonly associated with rugby than with football.also had the ball in the net with the last kick of the first half but it was disallowed for no apparent reason. [13, 161]exploration of the phraseology of football time has shown that there are some highly conventionalized ways of expressing time in football reporting, some of which are used with exact time (minutes from time), while others are vaguer (in the dying minutes). The use of such phrases follows naturally from the fact that we know when a game is supposed to end, the time usually being measured in minutes. In contrast to goal-scoring phrases, which are generally metonymic in nature, phrases related to football time were found mostly metaphoric in nature (with some exceptions). This is in line with non-corpus based findings that time is conceptualized as space and motion.summary, special phraseology is thus necessary to express certain recurrent meanings and is expected by those who follow football, but in may also serve to exclude others. As regards to their translation its necessary to admit that they arent always translated from English into Russian literally.paper has only investigated a limited set of typical football phrases. Future studies are not only valuable for the study of football language, but also for the investigation of fundamental properties of human language in general.
Conclusion
This study proves that English language significantly contributed to terms development of sport and of football in particular. In view of the above said its possible to make the following conclusions., the modern game of football originated in Great Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century and shortly after spread to the European continent. Along with the spread of football to the European continent, English football terminology penetrated in several languages. For example, words such as football, goal and shoot are commonly used in many languages in todays football broadcasts.matters here is that according to the facts of history the establishing of football terminology was not easy. It almost finished its existence when King Edward III from England in 1331 banned football because of its violence. Nevertheless, nowadays we can not even imagine our life without it. Its not surprising that borrowings of sport concepts from other languages is a neccesary and inescapable process., due to the fact that England is the Motherland of football its terminology was developed there. Subsequently, football terms were borrowed from English in those countries where it appeared. Lately its own terminology was formed. The ways of its formation were different from the calques from English words to inventing of new words., borrowings take place in the Russian language. Nowadays it can not seem strange, but most of the terms were torn out English, for example, referee, goalkeeper etc. so, that is why Russian language is filled with many English loan-words that describe football positions, some rules and abbreviations.important point is that English football lexis as linguistic phenomenon can be characterized with all the processes existing in it. For example, homonymy and synonymy can be proved on the basis of football clubs nicknames. Its great variety enriched and extended English vocabulary and due to the borrowings it enriches Russian too., judging from the goal-scoring idioms represented in the paper it is vital to note that they are mostly based on metaphors and metonymy. Because of it they can be used only in particular situations, that is why they can be related to specific lexis not commonly used in spoken speach.
Fifthly, the fact that most of the football clubs names and nicknames in international kinds of sport have English origin shows prevailing influence of this language.
Finaly, it is imposible to say that by this paper the study of football terminology is compelet as this topic attracts a great sientific interest and requires more detailed study by investigating other linguistics aspects of it and extending knowledge of the represented information.
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