English football lexis and its influence on Russian
Дипломная работа - Иностранные языки
Другие дипломы по предмету Иностранные языки
Вилланыthe most fascinating story behind this one. Formed when a local cricket team Villa Cross needed something to occupy themselves during the winter months, the name Villa inevitably evolved to Villans.
Chelsea - Pensioners/Пенсионерыnickname comes from the well known Chelsea Pensioners - war veterans living in a nearby hospital. In 1905 the club adopted the crest of the Chelsea pensioners, and the nickname followed on.
Tottenham Hotspur - Spurs/ Шпорыis obviously a shortened version of Hotspur which comes from the clubs connection with Shakespeare character Harry Hotspur.
West Bromwich Albion - Baggies/Мешкиof the most debated nicknames around is West Broms. The popular belief is that the name originated from the baggie shorts that the players wore around in the early 1900s. But club historian Toby Matthews claims: In its early days The Hawthorns had only two entrances, one behind each goal. On match days the goalkeepers would gather up the takings at each end and be escorted by policemen along the sides of the pitch to the centre line where there was a small office under the stand.
The gate money, mostly in pennies, amounted to a considerable sum and was carried in large cloth bags. It wasnt long before some wag in the crowd started shouting Here come the bag men! at their appearance in front of the main stand, and this developed into a chant of Here come the Baggies, giving the team its nickname.
Wigan Athletic - Latics/Латиксare not on their own with this nickname with League 1 side Oldham Athletic also claiming it. Latics is simply a corruption of the world Athletic.
Bolton - Trotters/Рысаки, Wanderers/Cтранникиinteresting legend is in the nickname Bolton. She says that at the dawn of existence of the club field located near the pigsty, where players are often at a trot to run after the ball flown away. Also, Bolton in ancient times very often changed stadiums, he chose his nickname - Wanderers, ie wanderers.a club gets its informal name from its ground (such as Southampton being The Saints/Святые, after St Marys Road) or a comment made back in its history, the fans of the team will gather under the umbrella of that nickname to show their loyalty to the club of their choice.you can find football nicknames based on team colours, local industry, name of the team or their home ground, or a feature of the team crest (often an animal incorporated in the badge).are based on local legend while others derive from self-mockery.Russian equivalents of nicknames we can conclude that most of them appeared as a result of literal translation. However, in some cases they transliterated., the formation of English football clubs nicknames found its reflection in Russian too. For instance:originated nicknames: FC Zenit ? Sine-Belo-Golubye (Blue-White-Light blue, FC Spartak Moscow ? Krasno-belye (The Red-Whites, FC Dinamo - White Blues.: PFC CSKA Moscow ? Koni (Horses), Armeytsy (Army men), Armeytsy Moskvy (Army men of Moscow), FC Spartak Moscow ? Myaso (The Meat), FC Saturn Moscow Region ? Inoplanetyane (Aliens)/, FC Lokomotiv Moscow ? Loko (Steam Locomotive), Parovozy (Steam Locomotives), Zheleznodorozhniki (Railroaders) etc.sum up, club nicknames enrich the vocabulary by creating homonyms not only English but also in other languages as they also are used in wordses of football commentators.
2.4 The phraseology of goal-scoring and its reflection on Russian
Not surprisingly, the language of football is characterised by a great variety of idioms and metaphors, which can be found in live football commentary.
Most of the football idioms refer to specific lexis. It can be explained due to most of them are associated with the particular situation in sport competitions and there meanings are connected with them.
As the main act in footbal is goal scoring, it seems quite important to study phraseology concerned with it.
In view of the focus on phrases with net, most of the phrases connected with goal scoring are based on metonymy. It should, nevertheless, be stressed that one of the most frequent verbs related to goal-scoring, namely shoot (kick the ball) is based on a metaphor. However, although shoot is very frequent itself there are very few types of goal-scoring metaphors in English, while there are quite a few metonymies.high frequency of a word such as net is caused by it occurring in phrases expressing a frequent concept (in the case, goal scoring). The net is metonymically linked with the goal in, e.g. hit/find the back of the net and (the ball) into the corner /roof of the net, where one aspect of scoring is highlighted, namely that the ball (usually) reaches the goal net when a goal is scored (e.g. Craig Hignett fired a hard shot into the roof of the net). Another phrase, (the ball) over the line, illustrates that the ball does not need to hit the net in order for there to be a goal (e.g. Chapman eventually forced the ball over the line). [13, 147]goal-scoring phrases in this section are the most frequent ones with net: the back/corner/roof of the net, (the ball) in the net/мяч в сетке, empty net/пустые ворота and (into his) own net/в собственных воротах. It should be stressed that, although these phrases are metonymic in that they highlight a silent aspect of an event, they are also literal (the ball really ends up in the net).
The most frequent goal scoring phrases with net consists of the (recurring strings of words that may or may not have linguistic integrity) the back/ roof/ corner of the net .These occurred mostly in the constructions hit/find the back of the net and [Verb] the ball/cross (etc.) into the roof/corner of the net. While the former is usually used simply as a synonym to score a goal, as in an example below, the later construction is a neat way of describing how and by whom a goal was scored, and where the ball went in.or later we had to start hitting the back of the net.verb slot for the back of the net is mostly filled by the verbs hit and find, whereas the roof/corner of the net occurs with a wide variety of transitive and intransitive verbs. Curl (закрутить в ворота), hammer (заколотить в ворота), poke (затолкать в ворота) and sidefoot only constitute a handful of the more than 50 types found. Some of these verbs, like hammer, are metaphorical, while others like sidefoot can be argued to be metonymic.Scunthorpe withstood the pressure and scored in injury time with the very last kick of the match, Jan Helliwell curling a free kick into the corner of the net. [13, 147]roof/corner of the net construction is similar to empty net and own net below in that there is a core in the constructions, which is hard to specify, with slots allowing almost limitless variation. For the roof/corner of the net there is a real-world limitation to the number of specifiable places where a ball can hit the net, while no such limitations appear to apply to the number of ways a ball can be conveyed into it.next phrase, (the ball) in the net, occurs with a restricted set of verbs, normally only have, put and get. Like the metonymic constructions above, the ball reaching the net is highlighted as a salient feature of scoring. Two distinct meanings are expressed with this phrase, the first of which refers to the superficially simple task of scoring the goals (usually with put or get).told me he needs somebody to put the ball in the net.second meaning (usually with the verb have) relates to cases where the goal is disallowed.had the ball in the net after 65 minutes but the effort was disallowed.Snarrocks men had the ball in the net in injury time but only after Alex Mathie had bundled Leighton over the time., it is mentioned explicitly that the goal did not count, with phrases like was ruled offside or was disallowed but sometimes more implicit means are used, where readers have to infer that that a free-kick was awarded to the defending side.Snarrocks men had the ball in the net in injury time but only after Alex Mathie had bundled Leighton over the time.phrases are motivated by metonymy, their meanings are not always predictable. Similarity, some knowledge of the conversations of football reporting for readers to be able to interpret phrases such as the ball in the net expressing meanings particular to the field. [13, 148]goal-scoring phrase with net is based on empty net (пустые ворота). An/the empty net is the metonymic expression used when there are no defending players obstructing the passage to the goal. The net is empty net does not, as in the previously discussed phrases, refer to the meshed fabric at the back of the goal, but rather to the goalmouth.Voyley sealed Stokes fate when he rounded keeper Runnie Sinclair to stroke the ball into an empty net with a minute to go.phrase is another illustration of both the fixedness and variability of language. In the material similar to the back/roof/corner of the net above, it can be argued that there is a SPACE, but it presupposes familiarity of the length of a football match.the dying/closing minutes/на последних минутах and in the opening minutes/на первых минутах, referring to, respectively, to the final and the initial minutes of the match, are similar to the nth minutes in their origin in the conceptual metaphor TIME IS SPACE. The dying minutes also involves personification, since a sporting event is conceptualized as a living entity.put the ball in the net in the dying minutes but the goal was disallowed for offside.phrases in the dying/closing/opening minutes are virtually limited to sports, and to football i