English football lexis and its influence on Russian
Дипломная работа - Иностранные языки
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national activity.full official name of soccer (as it is called in the USA and sometimes in Britain) is association football. This distinguishes it from other kinds such as rugby football (almost always called simply rugby), Gaelic football, Australian football and American football. However, most people in Britain call it simply football. This is indicative of its dominant role. Everywhere in the country it is easily the most popular spectator sport, the most played sport in the countrys state schools and one of the most popular participatory sports for adults. In terms of numbers, football is the national sport, just as everywhere in Europe. [18, 191]sum up, the way of football was not easy, it had to survive abolition, undergo many changes that had a great influence on its lexis that is now characterized by variety and richness.
football english russian lexis
Chapter 2. Specific features of football lexis and its influence on Russian
Football is a well-established worldwide phenomenon, whose vocabulary is now to be found in most cultures. In many contries its status as тАЮking of sports has continued since its beginning. Vocabulary from English has been borrowed by many languages ever since. The borrowings have different influence on different languages. The borrowings of sport terminlogy allows to enrich vocabulary and to extend the number of internatonal words. Football and sports, in general, has come to occupy a central place in contemporary society and culture.borrowing, the most widly borrowed lexical category is that of nouns, as these stand for the notion or an object, easily transferable from one language to another, whereas adjectives do not have this autonomy to the same degree.
This chapter aims to introduce Russian football lexis in comparison with English one and the types of terms available in language. It represents the information connected with Russian loan-words from English, introduces the homonymic aspect of football clubs nicknames, focuses on lexical specificity of its idioms.
2.1 The peculiarities of Russian loan-words
loan words from English are the most characteristic way of providing football-specific lexis. Most of the football vocabulary in Russian is borrowed from English, which is also the case in most European languages. The borrowing of lexical elements is a completely natural and regular occurrence in language development and one of the most important sources for the completion and enlargement of lexical composition. The thesis in linguistics that a language without loan words does not exist was confirmed a long time ago. In this respect all languages have a compound character. Clear evidence of this statement is football vocabulary. They come with the mediation of English as part of the football terminology.about the rules of the game in Russian, all of them are expressed with loan words from English: аут/out, outside, гол/goal, матч/match, рефери/referee, фол/faul, футбол/football.loan translations are a special kind of loan words, by which the morphological structure of a foreign word is filled with material from the native language or the semantic structure of a home word is added with a new meaning under the influence of a foreign language.
Автогол/ own goal - a goal scored by a player against his own team. Полузащитник is a loan translation of halfback. In addition to word-forming patterns, some phraseological ones are characteristic of football vocabulary: золотой гол (sudden death), дополнительное время (overtime), свободный удар (free kick), центральный круг (centre circle). With reference to phrasal loan translations, the words in the word group are translated separately from the components and are joined according to the pattern of the foreign word group.regards abbreviations, all abbreviations of proper names of international institutions related to football are also borrowed.
ФИФА/FIFA - Federation International Football Association
КОНКАКАФ/ CONCACAF - Confederation of North, Central American and Caribben Association Football
КАФ/CAF - Confederation of African Football
УЕФА/UEFA - Union of European Associationsforming of new derivatives is one of the main ways of providing the necessary vocabulary in everyday life. They are made when the name of a new object or phenomenon through its relation to another object or phenomenon is needed, and this is how they are formed from units already existing in language - root, stem, affixes. Trough derivation the number of new words constantly arise. We will look at some examples with the stem being borrowed from English. For example, the word футболист (footballer) itself is formed from the derivative stem футбол/football and the suffix -ист/-ist. The words with such suffix have a main meaning and denomination for a person according to their profession or occupation. [15, 93]the borrowed words from English have homonyms in Russian - words which are pronounced in the same way, but have nothing in common in terms of definition. Such words are mostly a result of borrowing vocabulary from foreign languages and the fact that words with such a sound structure already exist in the language. For example, with the word goal we observe partial homonymy. In the concrete example we talk about homonymy between the basis word form a noun and an adjective. The words belong to different world classes. In dictionaries for the different definitions of the homonym, single entries have been written.
гол /naked/ adj. with uncovered body, without clothes, undressed
гол (goal) m in football and other sport games point gained, result achieved. Score a goal. [7, 196]
At the basis of lexical synonymy are the relations of identity and closeness between the synonyms of the different words. The traditional definition of synonyms is the following: words close or identical in meaning, which designate in different ways one and the same concept but different distributions along a number of parameters. A playmaker/плеймейкер, for example, means a footballer who coordinates a teams offensive strategies and operates in the centre, mostly with a free role, and a halfback/хавбек - a footballer who also plays in the centre field, but on the left. The synonymous relations and connections unify the words in groups which are called synonym rows or groups of synonyms (clusters).centered cluster has its own dominant synonym. It is neutral and covers semantically in full the semantic basis of the cluster. In the cluster полузащитник (calque half-defender) - плеймейкер (playmaker) - хавбек (halfback) the core is the полузащитник (half-defender). [13, 217]problem is the use of foreign loan words for which there are Russian equivalents (synonyms) raised linguistic interest some time ago. At the same time, a serious ambition on one part of football journalists to use a growing number of newly borrowed lexical units can be observed; these terms have their Russian equivalents: хавбек/ halfback/ полузащитник, голкипер/ goalkeeper/ вратарь. Linguistic research in this area recommends limiting the use of borrowed vocabulary in cases where Russian vocabulary already exists.
2.2 The origin of the Russian football positions names
to England is a Motherland of football, as it was said above, many football terms were borrowed from it. It can be concerned even to football positions.begin with, the word вратарь. As a matter of fact this word can be regarded as the most mysterious. For the first time for description of this position was used only the word голкипер. However, вратарь is more common nowadays. Moreover, this word is used in the official documents. Its important to note that the Russian word вратарь does not have any connection to the English word goalkeeper. This English concept was created from two words: goal - a wooden frame with net into which players must kick or hit the ball in order to score a point (and the point that is scored) and keeper that means a person whose job is to take care of something. In German for the name of this position is used calque from English language Torwart, where Tor - goal and Wart is a reduction from the word warter - keeper. Probably, word-formative peculiarities dont allow to create Russian analog of this word. It should be something like воротостраж or воротохран. But it doesnt sound naturally. In this case there was a necessity of creation a new word. Actually, the word вратарь that was formed from the word врата and siffix -арь is an archaism. Besides, the word вратарь had appeared in Russian before the game and meant a monk. In the beginning of the 17th century it was cutout by the word привратник and became an archaism. [2]origin of the word защитник is quite simple. Its a calque from the word defender.the word полузащитник. In English this position is called as a midfielder from the words middle - the part of something that is at an equal distance from all its edges or sides and field - an area of land. German has a full calque from this word mittelfeld (spieler). Presumably, Russian language didnt create any calques according to the same reason as with вратарь. However Russian variant was hardly created in Russia. It seems that it appeared from the word the slang halfback.
The last main position is нападающий. There is a well-known barbarism форвард. This word is used more often and it has fewer meanings than the others. In English for