Comparative Analysis of Word Building in Prose and Poetry on the basis of E.A. Poe's works
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hardworking to work hard everlasting to last forever; well-behaved to behave well; new-laid (eggs) x has laid (the eggs) recently.) Noun and adjective: e.g. taxfree free from tax; seasick sick due to sailing on the sea; watertight tight against water; ocean green as greenas the ocean; crystal-clear as clean as a crystal; knee-deep so deep as to reach the knees. [5,120]) Coordinating relationship: e.g. bittersweet sweet but bitter; Anglo-French relation relation between Great Britain and Francecompounds also are formed from:) Phrasal verb: This endlessly talked-about topic bored me. (cf. this topic has been talked about endlessly.)) Adverbial phrases: They kept a round-the -clock (all the time) watch on the house. (cf. They watched the house round the clock.)) From proverbs and idiomatic expressions: My grandfather displayed a never-to-be-too-old-to-learn spirit (from the proverb One is never too old to learn.)) From an attributive clause: a jet-propelled plan (a plane that is propelled by jet). [11,114]
. Verb compounds: Verb compounds fall into main groups according to their method of formation:) Those formed by back-formation: Back-formation is a reversal of derivation, for instance, house-keep is formed by deleting -ing and -er from housekeeping and housekeeper, which entered the language much earlier.) Those formed by conversion. In this case, the verb compounds are converted from noun compounds; e.g. to blue-pencil, to honeymoon, to machine-gun, to nickname, to outline, to snowball, etc. [5,100]
. According to their structure compounds are subdivided into:) Compound words proper which consist of two stems, e.g. to job-hunt, train-sick, go-go, tip-top) Derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes, e.g. ear-minded, hydro-skimmer,) Compound words consisting of three or more stems, e.g. cornflower- blue, eggshell-thin, singer-songwriter,) compound-shortened words, e.g. boatel, tourmobile, VJ-day, motocross, Intervision, Eurodollar, Camford. [3,98]can make a conclusion that a compound word is made up of two or more words that together express a single idea. There are three types of compounds. An open compound consists of two or more words written separately, such as salad dressing, Boston terrier, or April Fools Day. A hyphenated compound has words connected by a hyphen, such as age-old, mother-in-law, force-feed. A solid compound consists of two words that are written as one word, such as keyboard or typewriter. In addition, a compound may be classified as permanent or temporary. A permanent compound is fixed by common usage and can usually be found in the dictionary, whereas a temporary compound consists of two or more words joined by a hyphen as needed, usually to modify another word or to avoid ambiguity. [2, 87]general, permanent compounds begin as temporary compounds that become used so frequently they become established as permanent compounds. Likewise many solid compounds begin as separate words, evolve into hyphenated compounds, and later become solid compounds. Although the dictionary is the first place to look when you are trying to determine the status of a particular compound, reference works do not always agree on the current evolutionary form of a compound, nor do they include temporary compounds. The following general rules apply to forming compounds. Keep in mind that words that are made up of a word root plus a prefix or a suffix are not normally considered compounds, strictly speaking. [5, 78]
. According to the relations between the components, compound words are subdivided into:) Subordinate compounds where one of the components is the semantic and the structural centre and the second component is subordinate; these subordinate relations can be different:comparative relations, e.g. honey-sweet, eggshell-thin, with limiting relations, e.g. breast-high, knee-deep, with emphatic relations, e.g. dog-cheap, with objective relations, e.g. gold-rich, with cause relations, e.g. love-sick, with space relations, e.g. top-heavy, with time relations, e.g. spring-fresh, with subjective relations, e.g. foot-sore etc) Coordinative compounds where both components are semantically independent. Here belong such compounds when one person (object) has two functions, e.g. secretary-stenographer, woman-doctor, Oxbridge etc. Such compounds are called additive. This group includes also compounds formed by means of reduplication, e.g. fifty-fifty, no-no, and also compounds formed with the help of rhythmic stems (reduplication combined with sound interchange) e.g. criss-cross, walkie-talkie. [6, 76]
. According to the order of the components compounds are divided into compounds with direct order, e.g. kill-joy, and compounds with indirect order, e.g. nuclear-free, rope-ripe.suggested subdivision into three groups is based on the degree of semantic cohesion of the constituent parts, the third group representing the extreme case of cohesion where the constituent meanings blend to produce an entirely new meaning. [1,103]following joke rather vividly shows what happens if an idiomatic compound is misunderstood as non-idiomatic.
Patient: They tell me, doctor, you are a perfect lady-killer.: Oh, no, no! I assure you, my dear madam, I make no distinction between the sexes.this joke, while the woman patient means to compliment the doctor on his being a handsome and irresistible man, he takes or pretends to take the word lady-killer literally, as a sum of the direct meanings of its constituents. [2, 123]this chapter, we have looked at numerous affixational processes in English. We investigated some general characteristics of English affixation; we saw that suffixation and prefixation are very common and extremely restricted phenomenon in English word-formation. In the next chapter, we will have a closer look at the characteristics of some non-affixational processes by which new words can be derived.In this chapter we have looked at a number of word-formation processes that do not involve affixes as their primary or only means of deriving words from other words or morphemes. We have seen that English has a rich inventory of such non-affixational processes, including conversion, and abbreviation. Each of these mechanisms was investigated in some detail and it turned out that, in spite of the initial impression of irregularity, a whole range of systematic structural restrictions can be determined. As with affixation, these restrictions can refer to the semantic, syntactic, and phonological properties of the words involved and are highly regular in nature.
affixation conversion abbreviation composition poe
Chapter Two. Analysis of the Examples on the Basis of E. Poes Prose and Poetry
The practical part of our works deals with the major processes of word building in E. Poes works. Giving the examples of their using in Poes prose and poetry we want to face with the problem that neither a traditional morphological nor a syntactic interpretation sufficiently explains the unique function of word-formation. From a linguistic perspective, this work offers a reasonable insight into the English language as regards word formation. Language is a living instrument, so it evolves with its users and adjusts to the times; accordingly, some words fall out of use because speakers no longer have need for them, whereas some new words arise in response to different motivations: pragmatic, communicative and connotative. Both the birth and the death of words are illustrated in the prose and poetry.has never lost its native powers of making new words by derivation, of building up words of native stocks and parts. Though these powers were atrophied by centuries of foreign domination in cultural matters during the French supremacy and to a less extent by the almost overwhelming importance of Latin at the Renaissance, they never ceased to be; and its huge expansion in the later centuries, these powers have been to some extent called into use. [16, 34]supplement our review of word-formation processes, of which compounding has been given primary attention, one has to present some instances of words derived by means of affixation and coined by the process of compounding, such a way of producing new words is extremely productive in English.derivation with composition, the analysis shows that while a different conceptual process is involved, composition also includes large areas where it fades into prefixation and suffixation. Finally, derivation is contrasted with conversion which generally requiring a larger degree of contextual support than derivation, and this is regarded as the major reason for the continuing productivity of derivational word-formation in English.article shows how language resorts to the productive use of already existing devices to cater for both new and ever-present needs. Therefore derivation, compounding, conversion are used to name new realities, to speed up communication, to gain in conciseness, to awaken positive associations, to build individual and collective identities, and above all, to maintain a desirable status quo. [18, 67]
2.1 Derivation by means of Affixation
Affixation is a phenomenon giving two ways of word building: suffixation and prefixation. Comparing both linguists have come to the conclusion that suffixation is a more fruitful way of forming new derivatives than prefixation, though it is also widely used in forming new words, that is the new parts of speech.
2.1.1 Suffixation
a) Nominal suffixessuffixes are often employed to derive abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote actions, results of actions, or other related concepts, but also properties, qualities and the like.examples from E.A. Poe