С. Ф. Леонтьева Теоретическая фонетика английского языка издание второе, ■исправленное и дополненное допущено Министерством просвещения СССР в качества учебник

Вид материала

Учебник

Содержание Thalia alveolar: tobacco, domination

Подобный материал:

• М. Я. Блох теоретическая грамматика английского языка допущено Министерством просвещения, 2671kb.
• Г. Г. Почепцов Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка Допущено Министерством, 6142.76kb.
• Н. Ф. Колесницкого Допущено Министерством просвещения СССР в качестве учебник, 9117.6kb.
• В. Д. Аракина издание четвертое, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством, 2717.43kb.
• Головин Е. Сентиментальное бешенство рок-н-ролла. (Второе издание, исправленное и дополненное), 1970.65kb.
• Н. Е. Булыгин дендрология 2-е издание. Переработанное и дополненное допущено Государственным, 5091.23kb.
• A. A. Sankin a course in modern english lexicology second edition revised and Enlarged, 3317.48kb.
• Б. Л. Еремина Второе издание, переработанное и дополненное Рекомендовано Министерством, 7882.78kb.
• В. М. Смолевского Издание 3-е, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Государственным, 5319.11kb.
• А. Г. Кучерена адвокатура второе издание, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Учебно-методическим, 12778.36kb.

N

The phoneme /u/ occurs initially only in proper names of foreign origin, e.g. Uruguay. .

/u/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

6* 131

bilabial: put, book

labiodental: foot lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: took, soot

palato-alveolar: should

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rook

lingual, backlingual: cook, good pharyngal (glottal): hook

/u/ may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: room lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: put, hood, pull

palalo-alveolar: push, bush, cushion

lingual, backlingual: took, cuckoo

Some speakers pronounce back-advanced M as more central, e.g. good.

/u:/

The phoneme /Ü:/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: ooze /u:z/, undo /'An'du:/,

/u:/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pool, boot

labio-dental: food lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: two, do, noon

post-alveolar, cacuminal: roof

fiala to-alveolar: shoe, June ingual, medio-Hngual: youth

lingual, backlingual: cool, goose pharyngal (glottal): who

/u:/ may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: stoop

labio-dental: hoof lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: tooth

alveolar: booth, choose, moon, fool

palato-alveolar: douch, rouge, pooch

lingual, backlingual: duke

/u:/ may be diphthongized in open syllables and before lenis or nasal consonants. It is a stable vowel before fortis. Similarly to I'vJ diphthongization /u:/ with a glide is considered "vulgar". All speakers pronounce /u/ with a very wide glide after 1)1, e.g. use, new. It is stable after [1].

132

/з:/

The /з:/ phoneme occurs in initial and in terminal position: early /ia:h/, fur /fa:/, further /^з:бэ/, refer /rife:/.

/з:/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: purr, burr

labiodental: fir, verge lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thirst

alveolar: term, dirt, sir

post-alveolar (cacuminal): Röntgen

palato-alveolar: shirt

lingual, medio-lingual: year

lingual, backlingual: curb, girl pharyngal (glottal); her

/s:/ may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: kerb, worm

labio-dental: turf, serve lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: mirth

alveolar: hurt, bird

palato-alveolar: urge

lingual, backlingual: burg

Very open Ir.l is typical of old-fashioned speakers and affected RP.

The /э/ phoneme occurs in Initial and terminal position: about /31baut/, sofa /Iseufa/.

/э/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: banana, was

labio-dental: forsake, vocation lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: ^ Thalia

alveolar: tobacco, domination

post-alveolar (cacuminal): racoon

palato-alveolar: Japan

lingual, medio-Iingual: yourself

lingual, backlingual: contain, galloon pharyngal (glottal): habitual

Ы may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: wallop

labio-dental: 0/ lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: Plymouth

!3S

alveolar: but, had, London

palato-alveolar: such

lingual, backlingual: bulwark

hi has two distinct allophones: 1) a closer one before velars, e.g. again; 2) an opener allophone in final position, similar to /л/, e.g. doctor, china, bitter, see above.

Idiolectal variations are connected with the degree of openness in terminal positions.

Questions

1. What is the basis for vowel allophonic differences? 2, In what position are vowels free from the influence of other sounds? 3. What vowel distributional characteristics are affected in a greater degree: qualitative or quantitative? 4. In what way are vowels influenced by neighbouring nasal consonants? 5. What are the factors that may af­fect vowel quantitative characteristics? 6. What is "positional length" of the vowels? 7. How is vowel quantity connected with accent?

8. Is vowel quality connected with the neutral vowel phoneme /э/?
   
9. Is vowel quantity connected with sentence stress and rhythm?
   
10. How do extralingu ist ic factors affect thelength <>f vowels? 11. What
    is the difference between the English and the Russian unstressed vow­
    els in terras of their qualitative characteristics? 12, How do adja­
    cent consonants affect vowels? Which classificatory characteristics
    of consonants are the most important in this respect?
    

Exercises

*1. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­teristics of the /i:/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

1. we, fever, theme, sea, deal, cheeks, reaches, yield, he, meals,
   me, needn't;
   
2. grebe, leave, sheath, breathe, eat, feel, leash, each, beak,
   league, seem, spleen
   

*2, Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­teristics of the kl phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

1. mist, big, fish, thinks, thing, did, sit, lift, giver, rich, kill*
   hid;
   
2. him, if, live, myth, with, is, bill, tin, ridge, pick, big"]
   

3. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­istics of the /e/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

1. wet, met, vest, then, rest, left, nest, chest, jet, read, yes, get,
   help;
   
2. ebb, them, chef, death, says, tell, pen, fetch, ledge, lengthy
   

134

4. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the /je/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

1. van, that, lamb, gnat, champ, jam, rank, Yankee, gas, ham;
   
2. have, hath, match, badge, bag, sang
   

5. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the /follow it.

1. waft, mar, vast, tsar, lark, nasty, chance, jar, raft, yard, gar­
   den;
   
2. harm, starve, hearth, pass, bars, snarl, march, large
   

6. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the Inl phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

1. was, mop, vocative, thong, lot, not, chop, job, rob, yonder,
   got, god, hot;
   
2. mock, bomb, of, moth, was, doll, upon, scotch, dodge, fog,
   wrong
   

7. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the h:l phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b)
follow it.

1. war, more, vortex, thorn, saw, law, nor, chore, jaw, raw, your,
   core, gore, horn;
   
2. orb, storm, cough, north, horde, horse, all, thorn, gorge,
   morgue
   

8. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the /л/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

(a) worry, much, vulgar, thunder, thus, luck, nut, just, rub", young,
gutter, hut;

(b) tub, come, love, doth, buzz, dull, none, much, judge, bug, young

9. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the /u/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and

(b) follow it.

1. wood, foot, soot, hook, July, rook, good, cook;
   
2. room, puss, bull, putch, took
   

10. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the laii phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

1. woo, food, you, zoom, loop, noon, roof, chew, June, youth,
   goose, who, zoo;
   
2. broom, groove, booth, goose, choose, moon, stooge, duke, Bug
   

11. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the /э:/ phoneme. Deline the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

135

. (a) were, murky, virgin, thirst, lurch, nurse, Röntgen, church journey, year, girl, her;

(b) kerb, worm, serve, mirth, earl, burn, urge, quirk, burg 12. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac-

дшаi flirt foil и Phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede

fa) maroon, vocation, Thalia, lagoon, narrate, racoon, Japan, galloon, habitual;

(b) loathsome, of, Plymouth, jewel, letters, bulwark, agnostik Control Tasks

•I. Describe thOHophonic differences of the vowel phonemes Ik, i, e, аг, в, л,

v, a, u, it, a:, a/ in these words.

No. 1 /i:/

easily, sea, we, meals, cheaper, tree, fever, sleet, speaker, he, teach, keep, sheep

No. 2 hi

in, Ш, big, pit, silly, middle, shilling, thing, rivers, lived, hill

No. 3/e/

5^eI5'«i^{edl ten> ад1(1}' ^pence' ^weather> eleven, anyway, them, very, d, debt

No. 4 Ы

n_OTT4^pl£ⁿ! ^sad', ^ехаЯ¹' ^natural. imagine, shallow, strand, chan­nel, Jack, hats, pal, cab

No. 5 hi

bar, far, started, dancing, large, grass, half, harbour, card, yard

No. 6 hi

^d&^bh^h^W??' ^{S0Ud> nod}^> ^crop' ^с , dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot, pot

No. 7 /a/

^{sorts> shore}'^reÄ)rd' ^water>

' ^{S0Ud> nod}^> ^crop' ^соиёЫщ, shocked, gon d ht t

No. 8 /u/

good-bye^cook ^W°^Uld' ^t0°^{k> l00kedt SOOt}' ^room' ^should> y

No. 9 /u:/

e!too^l' ^move'^food' ^soon' ^rujned, cool, hoof, boot, chew, 136

No. 10 /л/

bus, must, nothing, funny, summer, instructor, luck, just, come, chuckle, wonderful, vulgar, thunder, thus, shut

No. И fr.f

bird, turned, girl, sir, heard, Sherlock, workers, Germany, churches, curly, nurse, dirt, year, murky, purr

No. 12 hi

along, about, upon, to see, perhaps, summer, August, London, desolate, condition, consist, speaker, letter, never, anxious, human

2. Transcribe these words. Present the rules for reading the vowel phonemes in bold type. Single out the words which are exceptions from thejules, j

holidays, Maria, forward, sightseeing, mouth, comfort, cafe, bil­liards, workers, Crusoe, Sherlock, Mathew, Earnest, forehead, pneu­monia, detached, bothers, head, varnished, Priestley, puzzling, pieces, asylum, record, Maugham, Friday, woodland, newspaper, taxis, unbelievable, purpose, unfortunately, awful, year, hotel, awkward, coughing, employ I ee

b) Diphthongs

At/

The phoneme /ei/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: aorta /eib:ta/, day /dei/.

/ei/ is preceded by the following consonants: labial

bilabial: pay, bay

labio-dental: fail lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thane

alveolar: tale, day

post-alveolar, cacuminal: ray

palato-alveolar: фаре, chain

lingual, medio-lingual: Yale pharyngal

lingual, backlingual: cake

pharyngal (glottal): hay

/ei/ is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: ape

labio-dental: pave lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: bathe

alveolar: ate, pace, laid, raise, ale, mane

palato-alveolar: age

lingual, backlingual: vague

/ei/, like other fronting diphthongs, is shortened before fortis, it results in the reduction of the first element, compare /lert — leid/.

The glide of /ei/ is obscured or may be of /э/ type.

There is some variation in the openness of the starting point. A more open quality is characteristic of low-prestige dialect forms, e. g. Cockney, Birmingham, Southern United States.

M

The phoneme /ai/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: •idea /atldia/, my /mai/.

/ai/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: "labial

bilabial: pie, by

labio-dental: fight lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thigh

alveolar: tie, die

post-alveolar, cacuminal: right

palato-alveolar: shy, child

lingual, backlingual: kite pharyngal (glottal): high

Ы is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: type, time

labio-dental: life lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: scythe

alveolar: night, ride_

palato-alveolar: oblige

lingual, backlingual: like

For contextual variations see /ei/.

The starting point may vary: a) close starting point, above /да/ characterizes affected speech; b) retracted starting point is found in Cockney and Birmingham.

/au/

The phoneme /au/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: owlish /'auhJV, now /nau/.

/au/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pound,- bound

labio-dental: fowl lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thousand

alveolar: town, down

post-alveolar, cacuminal: round

palato-alveolar: shout

lingual, backlingual: cow pharyngal (glottal): how

138

/au/ is followed by consonants characterized as: lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: mouth

alveolar: rout, crowd

palato-alveolar; pouch

The first element is shorter before fortis, compare: /laut — laud/.

In prestigious old-fashioned speech the nucleus is more back. Very front starting points are found in many dialects.

/01/

The phoneme /01/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: oily /bill/, boy /boi/.

/oi/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: point, boy

labio-dental: foil lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: toy, doily

post-alveolar, cacuminal: roister

lingual, medio-lingual: yoick

lingual, backlingual: coy pharyngal (glottal): hoist

[oil is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

labio-dental: coif lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: adroit, annoyed

palato-alveolar: voyage

lingual, backlingual: hoik

For contextual variations see /ei/,

A very close nucleus may be^heard only in dialects, e. g. Cockney.

M

The phoneme /эй/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: obey /aulbei/, no /пэи/.

/эй/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: poach, bow

labio-dental: foe lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thole

alveolar: tow, dome

post-alveolar, cacuminal: road

palato-alveolar: show, choke

lingual, backlingual: coal, go pharyngal (glottal): hoe

/эй/ is followed by consonants characterized ast labial

bilabial: hope

labiodental: loaf lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: growth,

alveolar: wrote, rode

palato-alveolar: coach

lingual, backlingual: oak

The first element of the diphthong /эй/ is reduced before foriis consonants, compare: coat — code.

Before dark [I] the second element is sometimes lost, the diph-Jhong reminds /з:/, e. g. coat /кэи!/—>-/кз:1/, saAo/e/haul/—+/Ьз:1/-

M

The phoneme /ю/ may occur in initial and in terminal position! eery /'юн/, idea /aiidia/.

[ю] is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: peer, beer

labio-dental: fear lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: theatre

alveolar: tear, dear

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rear

palato-alveolar: sheer

lingual, medio-lingual: year

lingual, backlingual: Kßary pharyngal (glottal): hear

Ivdl is followed by alveolar consonants and sonorants Im, n, r, 1/: labial

bilabial: museum lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: beard, fierce,^ librarian, centennial

post-alveolar: appearing

The nucleus may begin closer, nearer to hi.

Dialect speakers have very close starting points, as a sequence of I'v.l to /э/.

Very open endings are characteristic of affected speech.

This phoneme is highly variable, because the glide /э/ is more sonorous than the nucleus /i/. Thus /ia/ may be divided morpholog­ically into the nucleus and the glide in unstressed position, e. g. theoretical /Oiairetilral, 01-э-1геиЫ/.

Greater sonority of the glide may lead to the /je/, /ja:/ instead of /ю/ articulation, e, g. frontier /ifrAntra, tfrAntja/.

/1Э/ may turn into /t/ in terminal position: real /rial, nl/.

Jn present day RP year is pronounced as /ja:/.

140

м

The phoneme /еэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: airway /teswei/, air /еэ/.

/еэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pear, bear

labio-dentai: fare lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: there

alveolar: tear, dare

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rare

palato-alveolar: share

lingual, medio-lingual: Yare

lingual, backlingual: care pharyngal (glottal): hare

/еэ/ is followed by consonants: labial

bilabial: Shairp Üngual, forelingual, apical

alveolar spared, scarce

The chief variation is in the presence or absence of t he/э/off-glide.

The use of the stable nucleus /e:/ is on the increase, e. g. scarce /ske:s/, scares /ske:z/.

M

The phoneme /иэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: Urdu /'uadu/, poor /риэ/.

/иэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: poor, boor lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: tour, dour

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural

palato-alveolar: sure

lingual, medio-Iingual: your

lingual, backlingual: kursaal pharyngal (glottal): houri

/иэ/ is followed by consonants: labial

bilabial: gourmand lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: bourn

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural

The phoneme /иэ/ is highly variable because the nucleus of this «diphthong is more sonorous than the glide. Its pronunciation may lead to phonological disintegration of /иэ/ into /u/ and /э/: in­fluence /'пШи-эпз/. In this case the morphological division takes place within the diphthong /иэ/.