І. В. Корунець порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов навчальний посібник Видання друге, доповнене й перероблене вінниця нова книга

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Содержание


The Numeral
3/4 one and three fourths, 3 1/5 three and one fifths; or 0.5 zero point five (or naught point five); 14.33 fourteen point thirt
Table 16 Classes of Numerals in English vs. Ukrainian
Cardinal Кількісні
The first/ten have arrived. Перші/десять вже прибули.
Typological Characteristics of the Pronoun
Pronouns займенники
1. Personal Pronouns
2. English possessive pronouns
3. Reflexive pronouns
Подобный материал:
1   ...   9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16   ...   37

The Numeral in the contrasted languages has a common implicit lexico-grammatical meaning expressing quantity (two, ten, twenty-one, два, десять, двадцять один). It may denote a part of an object (one-third, two-fifths, одна третя, дві п'ятих) or order of some objects (the first, the tenth - перший, десятий). The syntagmatic properties of numerals are characterised in the contrasted languages by the identical combinability of numerals a) with nouns (four days, the first step; чотири дні, перший крок); b) with pronouns (all three, some five or so; всі три, якихось п'ятеро з них); с) with numerals (two from ten, one of the first, the second of the ten; два від п'яти, один із перших, другий з-поміж п'яти); d) with adverbs (the two below/ahead, двоє спереду); е) with the infinitive (the first to соте/to read; перша співати, другий відповідати), etc.

In the sentence the numeral performs the same function as the noun (cardinal numerals) and adjective (the ordinal numerals), i.e. it can be subject (Four are present), object (I like the second), attribute (It is my second trip), a simple nominal predicate (cf. the two there; їх десять там) and the adverbial modifier (they marched three and three; вони йшли по три).

All numerals in the contrasted languages fall into some common and divergent subclasses. Common are 1) cardinal; 2) ordinal and 3) fractionals (common fractions and decimal fractions). Cardinal numerals in both languages denote number: three, five, ten, twenty-one, etc. три, п'ять, десять, двадцять один. Ordinal numerals denote order of persons or objects and are used in English speech with the definite article: the third, the fifth, the tenth, the twenty-first, the one hundred and twenty-third, etc. Ukrainian ordinal numerals are semantically of isomorphic nature: перший, третій, п'ятий, двадцять п'ятий, сто

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двадцять п'ятий. The main allomorphic feature of numerals (like other nominals) find their expression in the existence of morphological/categorial endings pertained to most numerals that are declinable in Ukrainian. They have number, case and partly gender distinctions. For example, the category of case: десять, десяти, десятьом, десятьма; другий, другого, другому, другим; дві треті, двох третіх, двом третім; дві цілих і три десятих, двом цілим і трьом десятим, etc.

An exception makes the category of gender of the cardinal numerals один and два which have three gender distinctions (один, одна, одне; два, дві, двоє). All other cardinal numerals have a common form for masculine and feminine genders and a separate form for the neuter gender, eg: три жінки, три чоловіки, but троє дітей; п'ять дубів/ лип and п'ятеро курчат, even п'ятеро хлопців/дівчат (not only when they are small. Cf.: Там було з п'ятеро хлопців). The category of number have only ordinal numerals in Ukrainian. Cf. перші (вони були першими), другі (прийшли другими); Ніхто не хотів бути тринадцятим, etc.

Common and decimal fractionals have an identical expression in both languages: 1 3/4 one and three fourths, 3 1/5 three and one fifths; or 0.5 zero point five (or naught point five); 14.33 fourteen point thirty-three, etc. Ukrainian fractionals are, naturally, declinable. They have case forms. Eg: 0,1 нуль цілих і одна десята, нуль цілих і однієї десятої, нуль цілих і одній десятій/однією десятою; 3'/2 три цілих і одна друга (однієї другої, одній другій, однією другою), etc.

Apart from the above-given subclasses, the Ukrainian language has two more subclasses of numerals unknown in English. Namely: 1) The indefinite cardinal numerals which express a) common homogeneous objects (декілька/кілька голубів/риб, квіток); кільканадцять книжок (гривень/риб); кількадесят/кількасот чоловіків, жінок) or b) an indefinite quantity of objects: багато/небагато книжок (цукру, добра, користі). 2) Ukrainian has also collective numerals which denote a quantity of objects in their totality (сукупність) or indivisible unity, eg: двоє, троє, семеро, п'ятнадцятеро, тридцятеро (дітей, вікон, чоловіків). Collective numerals have parallel diminutive forms: двоє - двійко/двієчко, п'ятеро/п'ятірко, п'ятірочко (діток, хлопчиків, каченят/каченяток). Collective numerals are also used in

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dual number (обоє, обидва, обидві: обоє дітей, обидва чоловіки, обидві руки/руці). These numerals may often be used, as was already illustrated, with nouns irrespective of their gender (n'ятеро чоловіків, п'ятеро жінок, п'ятеро дітей, семеро немовлят, десятеро поросят). Consequently, the classes of numerals in the contrasted languages are partly different. This can be seen from the given table below.

Table 16 Classes of Numerals in English vs. Ukrainian



Isomorphic/Common Classes

Allomorphic Classes

Pertained only to Ukrainian

Cardinal Кількісні

Ordinal Порядкові

Fractional common/decimal Дробові

Indefinite Cardinal Неозначені

Collective Збірні

one, ten, fifteen, thirty, fifty-one, one hundred and twenty-two; один, десять, п'ятдесят, тридцять, п'ятдесят один, сто двадцять два, etc.

the first, the tenth, the fifteenth, the thirty-first, the one hundred and fifty-third; перший, п'ятий, десятий, п'ятнадцятий, п'ятдесятий, сто двадцять перший, etc.

one-third, three-fifths, five and two-thirds, zero point one, three point twenty, etc. одна третя, три п'ятих, один цілий і дві третіх, нуль цілих і п'ять сотих, п'ять десятих, etc.

кілька, декілька, кількадесят, кільканадцять, кільканадцятеро, кількасот, багато, багатьом, багатьма, небагато, багатенько, немало, чимало, скільки, стільки, etc.

двоє, двієчко, обоє, четверо, обидва/обидві, четверо, двадцятеро, двадцять п'ятеро, сто двадцять двоє, двісті десятеро, кільканадцятеро, etc.

Numerals in English and Ukrainian may be of isomorphic and allomorphic structure. Namely: 1) Simple (one, two, ten, eleven; один, п'ять, десять, десятеро, двійко, мало, багато, etc). 2) Derivative numerals, pertaining to English only (cf. thirteen, fourteen... nineteen, twenty, thirty, fifty... ninety). 3) Compound numerals in English are all from twenty-one (twenty-two, etc.) to ninety-nine. In Ukrainian compound are numerals in -надцять (from одинадцять to дев'ятнадцять), and in tens (from двадцять to дев'яносто), except сто. Compound are also fractionals півтора, півтораста; the indefinite cardinals кількадесят, кільканадцять, кількасот, стонадцять, and all ordinals derived from compound cardinals (одинадцятий, дванадцятий, дев'яностий,

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двохсотий). 4) Composite in the contrasted languages are numerals consisting of compound/composite + simple numerals or vice versa, eg: one hundred and twenty, twenty-two thousand, five hundred and thirty-one; сто два, триста один, дві тисячі п'ятсот тридцять два, сімдесят тисяч сімсот дев'ятнадцять, etc. Composite are also fractional numerals, such as one-fifth, three-ninths, one and two-fourths; одна третя, п'ять шостих, три цілих і одна четверта, etc.

All classes of numerals are declinable in Ukrainian, which makes this morphological feature allomorphic for the English language. Cf. десять, десятьох, десятьма; перший (перша, перше, перші); першого, першому, першим, першими, etc.

Similarly with fractional numerals: дві третіх, двом третім, двома третіми; одній цілій і двом п'ятим, двох цілих і однієї п'ятої; двома цілими і трьома п'ятими, etc.

Some Ukrainian numerals may have different forms in the same case as can be seen from the following table of their declension:



Nomin.

п'ять

N.

одинадцять/ п'ятдесят

Genit.

п'яти, п'ятьох

G.

одинадцяти, одинадцятьох

Dative

п'яти, п'ятьом

D.

одинадцяти, одинадцятьом

Accus.

п'ять, п'ятьох

Ас.

одинадцять, одинадцятьох

Instrum.

п'ятьма, п'ятьома

Ins.

одинадцятьма, одинадцятьома

Locative

(на) п'яти/ на п'ятьох

Loc.

(на) одинадцяти, (на) одинадцятьох

Parallel forms of declension have also numerals denoting tens: Cf. N. п'ятдесят, G. п'ятдесяти, D. п'ятдесяти/п'ятдесятьом; А. п'ятдесят, п'ятдесятьох, Ins. п'ятдесятьма, п'ятдесятьома, Loc. (на) п'ятдесяти, (на) п'ятдесятьох.

Ukrainian numerals denoting hundreds have similar forms of declension: N. сімсот, G. семисот, D. семистам, Ac. сімсот, Ins. сьомастами, L. (на) семистах.

Apart from case forms Ukrainian numerals have also gender and number categories. Cf. два, дві, двоє; перший, перша, перше, перші; двадцять один, двадцять дві, двадцять двоє, etc.

Isomorphic are the syntactic functions of numerals which may be in the sentence 1) as subject: The first/ten have arrived. Перші/десять вже прибули. 2) Compound nominal predicate: He was first; They

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were twenty. Він був першим, їх було двадцятеро. 3) As an attribute: This was his first visit to London; She saw twenty swans. Це були його перші відвідини Лондона. Вона бачила двадцять лебедів. 4) As an adverbial modifier (manner): They ran four and four. Вони бігли по чотири (в шерензі).

Typological Characteristics of the Pronoun

The Pronoun as a part of speech correlates in English and Ukrainian with the following parts of speech as their deictic substitutes: a) with nouns: he/Pete, she/Ann, etc.; b) Some classes of pronouns may also correlate (attributive function) with adjectives (his, her, your, etc. book); the first/ second, etc. look; c) Several pronouns also correlate in English and Ukrainian with numerals when they denote generalising quantity: кілька, декілька (some, much, few/a few). Their Ukrainian equivalents кілька, декілька, кільканадцять, however, belong to indefinite cardinal numerals. Hence, these words correlate lexically and functionally, performing in both languages the attributive function. Eg: some/few friends, much snow/water, кілька/декілька друзів. Багато снігу/води, etc.

Most Ukrainian pronouns have the following morphological categories: 1) that of number (міймої, нашнаші); 2) case (мого, моєму, моїм) and 3) gender (мій брат, моя сестра, моє завдання). English pronouns have nominative case (somebody), genitive case (somebody's, my, his, her, your, their), and objective case (me, him, her, us, them, whom). [54; 96]

There exists generally almost complete isomorphism in the classes of pronouns though some of them are not yet finally identified and unanimously accepted by many grammarians, at least by the majority of West European grammarians. To these belongs (for a longer time disputed already in English and Ukrainian) the whole group of indefinite pronouns. Some grammarians and researchers restrict this class of pronouns quantitatively by singling out of the class some semantically distinct subclasses of them. Thus, the authors of the Ukrainian scientific Morphology (Морфологія 32: 283-284) allot to this class only the following undoubtedly indefinite pronouns: дехто, будь-хто, будь-що, хто-небудь, нічий, ніякий, котрийсь, and some others. The Kharkiv grammarians

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Khaimovych B. and Rohovska В. (47: 111-116) subdivide the English indefinite pronouns into some subclasses. Namely, into: negative pronouns (nobody, nothing, etc.), generalising pronouns (all, both, every, each), quantitative pronouns (little, many, much, few) and contrasting pronouns (another, other, otherwise, one, ones). The Petersburg grammarian I. Ivanova and her co-authors (15) completely agree on the point with B. Strang, V. Zhihadlo and other grammarians. They also restrict the class of indefinite pronouns to some, any, every, no and to their derivatives (somebody, anybody, nothing, nobody, etc.). There also exist some quite different nomenclatures within the group of indefinite pronouns in other English and Ukrainian grammars. Despite all this the class of indefinite pronouns can not be questionable or discarded altogether since it is in the typological system of this subclass of pronouns in at least all European languages. The matrix of English and Ukrainian pronouns can be presented in the following classes of them:

Table 17



Personal/Особові:

Possessive/Присвійні:

Reflexive/Зворотні:

Demonstrative/Bка-

I, he, she, it, we, you, they; я, ти, він, вона, воно, ми, ви, вони.

my, his, her, its, our, your, their, mine, hers, yours, ours; мій, твій, її, наше, ваше, ваш, їхня, їхній, їхнє.

myself, itself, himself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves; себе, собі, собою, (на) собі

зівні: this (these), that (those), such a, (the) same; цей, той, ті, той самий, та сама, такий само.





Relative/Відносні: who, what, which, whose, хто, що, який, котрий, чий/чия, чиє, чийого, чиї, чиїх.




PRONOUNS ЗАЙМЕННИКИ




Interrogative\Питальні:

who, whose, what, which, how much; хто, що, який, котрий, які саме, хто саме.









Indefinite and Negative: any, anybody, somebody, something, nobody, none,

nothing; дехто, декого, декому, будь-що, будь-хто, нічий, який-небудь, котрийсь, котрий/котра-небудь.

Reciprocal/Взаємні:

each other, one another;

один одного, одна одну,

одне одного, одні одних.

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Each of the eight classes of pronouns in the contrasted languages is endowed with some isomorphic and allomorphic features of its own. This can be seen from their short characteristics that follows.

1. Personal Pronouns (seven in English: /, he, she, it, we, you, they) and eight in Ukrainian (because of the existence of mu — thou which was substituted in English by you). All personal pronouns in Ukrai nian are declinable: я, мене, мені, мною, на мені. They have person and gender distinctions (мій олівець, моя ручка, моє завдання). All English personal pronouns, except it and you take their explicit objective case forms (me, him, her, us, them). Of peculiar nature and meaning is the it pronoun in English which may be used a) anaphorically (cf. the book is on the table — it is on the table); b) as an anticipatory element (It is necessary that...); c) as an impersonal pronoun (It is cold); d) as a demonstrative element (it was he who said that); e) as a formal element (to foot it — іти пішки, to catch it — "зловити" прочухана).

The Ukrainian impersonal pronoun воно is also endowed with some characterising meanings. It is often used to express sympathy, compassion on the one hand or contempt on the other, eg: Воно й училось, нівроку йому. (А. Тесленко) Що воно тямить / з себе корчить; чого воно так кирпу гне? (contempt). Воно ніби так і треба (impersonal meaning).

The pronouns we, you, they may form in English indefinite personal sentences, eg: We must not allow children do what they like (не треба дозволяти дітям робити, що їм заманеться). You don't say so. He може бути! Невже? They say. Кажуть.

There is an absolute identity, however, in both languages in the use of the pronoun "we" by speakers or authors instead of the personal pronoun "I" (cf. We hold the view that... Ми вважаємо, що...).

2. English possessive pronouns, unlike their counterparts in Ukrai nian, may be of two types: a) possessive conjoint (my, his, her, etc.) and b) possessive absolute (mine, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.). The latter are used as attributes (the friend of mine) or as predicatives (that book is mine). English possessive conjoint pronouns very often function as determiners, eg: He has his hands in his pockets. Allomorphism is ob served in Ukrainian possessive pronouns which have gender (мій, моя,

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моє), case (мого, моєму,моїм, etc.) and number categories (мої, твої, наш - наші) lacking in English. Besides, they are often substantivised in colloquial speech (cf. Твоя прийшла). Вона (сестра, дружина) вдома? Чий (хлопець, чоловік) то приходив? Наша взяла.

3. Reflexive pronouns (self-pronouns) in English have singular and plural forms (myself, himself, ourselves, themselves, etc.). They cor respond to the Ukrainian себе pronoun which has no nominative case form but only genitive and other case-forms (ceбe, собі, себе, собою на собі) and no number distinctions (я питаю себе, ти вигороджуєш себе, вони знають себе). In some Western Ukrainian dialects the old short forms си/ся are used (ми си/ся зустріли). The short reflexive ся pronoun is also used in literary Ukrainian expressions as: Як ся маєш? Як ся маєте? whereas the dative case form собі may acquire in some context the meaning and function of a particle, eg: ...одно вона вчиться собі. (Тесленко) Деякі сиділи собі на диванчику... (Ibid).

Reflexive pronouns in English are used to form reflexive verbs (to wash oneself, to restrain herself, to show themselves, etc.).

4. English demonstrative pronouns have virtually the same equiv alents in Ukrainian with their common (attributive) function in speech. These pronouns are this/that, these/those, this same/that same, such a, such; цей/той, ці/ті, такий/такі, цей самий/той самий, стільки. These English demonstrative pronouns agree in number with the head noun: this daythese days, such a booksuch books, this same book these same books/those same books. They form in En glish the only synthetic by structure substantival word-groups.

Apart from the category of number Ukrainian demonstrative pronouns, which are more numerous than in English, have also case and gender distinctions, eg: цей самий студент — ця сама студентка -це саме число. Declinable are also other demonstrative pronouns: цього/цієї, цьому/цій, цим/цією, etc. They agree with their headwords in number, case and gender.

There exists a semantic and syntactic correlation between the English such asuch pronouns and their Ukrainian equivalents такий (-а, -е), такі (cf. such a boy such boys, такий сон такі сни). But

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Ukrainian demonstrative pronouns are always declinable not only with count nouns, but also rarer with uncountable nouns, eg.: скільки грошей, стільки снігу, скільки часу, стільки людей, стількох людей, стільком людям; цього хлопця, цьому хлопцеві, цим хлопцем, таким/цим снігом, etc.