В. Д. Аракина издание четвертое, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством образования Российской Федерации в качестве учебник
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- В. И. Королева Москва Магистр 2007 Допущено Министерством образования Российской Федерации, 4142.55kb.
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Unit Six
magazine programme — programme which is a mixture of "hard" news and feature items.
wild/nature life programme — programme showing animals, birds, etc. in their natural environment
quiz programme — programme on which members of the audience are asked questions, in case of correct answer they receive prizes
sitcom (situation comedy) — short film providing entertainment
soap opera — play (an afternoon television regular feature) which originally appeared on the radio and was sponsored by soap advertisers, continuing from day to day, presenting emotional and melodramatic situations like many operas of the 19th century (thus named "soap operas")
video clip — minifilm, about the length of a song, interpreting or dramatising a song
Western — uniquely American film presenting myths about pioneering, courageous Americans
Major British and American Broadcasting Companies, Networks, News Agencies
Great Britain
BBC — British Broadcasting Corporation
ITV — Independent Television News Ltd. (company responsible for providing national news for independent television in Britain)
PA — Press Association (British national dohiestic news agency)
Reuter [‘r
itә] — British-based agency supplying foreign newsEBU — European Broadcasting Union
Eurovision — International network for the exchange of television programmes
the USA
ABC — American Broadcasting Company
CBS — Columbia Broadcasting System
NBC — National Broadcasting Company
AP — Associated Press (American news agency)
INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES
Ten-point plan to make a good impression
1. Be pleasant and polite to the receptionist or secretary who greets you. It will get you off to a good start.
2. If you are going through a closed door into an office, knock first and then walk in.
3. Don't sit down until you are offered a chair.
4. Don't smoke or chew.
5. Don't slouch, don't fold your arms or fidget. Sit in a relaxed upright position.
6. Speak up, don't mutter or mumble. Try to act with modest confidence.
7. Don't be flippant. Some candidates give jokey answers to cover up nerves. Be sure you are on the same wavelength as the interviewer before you introduce humour into the discussion.
8. Show a genuine interest in the work and the firm you have applied to.
9. Analyse what qualities the interviewer is looking for and try to demonstrate how far you match up.
10. Make sure you know the interviewer's surname, and use it if a natural opportunity occurs.
Questions the interviewer may ask you
There are a number of questions you are likely to be asked — so think about what you are going to say. It may help to discuss these with a friend before the interview. Probable questions include:
Tell me about yourself.
Why do you want the job?
What is your experience in the field?
What makes you think you would be good at the job?
What do you do in your spare time?
What qualities do you think you have to offer?
What is your ultimate career ambition?
What kind of books or newspapers do you read?
Questions you may want to ask the interviewer
During the course of the discussion, the interviewer will probably explain most of the details about the job. But there may be gaps and you may want to ask your own question.
Try not to appear too eager; wait until towards the end of the interview. He or she may then ask if there is anything you would like to know — and that's your chance to be offered the job, then you will need all the facts to enable you to make the right decision as to whether or not you will accept There are some of the points you may want to raise:
What are the normal hours of work?
Are there any unusual hours?
Will I be paid overtime?
What is the pay?
What holidays will I be entitled to?
Who will I be directly responsible to?
What training will I be given?
When may I expect a decision?
When would I be expected to start?
Whatever you do don't sound as if you are only interested in what you get out of the job. Remember the interviewer is looking for someone who is going to put a lot into the
job — ability, industry and enthusiasm.
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES1
COMPOSITION SUBJECTS
Respond to the following situations either in a short story, using a dialogue and a description, or in an essay form.
1. Describe how illustrations can help a reader to enjoy the book. Refer to two or three books you have read.
2. Imagine that one of your friends is missing from the classes visiting his parents. Give details of his appearance which would enable the teachers to issue a description or build up an identical picture.
3. Recommend a friend (who does not read much) a book which you have recently read. Try to encourage your friend to spend more time reading.
4. Halloween.
5. Discuss the reasons why many people today read books about the Second World War.
6. Write a clear and factual report for the newspaper of an accident that you have witnessed.
7. The persistent disadvantages and advantages of being a woman.
8. The advantages and disadvantages of being an only child.
9. Superstition in our lives today.
10. Write a persuasive letter giving details about the pleasure of playing a musical instrument.
11. Suppose you were writing an account of your childhood in such a way as to emphasize your relations with your family.
12. Television and radio plays as a reflection of real life.
13. How have your years at school prepared you for your life after leaving school?
14. Write a letter to the press stating the case for abolishing examinations or for handing over students discipline to a committee in which staff and students co-operate on equal terms. Invent suitable names and addresses.
__________
1 Credit will be given for arrangement of ideas, dear expression and direct comparison.
15. Write a short story to the magazine on one of the happenings in your childhood which much influenced you.
16. The wedding of one of the members of your family.
17. Crime and punishment. Give your views on juvenile deliquency. Should the punishment fit the crime?
18. What help in running a home should a husband give to his wife?
19. Explain the pleasures of music-making.
20. What seems to you worthwhile in some forms of popular literature, e. g. detective stories, science fiction?
21. A teacher looking rather tired and harassed at the end of a day's work.
22. A student whose dress and appearance are such as to excite comment.
23. Explain in your own words what is meant by the British custom of April Fool's Day, describing some of the tricks played by British children.
24. Describe some customs of girls and boys in this country.
25. Write a description of some animal with which you are familiar for the benefit of people who have never seen this animal.
CONVERSATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
(Units One — Eight)
Unit One
PERSUASION
Persuasion involves not only making a suggestion but actively trying to convince someone to agree with you and accept it. As such, it is a mild and (usually) acceptable form of arguing.
But evidently to use cliches is by far not enough. What you need is valid arguments to really persuade a person to do this or that. Remember that to be convincing you must abide by certain rules in logics:
Persuasion
(Oh) come on I don't know, but
Don't you think I'll tell you what
After all Look
What you don't seem to Why don't we
understand is that I know you can do it
I'm awfully sorry to ask It's crucial for you
you ... but It's important for you
If you'll do it... I'll It's necessary for you
Going in to persuasions
(Well) I guess so All right
Maybe you're right Look — I'll tell you what
Oh, if you insist We'll see
Making suggestions
I wonder/was wondering how Why don't you try
to attend What do you say Don't you think
Maybe you could If I were you
I was wondering if you'd ever I have an idea
thought of I think it might be a good idea to
Resisting persuasion
I don't know No way
Oh (with using information) Absolutely not
We'll see I don't care
I know, but That's all out of the
I don't see how question
That's a good idea, but That might be OK, but
That's true, but I see what you mean, but
Some means that can be useful in persuading others
1. Citing facts to support your view, naming their source if the facts are likely to be doubted.
2. Relating relevant incidents or experiences in which you or others have been involved. A vividly told experience is memorable and convincing.
3. Citing authorities who support your view. Brief direct quotations from the authority are impressive.
4. Using humour and funny stories to hold the interest of your readers or listeners. (Be sure, however, that you don't drag in a joke simply to get a laugh. The funny story can illustrate your arguments in a memorable way.)
5. Using associations to establish a link between things everyone likes (nice people, good feelings, etc.) and the point of view for which you are arguing, or vice versa.
6. Making a direct appeal, once you have established your case, by expressing your conviction with sincerity or feeling.
7. Appealing to emotions, if the subject is one you feel deeply about. Don't, however, let the emotion drown the thinking!
Unit Two
ATTACK AND RESPONSE
A
ttackWouldn't you agree
Wouldn't you say that
Isn't it (also) true (to say), to believe, to assume
I
sn't it just possible tentative that + sMight it not (also) be true
S
urely you'd admit Don't you think direct
t
ag questions: X is ..., isn't it? X is ..., isn't it?X doesn't..., does it? direct
If you ask me; As you see it; I'd like to point out that; The point is
Response
I see (take) your point
Possibly (maybe so)
I'd agree with you to a certain extent
(tentative)
That may well be (direct) but+attack
F
air enough OK informal
That's quite true...
Perhaps, but don't you think that
I'm not sure I quite agree
I see what you mean, but
Come off it! You can't be serious.
Unit Three
AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
Agreeing. Neutral: Yes, I agree. True enough. That's right I can't help thinking the same. Hour true. I couldn't agree more. How right that is. Oh, definitely.
Informal: Well, that's the thing. Well, this is it (isn't it) ? Yes, right. Dead right. Too true. I'd go along with you there. I'm with you there.
Formal: Oh, I agree entirely. I agree absolutely with... My own view/opinion exactly. I'm of exactly the same opinion. I don't think anyone could/would disagree with...
Disagreeing. Neutral: (Oh,) I don't agree... I'm not (at all) sure, actually/in fact. Not really. Oh, I don't know. No, I don't think... I disagree (I'm afraid). That's not right, surely. That's not the way I see it. I can't agree with... I can't help thinking... But isn't it more a matter/question of... ? Do you really think...?
Informal: (Oh) surely not I don't see why. I can't go along with... (Oh,) come off it. Nonsense! Rubbish! No way! You must be joking. You can't mean that!
Formal: I really must take issue with you (there). (I'm afraid) I can't accept... I can't say that I share that/your view. I'm not at all convinced... I see things rather differently myself.
Saying you partly agree. Neutral: I don't entirely agree with... I see your point, but... I see what you mean, but.. To a certain extent, yes, but... There's a lot in what you say, but... Yes, maybe/perhaps, but.. I couldn't agree more, but... That's one way of looking at it, but... Yes, but on the other hand, ... Yes, but we shouldn't forget... Yes, but don't you think... That's all very well, but...
Informal: Could be, but... OK, but... Yes, but... Mm, but... I'd go along with most of that, but...
Formal: Well, while I agree with you on the whole, ... There's some/a lot of truth in what you say. Still/however, ... I agree in principle, but... That may be so, but... Granted, but... Personally, I wouldn't go so far as (to say) that.
Unit Four
EXPRESSIONS SHOWING CRITICISM AND VIRTUES
I know I am not good at...
As for when I look at myself (in a mirror),... well... then I see
someone a bit different.
That's probably my main fault.
I should say I'm not exactly — how should I say?
I suppose I'm not coherent in my behaviour.
You'd have to see it to believe it!
You shouldn't be asking what I think of myself, ... but what
I think of...
It's law and order what we need.
I say get rid of...
I'm the sort of ordinary decent person who wants to bring law and order back (to this country).
Well, I'm an easy going bloke unless of course...
You wind me up. Then I'm a bit vicious.
I think I've kept myself respectable — that's the word.
I've tried to help ... I've done my best.
Perhaps you might consider me a bit of a fanatic.
About... But basically I'm a good chap.
Not too polemic ... fond of... That's me.
When I was young I was very shy.
I didn't make (close friends) till... in ..., till quite late in life.
I became quite good at being by myself.
I had no one to rely on ... and no one to ask for advice. That made me independent.
Unit Five
REACTING TO OPINION
Positive response:
True... exactly...
I am all out for it.
I am in favour of it.
You have my whole/full support...
I am giving it my backing.
I can see no reason to oppose.
I urge you...
Please, do consider my words very carefully.
My reaction is extremely favourable.
Negatives:
I can't approve of it...
No, it bears no relation to...
I would find it difficult to (accept it)…
I'm not sure you are right about it...
Neutral:
My personal opinion is...
I'm inclined to think that...
It goes further than that...
That's one way of looking at it, but...
You would be well advised.
Unit Six
INTERVIEWING PEOPLE
Asking for opinions
What's your opinion of...
What do you think of...
How do you feel about...
I was wondering what your opinion of... (tentative)
What about... (informal)
Expressing personal opinions
In my opinion
From my point of view
Personally, I think that
It would seem to me that (tentative)
As far as I'm able to judge (tentative)
As I see it (direct)
Frankly, I think (direct)
I reckon (informal)
Asking for clarification
I'm sorry, I don't quite understand what you mean by...
I'm sorry, could you explain what you mean by...
I'm afraid, I'm not really very clear about what you mean by... (tentative)
I'm sorry, but could you possibly explain what you mean by... (tentative)
Did you mean that...
Do you really think that...
Did you say...
But you said earlier that...
I don't understand what you mean by...
What (exactly) do you mean by... (all rather direct)
Giving clarification
what I'm trying to say is (that)... Well,
the point I'm trying to make is (that)...
think Well, I I what I mean is (that)... (tentative)
suppose
W
hat I mean is (that)... (both direct)
What I'm saying is (that)...
All I'm trying to say is (that)... (informal)
Well, to be frank (strong, blunt)
frankly
Unit Seven
CORRECTING PEOPLE
Let's get this straight from the start...
There appears to have been a slight misunderstanding here.
I'm afraid you've got it all wrong...
Actually...
Haven't I already mentioned...
I think I should point out, however...
If I may say so, I believe you've confused...
Am I mistaken in thinking that...
Unit Eight
GIVING ADVICE AND ACCEPTING ADVICE OR REJECTING IT
Giving advice
I would advise you to DO...Personally, I think your best course would be to DO...
(slightly formal)
It might be a good idea if you DID... (tentative)
Your best bet would be to DO...
I suggest you DO...
Why don't/can't you DO... (direct)
I think you should DO...
(If I were you) I'd DO... (direct, informal)
Accepting advice
That sounds a good idea.
(certainly) like Thank
seems good advice. you.
That's certainly a possibility. (slightly tentative)
Right doI’ll that. Thanks, (direct: informal)
Yes. try
Rejecting advice
can I’m not sure I do that. You see
‘d be able to + EXCUSE
Isn't there anything else I can/could DO...?
I'm sure that's excellent advice, only + EXCUSE (tentative)
I'm afraid that's not really possible/out of the question. (direct)
ROLE PLAYING
COLLEGE LIFE/ITS YOUR CHOICE
Situation
A group of students earned some money during their summer holidays. At a special meeting they discuss the best way to spend the money.
There are the proposals to be discussed:
1. a trip to St. Petersburg
2. purchase of some equipment to launch a disco club
3. distribution of the money among the students