The peculiarities in texts of business documents
Дипломная работа - Иностранные языки
Другие дипломы по предмету Иностранные языки
?, який покриваСФ страховi витрати з моменту вiдправлення обладнання до моменту отримання його Покупцем у порту призначення.
8. Sanctions.
8. СанкцiСЧ.
8.1. In the event of delay in delivery of the machinery, the Seller is to pay the Buyer a penalty at the rate of 3% of the total contract value for every five (5) days of delay.
8.1. У випадку затримки доставки обладнання Продавець повинен сплачувати Покупцю штраф у розмiрi 3% загальноСЧ оцiнки контракту протягом кожних пяти (5) днiв затримки.
8.2. The delay of less than five days entails no penalty.
8.2. Затримка менше пяти днiв не несе за собою стягування штрафу.
9. Force Majeure.
. Форс-Мажор.
9.1. The Parties are released from their responsibility for partial or complete non-execution of their liabilities under the Contract should this non-execution be caused by force majeure circumstances, including: fire, flood, earthquake, war, strike, catastrophe at sea, and if they had a direct damaging effect on the execution of the present Contract.
9.1. Сторони звiльняються вiд вiдповiдальностi за часткове чи повне невиконання зобовязань згiдно контракту якщо це невиконання спричинене обставинами форс-мажору, включаючи: пожежу, повiнь, землетрус, вiйну, страйк, катастрофу у морi, i якщо вони мали прямий знищуючий вплив на виконання iснуючого контракту.
9.2. The Party unable to fulfill its obligations under the present Contract is to inform the other Party within one week (7 days) of the beginning of force majeure circumstances.
9.2. Сторона, що не в змозi виконувати своСЧ зобовязання згiдно iснуючого контракту повинна сповiстити iншу сторону протягом одного тижня (7 днiв) вiд початку форс-мажорних обставин.
10. Arbitration.
. Арбiтраж.
10.1. The Seller and the Buyer will do everything in their power to settle any disputes or differences which may arise out of the present Contract.
10.1. Продавець i Покупець робитимуть усе, що в СЧх владi, аби улагодити будь-якi суперечки чи розбiжностi, що можуть виникати з
iснуючого контракту.
10.2. If the parties do not come to an agreement, all disputes and differences will be submitted to arbitration in Helsinki, Finland, in accordance with the regulations of the Chamber of Commerce in Helsinki and applying the laws of Finland.
10.2. Якщо сторони не дiйдуть згоди, то усi суперечки чи розбiжностi будуть переданi на арбiтраж в Хельсинки, Фiнляндiя, згiдно положенням ТорговоСЧ Палати в Хельсинки та застосування законiв ФiнляндiСЧ.
11. Other Terms.
. РЖншi умови.
11.1. Any changes, amendments, and supplements to the conditions of this Contract are valid only if set forth in a written document signed by authorized representatives of both Parties to this Contract.
11.1. Будь-якi змiни, поправки, додатки до умов iснуючого контракту дiйснi тiльки якщо вони сформульованi у письмовому документi, пiдписаному представниками обох сторiн цього контракту.
11.2. The Contract comes into full force from the date of its signing.
11.2. Контракт вступаСФ в повну силу вiд дати його пiдписання.
12. Legal addresses of the Parties.
12. Юридичнi адреси Сторiн.
SellerBuyerПродавецьПокупецьBasic Machinery Ltd.P.O. Box 505Бейзiк Мешiнерi Лтд.поштова скринька 50517 Rose LaneDjakarta, 7707717 Роуз ЛейнДжакарта, 77077Lucia, BacardiaIndonesiaЛюцiя, БакардiяРЖндонезiяfor and on behalf of the Sellerfor and on behalf of the Buyerвiд iменi та за дорученням Продавцявiд iменi та за дорученням ПокупцяJennifer MasumiRichard JohnsonДженiфер МасумiРiчард ДжонсонSenior Executive OfficerManaging DirectorСтарша Посадова особаГенеральний директор
4.2 Analysis of linguistic peculiarities in text of contract
examples of these documents illustrate the linguistic peculiarities of business correspondence and contract, the way they can be translated. As for the grammatical peculiarities of the contract we can see that the most widespread tenses in contract are the Indefinite and the Perfect tenses in Active and Passive Voices:
тАж have made the present Contract as followsтАж
For the accommodation/ services provided to the Firm's customer the Hotel has established the following rooms ratesтАжpayment in Russian rubles is carried-out by resident organizationsтАж
In contracts verb shall are frequently used for the first and the third person in the plural or singular form, and sometimes has the meaning to be obliged:fee for passport registration shall be paid separatelyтАж
тАжall sums subject to payment shall be understoodтАж
тАжthe Firm shall pay to the Hotel the cost of one day's stay at the HotelтАж
The Hotel shall be responsible for service standardsтАжHotel shall have the right to amend the ratesтАж
тАжthe Firm shall undertake to pay 60 USDтАж
The Parties shall take all reasonable measuresтАж
The peculiarity of contract is also omitting if'm subordinate clauses with should:the customer leave the room after the check-out timeтАж
The Infinitive as an adjunct to Active verb is used in text of contract:disputes, on which the Parties fail to come to an agreementтАжevery contract this one has constructions with Participle I and Participle II:
тАжall disputes arising between the Firm and the HotelтАж
тАж including all applicable taxes
тАжthe confirmed ordersтАж
тАжthe bank indicatedтАж
confirmed reservationтАж
As for the lexical peculiarities of the contract we can see that there are no emotionally coloured words. In text of contracts prepositional words and phrases are used; in our case we have such prepositional phrases as:
тАжhereinafter referred asтАж
тАжon condition thatтАжcontract is clear, concrete, neutral. It has no idioms, phrasal verbs, colloquial language.every business document contract has its own peculiar features. In comparison with other documents its language is the most formal and intricate. That's why the translation and drawing up of contract can cause some difficulties. Stylistic peculiarities of contract are concreteness, clearness of the idea, conciseness, clear rhythm of sentences. Grammatical peculiarities of contract are characterized by high usage of verbals. Its text is presented mostly with Infinitive and participial constructions.
Conclusion
peculiarities of official business papers have been studied as groups of stylistic, grammatical and lexical peculiarities which are determined by formal style of English. Formal style of English has such main features as conventionality of expression, absence of emotiveness, encoded character of the language and general syntactic mode of combining several ideas within one sentence. Stylistic peculiarities of formal written English imply usage of words in their primary logic meaning and absence of contextual meanings. Formal English is characterized by the usage of special terms. They all are precise in meaning and rather bookish. Among them there are a lot of words of the Latin, Greek and French origin, replaced in spoken English by words of the Anglo-Saxon origin. In formal style whom is used instead of who. If there is a need in prepositions, they go before whom, which is not typical of informal style at all. Written Business English goes impersonal style. It means there are no direct addressees, passive constructions are used instead of active, a great number of amount words, modal verbs might and could are used instead of can and may. This all is done for a document to sound tentative and tactful.factors mentioned make up the standard of documents' writing. Special forms help to focus readers' attention on major information and simplify process of making a deal.are the following theoretical problems in studying the problem. First of all, there is a difficulty to draw a line between formal and informal English, as the latter influences formal style greatly. Sentences in documents are too long and bookish to be used freely. Documents are devoid of personal pronouns I, we, you. The language of documents lacks force and vividness to keep strict to the point. Meanwhile, it is hard to keep one's attention while reading them due to this trait.analysis of stylistic peculiarities of business correspondence shows that it can be observed through the syntactic pattern of busine