Private sector and human-resource development in Georgia
Курсовой проект - Экономика
Другие курсовые по предмету Экономика
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At independence in 1991, the country had 64,500 hectares of state-owned tea plantations. Civil war, decline in demand from former markets in the FSU and the loss of state financing have caused much of the area formerly planted to tea to be abandoned. As of January 2002, 37,296 hectares of agriculture land were planted to tea. Tea plantations now occupy 65 percent of Gurias total agricultural land, 27 percent of Samegrelos total agricultural land, 58 percent of Ajaras total agricultural land and 6 percent of Imeretis total agricultural land (Table 1). Following the abolition of collective agriculture, land under tea plantations has mostly been privatized in Guria, while in Samegrelo, Ajara, and Imereti most of the tea plantations have been leased out.
Tea leaf production data in the early 1990s is extremely unreliable and so not reported here. It is clear that production levels have fallen greatly from those of the late 1980s. Production has generally continued to drift downward since the mid-1990s (Tables 2-3, Figures 1-2).
According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, as of January 1, 2001 there were 146 tea processing enterprises in Georgia (including Abkhazeti) with a total annual capacity of 722,800 tons. There were 50 tea factories in Samegrelo, 30 in Guria, 16 in Imereti, and 18 in Ajara. Forty-six of the 50 enterprises in Samegrelo had been privatized, while 30, 11 and 1 enterprises had been privatized in Guria, Imereti, and Ajara, respectively. These enterprises mostly use worn-out, obsolete equipment and are in poor financial condition. Some of these enterprises are reported to have vertically integrated operations, while others operate on a contractual basis with tea growers. As might be expected, almost all tea grown appears to be sold to the factories so that the processing trends follow those of production (Table 4, Figure 3). The nature of tea also means that the producers are much more dependent on the processors than are, say, owners of vineyards. Homemade wine is a reasonable and widely practiced option for primary producers; homemade tea is not.
During 1994-2001 Georgia was a net exporter of tea, although it also was a substantial importer and the balance of trade appears to be turning against Georgia (Table 5, Figure 4). In the early and mid 1990s the major importers of Georgian tea were in the FSU, but since 1997 geographic coverage has widened as processors developed new markets. Exports of Georgia tea to US, Germany, and Poland show an increase (Table 6).
Tea remains an important cash crop among rural households in most of West Georgia. The share of households in total tealeaf production in 1999 was 43 percent, in 2000, 34 percent, and 93 percent in 2001 (Table 7).
Table 1. Land under Tea Plantations, 2001
RegionDistrictTotal
Agricultural Land, haTotal Area under
Tea Plantations,
haArea of Tea
Plantations
Damaged, haArea of Usable
Plantations,
haPercent of Plantations
Damaged, %Share of the
Region in total agricultural land of GeorgiaArea of Land
under Tea as Percent of Total Agricultural Land in RegionAjara Regional Total95905,5181,6743,84430%1.7058SamegreloZugdidi10,1695,0616544,40713%1.8050Martvili9,3342,7213302,39112%1.6529Senaki9,6991,20232487827%1.7212Chkhorotsku4,8302,4924632,02919%0.8652Tsalenjikha3,8862,99302,9930%0.6977Abasha9,65467670100%1.711Khobi10,3401,43801,4380%1.8314Regional Total58524159741838141361210.3727GuriaOzurgeti5,5017,3588906,46812%0.97Lanchkhuti7,8641,9884451,54322%1.3925Chokhatauri3,7201,7865181,26829%0.6648Regional Total1708515,9741,83814,13612%3.0365ImeretiTskaltubo12,0251,14138575634%2.139Tkibuli3,8111,07320087319%0.6828Chiatura7,3232463820815%1.303Vani5,335130706054%0.952Zestafoni6,127380380%1.091Terjola7,741120398133%1.372Samtredia8,10338003800%1.445Khoni6,9711,54479075451%1.2322Regional Total7306511,1321,8539,27917.94 6Georgia, Excluding AbkhazetiTOTAL564,51837,2966,88730,40918%7Source: State Department of Statistics of Georgia, author's estimates. The data for Ozurgeti clearly contain an error.
Table 2. Annual Tea Leaf Production in Georgia, 1985-2001
(tons)
1985581,2001990501,700199460,700199538,500199634,000199733,200199847,200199960,330200023,999200123,000Source: State Department of Statistics of Georgia
Table 3. Tea Leaf Production by Regions, tons
AjaraImeretiSamegreloGuriaGeorgia19997,3266,69328,79117,52060,33020002,9142,66211,4536,97023,99920011,9241,05012,5187,50823,000Source: State Department of Statistics of Georgia, author's estimates
Table 4. Tea Processing, 1994-2001
(tons)
19941995199619971998199920002001First Stage Processing,
Including13,424.37,992.08,895.79,158.59,988.912,897.84,793.14,478.6Black Baikhi6,732.05,804.76,152.68,360.711,789.84,361.94,219.4Green Baikhi1,260.03,091.03,005.91,628.21,108.0431.2259.2Natural Tea, Including4,473.34,230.03,747.47,759.24,871.04,509.03,014.73,765.1Packed4,003.91,997.22,796.26,420.02,955.72,648.41,904.82,695.5Green Break469.42,232.8951.21,339.21,915.31,860.61,109.91,069.6Granulated Tea144.0890.1605.3474.1658.7Liquid Tea39.058.0Total17,897.612,222.012,643.117,061.715,750.018,012.18,320.98,960.4Source: State Department of Statistics
Table 5. Georgias Tea Trade
Imports, USDExports, USDCoverage Ratio, 941243911555495929.01995157876838026253.1199615189816814164110.719972921901387249047.51998434761891864320.519993804281139471430.02000536702608428011.32001544454579275010.6Source: State Department of Statistics, authors estimates
Table 6. Top 10 Export Destinations of Georgian Tea, 1994-2001
199419951996199719981999200020011RUSTKMTKMRUSRUSRUSRUSRUS2UKRRUSRUSUZBUZBUKRUKRPOL3BLRUKRUZBTKMDEUDEUDEUUSA4TKMKGZTJKTJKTJKTKMUSADEU5UZBKAZUKRMNGSYRUSAMNGUKR6TJKUZBKAZUKRNLDUZBUZBMNG7KAZTJKMNGPOLMNGMNGPOLUZB8TURMNGAZEKAZBLRTJKUKRTKM9MDABLRBLRBLRUKRBLRKAZIDN10POLMDAKGZKENKAZPOLTKMTJKSource: State Department of Statistics, authors estimates
Table7. Household Contribution to Total Production
All of Georgia excluding Abkhazia
199920002001Production by Households, tons25,9428,16021,390Total Production, tons60,33023,99923,000Household Share in Total Production, percent0.43%0.34%0.93%Source: State Department of Statistics, author's estimates
- Trade
Georgian Foreign Trade Statistics. In 2002 Georgian foreign trade turnover (registered) totalled US$1045,0 million, that is 104,6 % of previous year's data for the appropriate period. From this export is US$325,0 million (101,5% accordingly) and import -US $720,0 million (106,1%). Negative trade balance of Georgian trade for 2002 stood at US$395,0 million.
The following table shows the trends in Georgia's trade balance:
Number of Countries
Foreign Trade Balance - US$ million
Negative trade balance
Year 2001
88
378,8
Year 2002
89
454,2
Positive trade balance
Year 2001
30
20,1
Year 2002
40
59,2
All trade partners
Year 2001
118
358,7
Year 2002
129
395,0
In 2002 Georgia had a negative trade balance with 89 partner countries, with whom the trade gap amounted 454,2 million US Dollars in comparison with the last year when the same figure was indicated by 378,8 million US $ with 88 partner countries. Georgia had a positive trade balance of US $ 59,2 million with 40 countries, and in 2001 with 30 countries (positive balance of US $ 59,2 million).
In 2002 the foreign trade with CIS countries have increased. The 30.6% of the trade gap covers these countries (29.7% for the same period of the last year). The foreign trade with CIS countries amounted US $ 4337.4 million in 2002 (the amount increased by 10.6% in comparison with the same period of the year 2001). CIS countries share 41,9% of Georgia's foreign trade turnover, among them exports share 48,7% and imports 38,8% (accordingly 39.6%; 45.1% and 37.0% - in the year 2001).
Trade turnover with Russia reflected US $ 162.8 million and has declined by 1.2% in comparison with the same period of the year 2001, and Georgian foreign trade turnover with Russia have decreased by 0.9 per cent points from 16.5% to 15.6%.
Georgian Foreign Trade: 2001-2002 (in US$ millions)
Georgia's Top Ten Export Destinations in 2002 (in US$ millions)
Major export products in 2002 (in US$ millions)
- Construction
Overview of Georgian Construction Sector. Georgian construction sector mainly consists of civil, industrial, hydro-technical, transport, and communication construction projects.
The construction sector was established long before the formation of the country as a leg