Private sector and human-resource development in Georgia
Курсовой проект - Экономика
Другие курсовые по предмету Экономика
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Land privatisation has focused on the small-scale (household/subsistence) sector with little real progress in restructuring the former large state farms. Land reform has resulted in the allotment of small parcels of land up to 1.25 hectares to each rural family and the lease, through district authorities, of state owned land to persons or legal entities, with the aim of creating a subsistence sector for small farmers and a market sector controlled by large leaseholders.
Private producers account for the significant share of fruit, vegetable and livestock production, when their share in wheat production is about two thirds of the total wheat production in the country. The bulk of the domestic wheat production is consumed on farms for food, seed or feed. Indications are that only 20 percent of domestic production of wheat is marketed.
Low yields, also as a result of poor infrastructure, inadequate access to credit for inputs and suitable machinery, and high costs associated with transport and marketing have had a negative impact on food production and the earning capacity of a significant proportion of the population and thus on household food security.
The state of irrigation and drainage systems is also a major constraint to increasing crop yields and the competitiveness of domestic produce with imports. More than 60 percent of grain, 60 percent of dairy products and 33 percent of meat consumed in the country are imported.
Agricultural production in Georgia dropped sharply in 2000 due to a serious drought. WFP/FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment mission carried out in mid-August 2000 estimates that Georgia will face a severe food crisis due to the drought. This situation is being exacerbated by on-going serious economic problems.
After droughts, agricultural production showed a slight increase of 5.6 percent in 2001, however the share of agricultural output in GDP dropped from 21 percent in 2000 to 19.2 percent in 2001.
During the present year, USAID has launched a five year program, called Support Value Added Enterprise (SAVE) that will promote economic growth through expanded production and sales of added-value agricultural products on international markets. Through this program the US government will support agriculture development through market expansion, standards on organic food production, distribution, improved credit and whole-chain food distribution networks.
Key Agriculture Indicators.
Agricultural output per hectare of agricultural land and per capita (US $)
YearPer 1 ha of agricultural landPer capita1990119572519954812721996539302199758332819985313011999435285Source: Georgian Agriculture 1999
Agriculture in GDP
19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200129,741,731,028,224,825,021,519,231,928,855,570,434,239,532,6Source: State Department for Statistics of Georgia (1st Row), GEPLAC , 1997(2nd Row).
Trends in Share of Total Agricultural Production, (%)
19851990199519961997199819992000Crop production68.168.758.449.859.356.456.845,8Livestock Production31.931.341.650.240.743.643.254,2 Source: SDS, Georgian Agriculture 2000, p.9.
Agricultural output (Current prices, mln. lari)
Agricultural Production1980198519901995199619971998199920002001Total production3219416751991851206222992266265020241860 Of which: Plant-growing22402838357110811027136312781506927 Livestock9791329162777083593698811441097Of which by households158420872495140716501863211624901903 Of which: Plant-growing110214211714816805115011631386870 Livestock48166678159184571395311051033Source: Georgian Agriculture 2000, p. 6
Distribution of Georgian Agricultural Territory by Inclination
0 2 gr.2 - 10 gr.10 20 gr.20 gr. overTotalSq. km%Sq. km%Sq. km%Sq. km%Sq. km545,942,39237,128,85146,716,04166,712,932096,4100
Distribution of Agricultural Land
19861991199619971998199920002001Agricultural lands, total3267,13275,43048,03034,53037,03063,5*3018,4*3019,7*Of which: Arable783,2790,4759,3781,1785,0791,9790,4792,9 Of which sown areas730,1**701,9**452,8597,5616,1594,7610,8 Perennial plants357,0336,9307,0284,6277,5269,8270,1269,3 Meadows176,3158,4147,9148,6141,2142,7142,5142,3 Pastures1947,71983,71822,11820,21833,31839,71796,01795,8 Fallow 2,96,011,7-----*Unlike to other years, this data includes the areas of dwelling and economic buildings and yards - 19,4 ths hectares** - accordingly 1985-1990
Source: Georgian Agriculture-2000, Tbilisi 2001, p.18
Areas kept by some plant-growing cultures (1000 hectares)
Culture1988199319971998199920002001Cereals and beans272,0256,0437,2415,8378,8386,4Industrial crops40,621,136,559,075,869,8Potatoes, vegetables and melons77,048,862,484,785,793,1Fodder crops344,843,257,756,654,461,5Fruit-berries128,283,585,365,3Vineyard115,678,981,270,260,0?61,0?Citruses26,716,711,415,9Tea plantations65,133,734,739,9Source: State Department for Statistics; ? Rezonansi, Interview, 04,04.2002
Agricultural production
NameProduced, thousand tons199819992000 2001Wheat144,7226,189,4306,5Barley20,250,830,0Maize420,2490,5295,9300,0Pulses9,29,32,65,0Sunflower22,840,52,630,2Tobacco3,42,11,51,6Potatoes349,8443,3302,0415,0Vegetables380,0417,0354,2350,0Melons32,2108,280,070,0Annual and perennial grass108,3127,350,0Fruits279,0296,0250,0200,0Grapes238,5220,0210,0150,0Citruss85,156,040,060,0Tea leaves47,260,024,023,0Source: SDS;
Agricultural production
NameProduced, thousand tons1980198519881990Wheat208,6174,2638,1257,7Barley87,596,7117,8Maize306,2321,5270,2Beans (Pulses)na16,1na7,3Soy-Bean3,96,0na3,4Sunflower9,59,316,97,7Sugar Beet119,961,251,230,6Tobacco16,820,411,98,1Potatoes392,8393,8337,9293,8Vegetables583,1604,3662,3443,2Melons42,538,8Annual and perennial grassna796,9na624,3Fruits539,3724,2653,0591,2Grapes995,6914,9619,7691,0Citruss147,7134,6436,9283,1Tea leaves501,8581,2458,7501,7Source: SDS; Alexandre Didebulidze. Agriculture and Rural Development in Georgia. UNDP, Tbilisi, 1997, p.63.
Agricultural Production
NameProduced, tons1999-2001 as % of 1988-19901988-19901999-2001Grain (after cleaning)621,9640,2102,9Sunflower10,824,4225,9Potatoes321,4386,8120,3Vegetables and Melons528,3459,8 87,0Tobacco9,91,9 19,2Fruits and Berries (without Citruses)616,3248,7 40,4Grapes608,3193,3 31,8Citruss271,452,0 19,2Tea leaves486,035,7 7,3Meat173,7103,6 59,6Milk700,4663,1 94,7Eggs (mln. pieces)840,1382,3 45,5Wool6,51,8 27,7
Number of livestock (for January 01), x1000
1988199319951996199719981999200020012002Cattle1584 1002 944 974100810271051 112211771250Of which: Milk-cows 626 502 514 531 544 551 575 640646685Horses 24 18 20 24 26 28 30 3435Pigs1118 476 367353 333 330 366 411443481Sheep and goats1921 1192 793725652 584 587 633628701Poultry2390011200123001384714645155418240 84737826Bees (Families) 112 65 35 55 66 77 78 94 98Source: SDS
Data series for livestock
YearCattlePigsSheep and goatPoultryTotalPublicPrivateTotalPublicPrivateTotalPublicPrivateTotalPublicPrivate1234567891011121319411607,0581,51025,5615,653,3562,32193,61085,71107,919421518,8607,5911,3475,059,8415,22051,51144,0907,519431434,3631,7802,6365,977,2288,71891,71156,0735,719441480,8658,2822,6424,174,3349,81997,51254,8742,719451501,3668,2833,1484,571,6412,92170,21448,5721,719501492,7764,7728,0472,7109,6363,12509,21988,6520,66651590019551319,2677,5641,7557,2124,4432,81625,81178,8447,08173764219601502,6671,5831,1581,6253,1328,52125,01375,2749,87471601619651457,6651,6806,0452,5208,1244,42183,01409,9773,18664661019701445,9616,8829,1588,8237,6351,21826,81177,0649,812046891719751513,0677,4860,1743,6310,9432,71982,41256,7725,714161817219801556,3675,0881,3950,7434,3576,42041,21302,9738,218376908019811564,0671,2892,8943,1428,4514,72043,81284,5759,3187819551923019821588,9668,2920,7980,9393,5527,42109,21285,1824,11939410372902219831621,8664,3957,51011,1464,4546,71947,31125,1822,21969310739895419841633,8662,6971,21082,1492,0590,11984,81136,9847,92010811341876719851652,6668,1984,51133,4509,3624,11955,71103,5852,22245213803864919861645,5676,2969,31173,4537,3636,11976,61099,3880,32429614639965719871634,7674,1960,61150,4528,4622,01938,51082,5856,02434214789955319881584,8650,5934,31117,8517,9599,91920,51059,9860,62391714538937819891547,8609,8938,01099,2491,9607,31894,01012,9881,12517215612956019901426,6545,7880,91027,8444,9582,91833,5970,2863,32400214322698019911298,3468,9829,4880,2357,0523,21618,1912,7705,421760108901087019921207,9390,5817,4732,5263,7468,81469,6781,2688,42016786291153819931002,6198,7803,9476,290,3385,91191,6550,3641,311211137998321994928,6119,0809,6365,146,7318,4958,1354,1604,0118581352105051995944,178,9865,2366,929,9337,0793,3222,5570,812290462118281996973,656,7916,9352,624,3328,4724,8148,4576,1138471801366719971008,041,9966,1332,59,1323,4652,098,1553,91464581463719981027,224,81002,4330,34,4325,9583,563,5520,0155421151542719991050,915,31035,6365,93,0362,9586,744,5542,28240100814020001122,111,01111,2411,11,5409,6633,438,4595,0847384839020011177,46,81170,6443,40,8442,6627,627,4599,8782682774420021250,1480,5701,2
Livestock output (Ths. tons)
Production 19881995199920002001Meat (in slaughter weight)172,1115,4100,5107,9102,4Milk730,5475,4660,3618,9710,0Eggs, mln. units 890,2269,439