Оценочный компонент значения субстантивных метафор
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тАЭ, he said archly. (29,176). (little bird мелкая сошка).
В устной речи модификация оценочного знака достигается особой интонацией интонацией восхищения или интонацией сарказма (12,238). Метафорическая энантиосемия широко представлена в коллоквиальной сфере. В условиях непринужденного неофициального общения практически любое слово языка может при соответствующем употреблении стать энантиосемичным приобрести противоположную оценку.
2.3. Основные структурные типы субстантивной метафоры.
С.М. Мезенин выделяет 3 структурных типа субстантивной метафоры: метафора-предложение, метафора-словосочетание и обособленная метафора (метафора-обращение).
Метафора-предложение.
В метафорах-предложениях метафоризирующую функцию выполняют все составляющие высказывания, что делает нереальной всю ситуацию в целом.
Sмет. Vмет. Oмет. или (S V O)мет.
Метафоры нейтральной оценки.
1. Stand still, man. You arent a jumping bean. (44,205).
2. Her reputation was a prison that she had built round herself. (29,185).
3. The idea is blowing through this state like a storm wind. (24,425).
4. She had acquired reputation of a perfectly virtuous woman, whom the tongue of scandal couldnt touch. (29,185).
5. - You didnt try to find out what was wrong with the car?
- There was no time to fuss about under the bonnet. (25,288).
6. - I still feel at home hereтАж
- тАжIts a stony soil in which to put down roots. (25,408). Я всё равно чувствую себя здесь как дома. тАж Но здесь каменистая почва, чтобы пускать корни.
Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).
1. A madman! Got a bee in his bonnet. (9,204).
Метафора-словосочетание.
Метафора-словосочетание объединяет как разнофункциональные (глагол и существительное, прилагательное и существительное), так и однофункциональные единицы (приложения, квазитождества, именные атрибутивные группы), где оба компонента выражены именами существительными. На основании выполняемой функции при рассмотрении сочетаемости сказуемого выделяются несколько типов:
1. Субъектная метафора Sмет. V (O):
Метафоры нейтральной оценки.
1.That pill is coming to stay here. (18,93).
2. Anthony Martson, a young bull with no nerves and precious little brain. (9,210).
3. There was a surge of sound and the cats-eyes momentarily gleamed before, in a rush of wind, the car passed. (25,6). Она услышала шум, сверкнули фары, мимо промчалась машина.
4. This time the door was open and a swathe of sunlight lay across the red-tiled floor. (25,22).
5. He had supposed тАж that the faade she presented to the power station of dedicated, humorless efficiency had been carefully constructed to conceal тАж more complex personality. (25,47).
6. тАж every spring a bright ribbon of daffodils strained and tossed in the March wind. (25,55).
7. She was тАж staring with him as the pool of light from torch shone down on that grotesque and mutilated face. (25,108).
8. And then, as the flaming ball rose from the sea, the gears of time slipped, went into reverse. (25,112). Как только огненный шар поднялся из-за моря, колесо времени тронулось и закрутилось в обратную сторону.
9. The small bush of hair had been pushed under the upper lip, exposing the teeth, and giving the impression of a snarling rabbit. (25,147).
10. The pool of light from his torch shone on the тАж carpet of pine needles dusted with sandтАж (25,150).
11. With each gust the tongues of flame roared and hissedтАж (25,254).
12. She was heavily made up. Two moons of bright rouge adorned each cheek. (25,220).
Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).
1. тАЬYou know my door is always open.тАЭ тАЬOpen?тАЭ David laughed sarcastically. тАЬIf Christ himself came into this studio, those three harpies wouldnt let him in to see you!тАЭ (6,286).
2. All I mean is that its conceivable just barely that some nut could have done this job to the girl with an axe and a saw. (3,102).
3. You fool, Roger, dyou think Cleopatra would have liked what that silly old donkey said of her? (29,188).
4. It appears that the young rip has been taking Julia to night clubs when she ought to have been in bed and asleep. (29,176).
5. тАж sometimes it seemed that every crack-brain in north-east Norfolk read the PANUP newsletter but that no one else did. (25,35). - тАж иногда казалось, что листовки общества, выступающего против атомных станций, читали только помешанные на этом, и больше никто.
6. тАЬWere trying to win over the locals, not antagonize them. Let it go before someone starts a fund to pay for his defense. One martyr on Larksoken headland is enough.тАЭ (25,50).
7. Of all murders serial killings were the most frustrating, the most difficult and the chanciest to solve, the investigation carried on under the strain of vociferous public demand that the terrifying unknown devil be caught and exorcized for ever. (25,62).
8. But the twins began quarrelling and she had to hurry upstairs to tell them it wouldnt be long now, that they mustnt come out until the witch had gone. (25,135). Но близнецы начали ссориться и ей пришлось бежать наверх сказать, что им недолго осталось сидеть в комнате, что эта ведьма скоро уйдет.
9. The bastards had nearly got him in the end, but he had lived life on his own termsтАж (25,139).
10. Theres a hell of a lot we dont know, but at least we know that. (25,163).
11. A clutch of chief constables would have been less formidable. (25,196). Тиски начальников полиции не так страшны.
2. Объектная метафора (S) V Oмет (объект может быть как прямым, так и косвенным):
Метафоры нейтральной оценки.
1. You hunt the fox here. (9,134). Вы выслеживаете здесь лису.
2. SheтАж concluded to cling her soft little claws to Carrie. (13,405).
3. His conduct after that is the conduct of a hunted animal. (9,148).
4. Well, Ill tell you what I said to the little bird. (29,176).
5. тАж sky already flushed with the first gold of dawnтАж (25,111).
6. тАж a different, more insidious anxiety took over and she felt the first prickings of fear. (25,5.)
7. The door was already closing when he heard running footsteps, a cheerful shout and Manny Cummings leapt in, just avoiding the bite of steal. (25,9).
8. Here a right turn took him off the coastal road on to what was little more than a smoothly macadamed track bordered by water-filled ditches and fringed by a golden haze of reeds, their lumbered heads straining in the wind. (25,17).
9. тАж and steam from the almost constantly boiling kettle made the caravan a damp mist. (25,31).
10. She had a snub nose with a splatter of freckles. (25,32).
11. The wave retreated to leave its tenuous lip of foam. (25,37).
12. Why didnt you at least try to resuscitate her, give her the kiss of life? (25,80).