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581. Johann (III) Bernoulli
Разное

At the early age of fourteen he graduated with the degree of master of law. He was appointed to a chair at Berlin Academy at the age of only 19. Frederick II asked him to revive the astronomical observatory of the Academy but this was not a task for which Johann(III) was particularly well suited. His health had never been particularly good and his qualities as an astronomical observer were relatively poor.
582. Johann(II) Bernoulli
Разное

... thereafter his mathematical production dwindled to occasional academic papers and a treatise, although he lived to almost as old as his father. His shyness and frail constitution did not, however, prevent him from engaging in extensive scientific correspondence (about 900 items) and from furthering the publication, in four volumes, of his father's Opera Omnia. He personified the mathematical genius of his native city in the second half of the eighteenth century.
583. Johannes Kepler
Разное

At this time, it was usual for all students at a university to attend courses on "mathematics". In principle this included the four mathematical sciences: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. It seems, however, that what was taught depended on the particular university. At Tьbingen Kepler was taught astronomy by one of the leading astronomers of the day, Michael Maestlin (1550 - 1631). The astronomy of the curriculum was, of course, geocentric astronomy, that is the current version of the Ptolemaic system, in which all seven planets - Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn - moved round the Earth, their positions against the fixed stars being calculated by combining circular motions. This system was more or less in accord with current (Aristotelian) notions of physics, though there were certain difficulties, such as whether one might consider as 'uniform' (and therefore acceptable as obviously eternal) a circular motion that was not uniform about its own centre but about another point (called an 'equant'). However, it seems that on the whole astronomers (who saw themselves as 'mathematicians') were content to carry on calculating positions of planets and leave it to natural philosophers to worry about whether the mathematical models corresponded to physical mechanisms. Kepler did not take this attitude. His earliest published work (1596) proposes to consider the actual paths of the planets, not the circles used to construct them.
584. John F. Kennedy
История
585. Knowledge blogging
Компьютеры, программирование

Knowledge blogging - это ведение базы знаний в форме блога. Такая штука позволяет убить одним бумерангом сразу трех зайцев. Во-первых, посетителю доступна для просмотра и поиска база знаний (которая, к тому же, регулярно пополняется и обновляется). Во-вторых, при регулярном чтении блога можно отслеживать динамику пополнения. А в третьих, можно почитать комментарии посетителей или добавить свой комментарий.
586. Kronotsky Biosphere Zapovednik
Разное

The Kamchatka Peninsula harbors one of the most spectacular volcanically active environments on Earth. Kronotsky Biosphere Zapovednik, abutting the Pacific Ocean in the very northeast of Russia, is so remote that its magnificent Valley of the Geysers was only discovered in the middle of this century. The towering volcanic range of 11 active cones and as many inactive ones permeates the coast, making the nature reserve one of the most geologically dynamic regions in the world. The landscape is warmed from below the Earth's crust and exposed to the wrath of the great Pacific Ocean from the East. The result is a mixture of volcanoes and geysers, tundra and glaciers, transparent lakes and rivers percolating with fish, and dwarfed trees and unruly grasslands. The rugged coastline and protected marine habitat host large colonies of seabirds and marine mammals. Brown bear, caribou, and other large animals roam the wilderness in the remote interior. Kronotsky Zapovednik has been proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
587. Kulma soja kriisid
Разное

Juunis 1950 tungisid Põhja-Korea väed ootamatult üle 38.paralleeli. Nad vallutasid peaaegu kogu Lõuna-Korea. Rahvusvaheline üldsus mõistis aga Põhja-Korea tegevuse hukka kui agressiooni. Kasutades Nõukogude delegatsiooni puudumist , võttis ÜRO vastu otsuse saata Lõuna-Korea iseseisvust kaitsma vormiliselt rahvusvahelised, ent sisulised Ameerika väed. Septembris 1950 maabusid esimesed Ameerika väeüksused Koreas ja alustasid pealetungi, mille käigus vabastati Lõuna-Korea ja vallutasid omakorda enamik Põhja-Koreast kuni Hiina ja NL piirideni. Tekkis selge oht, et sõda laieneb kohe maailmasõjaks, kus kasutatakse ka ja pikkade vaidluste järel sõlmiti juulis 1953 vaherahu, mida Lõuna-Koreasse jäid valvama Ameerika väed. Jagatuks on Korea jäänud tänani. Põhjas on endiselt jäänud võimul totalitaarne kommunistlik reziim, majanduslikult palju kiiremini arenenud Lõuna-Koreas on tuumarelva.Oktoobris sekkus sõtta Hiina.See tõrjus omakorda ameeriklased tagasi mõlem Kore endise piirini, kus prrti veel kaks ja pol aaastat positsioonisõda. Pideva vaststikku pommitmiseg pühiti maa pealt enm-vähem kõik Korea linnad. Ameerika väejuhatus kaalus tõsiselt Kirde-Hiina linnade j sõjväebaaside aatomipommitamist. Aga selleni siiski ei läinud, sest kardeti NL vastulööki.
588. Lake Baikal
Разное

In the midth of a thinly populated wildness lies the foremost natural wonder - lake Baikal. Its the oldest lake in the world - its age is about 25-30 million years. Scientists estimated that more than 1500 life forms live in and around this lake, which can be found nowhere else on Earth. Its the world's largest reservoir of drinking water. It occupies the territory of 12000 m2 and 400 km long. It contains 1/6 of fresh water found on the planet and in spite of the vast pollution by the nearby industry the most of it still remains unspoilt. About 30 uninhabited isles are scattered throughout the lake.
589. LAN Server 4.0
Компьютеры, программирование

LAN Server позволяет администратору создавать профили пользователей, регулируя их доступ к определенным системным ресурсам. Можно создать единую процедуру входа пользователя в сеть, а также организовать централизованное управление сетевыми ресурсами с помощью концепции доменов. Процедуру входа в домен сформировать достаточно просто, но затем необходимо это сделать для каждого домена (здесь нет доверительных отношений между доменами). Конечно, такой вариант далек от идеала, но он все же лучше, чем вход в каждый сервер в отдельности. Если идентификаторы пользователя и его пароли в разных доменах совпадают, то в различных процедурах входа для каждого домена нет необходимости (при желании можно заказать программу Net Signon, осуществляющую согласование идентификаторов пользователя и его паролей между доменами). Служба псевдонимов системы LAN Server работает в масштабах всей сети, что позволяет серверам одного домена видеть ресурсы другого. Возможности централизованного управления сетью в этой системе ограничены. Графический интерфейс обеспечивает управление только шестью доменами, однако для утилит командной строки такого ограничения не существует.
590. Le ble et ses caracterisques
Иностранные языки
591. Legal and linguistic aspects of translating english legal terminology
Разное

The English legal language is characterized by a specific set of terms. First of all, it comprises numerous Latin words and phrases (ex. lex loci actus, res gestae, corpus delicti, lex domicilii, etc.). It also has words of the Old and Middle English origin, including compounds which are no longer in common usage (aforesaid, hereinabove, hereafter, whereby, etc.). Besides, the English legal language includes a large amount of words derived from French (appeal, plaintiff, tort, lien, estoppel, verdict etc.). The language of law also uses formal and ceremonial words (I do solemnly swear, Your Honour, May it please the court...) and technical terms with precise meanings (defendant, negligence, bail etc). Thus, the present content of the English language of law is due to the influence of different languages and that has a historical explanation [2, p. 386; 3; 5, p.187 ]. Considering Russian legal terminology, we should keep in mind that it comprises fewer borrowings and compounds than the English one. A considerable part of legal terms is of a national origin including Old Russian (for example, истец, ответчик, право). This may be explained by the history of Russia and its legal system development as well. At the same time, contemporary Russian legal language has been enriched by the new law terms derived from English (лизинг - leasing, антитрестовский - antitrust, корпоративный - corporate, факторинг - factoring etc.) [1; 3; 4]. Thus, English and Russian legal languages are characterized by their own specific features which are explained by the historical, political, social and cultural influences.
592. Legio XIII Gemina
История

В 80-х годах начались вторжения даков и сарматов через Дунай, сопровождавшиеся опустошениями в Паннонии и Мезии. Legio XIII Gemina передвинулся из Петевио к Дунаю и основал первое римское поселение в Виндобонне (совр. Вена в Австрии). Легион сражался в сарматской кампании в 92 г. и участвовал в завоевании Дакии Траяном. После покорения Дакии legio XIII Gemina стал основной военной силой в основанной провинции. С 106 г. по 268 г. легион базировался в Апулуме (совр. Алба Юлия в Румынии). Время от времени он отзывался для участия в военных кампаниях: против парфян при Траяне и в Сирию для поддержки Септимия Севера в 194 г.
593. Lifestyle and Being Green
Разное

Which means of transport should you prefer when you're going on a trip? If you care about the environment you'll definitely choose one that doesn't harm the environment. Modern towns and cities faced the traffic problem long ago. The specialists suggest different ways of its solution. Some people think that if we build more roads the traffic will move more quickly and there'll be no traffic jams during rush-hours. Others suppose that if there are more roads there'll be more cars to fill them and they will be even more congested with traffic. Environmentalists suggest that we should develop the system of public transport for example, railways. If trains carry more people, the streets will be less congested with traffic and people. Moreover, cars pollute the air more than trains. Experienced motorists know how many people are killed and injured in road accidents.
594. Luca Pacioli
Разное

At Milan Pacioli and Leonardo quickly became close friends. Mathematics and art were topics which they discussed at length, both gaining greatly from the other. At this time Pacioli began work on the second of his two famous works, Divina proportione and the figures for the text were drawn by Leonardo. Few mathematicians can have had a more talented illustrator for their book! The book which Pacioli worked on during 1497 would eventually form the first of three books which he published in 1509 under the title Divina proportione (see for example). This was the first of the three books which finally made up this treatise, and it studied the 'Divine Proportion' or ' golden ratio' which is the ratio a : b = b : (a + b). It contains the theorems of Euclid which relate to this ratio, and it also studies regular and semiregular polygons (see in particular for a discussion of Pacioli's work on regular polygons). Clearly the interest of Leonardo in this aesthetically satisfying ratio both from a mathematical and artistic point of work was an important influence on the work. The golden ratio was also of importance in architectural design and this topic was to form the second part of the treatise which Pacioli wrote later. The third book in the treatise was a translation into Italian of one of della Francesca's works.
595. Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell
Разное

MARGARET MUNNERLYN MITCHELL was born in November 8, 1900, Atlanta .She died in Aug. 16, 1949. Atlanta in full MARGARET MUNNERLYN MITCHELL American author of the enormously popular novel Gone with the Wind.Mitchell attended Washington Seminary in her native Atlanta, Georgia, before enrolling at Smith College in 1918. When her mother died the next year, she returned home. Between 1922 and 1926 she was a writer and reporter for the Atlanta Journal. After an ankle injury in 1926 she left the paper and, for the next 10 years, worked slowly on a romantic novel about the Civil War and Reconstruction as seen from a Southern point of work. The novel featured Scarlett O'Hara, a strong-willed coquette and jezebel. From her family Mitchell had absorbed the history of the South, the tragedy of the war, and the romance of the Lost Cause. She worked at her novel sporadically, composing episodes out of sequence and later fitting them together. She apparently had little thought of publication at first, and for six years after it was substantially finished the novel lay unread. But in 1935 Mitchell was persuaded to submit her manuscript for publication.It appeared in 1936 as Gone with the Wind (quoting a line from the poem "Cynara" by Ernest Dowson). Within six months 1,000,000 copies had been sold; 50,000 copies were sold in one day. It went on to sell more copies than any other novel in U.S. publishing history, with sales passing 12 million by 1965, and was eventually translated into 25 languages and sold in 40 countries. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The motion-picture rights were sold for $50,000. The film, starring Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable and produced by David O. Selznick, premiered in Atlanta in December 1939 after an unprecedented period of advance promotion, including the highly publicized search for an actress to play Scarlett. It won nine major Oscars and two special Oscars at the Academy Awards and for two decades reigned as the top moneymaking film of all time. Mitchell, who never adjusted to the celebrity that had befallen her and who never attempted another book, died after an automobile accident in 1949. Four decades after Mitchell's death, her estate permitted the writing of a sequel by Alexandra Ripley, Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell's "Gone with the Wind" (1991), which was generally unfavourably appraised by critics.
596. Marie Curie /Франц./
Разное

Dans laile gauche dun grand batiment, le lycee de la rue Novolipki, a Varsovie, habitait, au rez-de-chaussee, le professeur de physique Vladislow Skladovski avec sa nombreuse famille. Marie, dite encore Mania, etait la plus petite des cinq enfants de la famille, mais elle avait une memoire et une intellegence exceptionnelles…Et pourtant, a la voir, avec ses joues roses de poupee, sa natte blonde et ses yeux a lexpression denfant, on aurait pu dire quelle navait rien pour selever dans la vie, au dessus de millieres dautres petites filles auxquelles elle ressemblait. Pourtant, elle etait toujours la premier, en mathematiques, en histoire, en allemand, en litterature dans toutes les matiers. Mania grandit…Elle avait maintenant son bacalaureat et elle voulait soccuper de science. Mais elle etait pauvre et elle dut, pour, accepter une place dinstitutrice. Mais sa soif dapprendre etait grand, et quelques annees plus tard, a lage de 27 ans, elle alla a Paris pour faire ses etudes a la Sorbonne .
597. Max Linder
Литература

and supervising, and from 1911 also directing, all his own films. His popularity was at its peak in 1914, when he was called to arms. Early
598. Medicine in Ancient Civilization
Иностранные языки

Early man, like the animals, was subject to illness and death. Life was uncomfortable, dangerous and hard. If the man had a wound, his instinctive action was to suck or lick this wound. He knew that bleeding very often eased the pain of a wound. Instinctive medical actions soon became ceremonial rituals which became very important in the. life of a primitive man. Medicine progressed slowly. The medicine-man practiced magic to help the man who was ill or had a wound. As the centuries passed, man came to know anatomy from the animals ht killed. The medicine-man became the central figure of the tribe. Between 7000 and 4000 B.C. new civilization developed from the early tribes. Ancient Egyptians were the earliest civilized people in the world. They studied the human body. Magic still played an important part when the medicine-man treated ill people but Egyptians also developed practical methods of treatment. Homer wrote that Egyptian doctors were the best in his time. The early Indians in Mexico used narcotics in the treatment of diseases. In Peru and India surgery was very developed. Amputations were very common in these countries.Medicine in China began about 2600 B.C. The Chinese used acupuncture very often. The Chinese also discovered about two thousand medicinal substances. the period of 5000 В.C. the medical knowledge from Egypt spread to Greece where it was further developed. The Greeks knew how to stop bleeding. Such great philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were all connected with the development of science and medicine in Greece. The Greeks could diagnose illness. The Greeks also credited many gods and goddesses as they could cure diseases and bring health. Apollo was the god of disease and healing. At a later date his mythical son Asclepius with his daughter Hygeia replaced Apollo. Hygeia was the Greek goddess of health, The cup of Asclepius, entwined with a serpent , is still the symbol of medicine. The cult of Asclepius was the most famous religious-medical cult in history.Hippocrates symbolized the greatness of the creative and classical period of history. He is called "the father of scientific medicine". Hippocrates was the first who spoke about the natural causes of diseases. He also established fundamental principles of observation and treatment that are used to this day.tried to protect health during the Middle Ages. Certain important health methods were used during this period. Epidemics of diphtheria, tytphoid, fever, leprosy, influenza, bubonic plague and other diseases took millions of lives. Leprosy was spread for hundreds of years. This disease was controlled not by medical means. Poor lepers lived in special colonies, away from other people. This was a very important advance in public health during this period.During the Middle Ages plague killed many millions of people in Europe. In 1348 the Black Death struck Britain: nobody knew how to fight with the disease. The doctors advised people to run away from the affected areas. Everybody agreed that plague was god's punishment for the sins of man.very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Ceylon early in the fifth century В.C. and in India in 260 В.C. Hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy, France, England, Spain and other European countries.The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, as usually great beds were used, and four or six patients were put on one bed.Hospitals were founded to treat the sick people. Another development during the Middle Ages was the foundation of Universities. Many of the great European, Universities were founded during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Biological sciences were taught in the, universities. Students also studied the human body and some diseases. Even in Roman times, people were afraid of dead bodies. Dissection, that is the cutting open of bodies to learn more about the various parts and how they work, was banned by religion and the law. This delayed the study of anatomy for over a thousand years.It is strange that the first effort to study the human body was made by Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo wished to draw the body with more realism. So he carefully examined the shape of bones and muscles. He also dissected over thirty dead bodies and drew pictures of many internal organs, the veins and arteries. the sixteenth century a doctor named Andreas Vesalius studied anatomy on dead bodies. He used corpses for his examinations. Vesalius was born in Brussels, got his education as a doctor in Paris. Later he moved to Padua University where he became Professor of anatomy. In 1543 he published an illustrated book - "The Working of the Human Body".the era of the fourteenth through seventeenth century the foundations of science and medicine were established. The art of surgery was improved by Ambroise Рare. Parecelsus became the father of twentieth-century chemotherapy. Andreas Vesalius made the study of anatomy a science based on direct observations. William Harvey, the English physician to King James I, discovered the circulation of the blood and his countryman Thomas Sydenham developed the science of internal medicine.1675 Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch brewer invented the microscope and observed bacteria and protozoa. He also described microscopic organisms. Other important discoveries were made in the seventeenth century. These discoveries helped to understand and study the human body, especially the various digestive glands, blood circulation, sensory nerve endings, the structure and function of the ear, salivary glands and the structure of bones. eighteenth century was a period during which steady-progress was made in the health-related sciences. New discoveries were made in physics, chemistry, anatomy, biology, physiology, bacteriology and other sciences.beginning of new theories of disease was stimulated by the first great pathologist Giovanni Battista Morgagni who explained the connection of the symptoms of disease in the living body with anatomical findings at autopsy. The English naval surgeon James Lind discovered the ways to treat scurvy. The great anatomist John Hunter became known as the founder of scientific surgery. The French physician Rene Laennec, with his invention of the stethoscope, extended the development of physical diagnosis, begun by Leopold Auenbrugger.At the end of the century immunology was introduced in the field of health conservation.In 1776 the vaccination for smallpox was discovered in England by Edward Jenner. With slight modification the same method is still used to provide smallpox immunity today.In 1799 Sir Humphry Davy discovered that nitrous oxide or "laughing gas", helped to relieve pain when breathed into the lung and could make people temporarily unconscious. Fort years later Michael Faraday found that ether had the same effect, and in 1846 a famous American surgeon of the time, John Warren, carried out a successive operation on a patient's throat us ether as an an aesthetic. In the following year it was found that chloroform could relieve pain during childbirth.discoveries were made in the nineteenth century. One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden the pain in that part during the operation.When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the "germ theory" of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization. Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids by heat and the term "pasteurization" was given to this process. Milk is treated in this way today to make it safe to drink. Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1850. Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw that the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. Because he did not know what the rays were he called them X-rays.the first seventy years of the twentieth century many discoveries were made in the treatment and prevention of disease. In 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered the blood groups.Some diseases are not caused by germs or infections but by the lack of certain substances in our food. The discovery of vitamins in 1912 was very important to provide people with a properly balanced diet.1922 Sir Frederick Banting found that insulin is very effective against diabetes mellitus. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming who became the founder of the modern science of anitibiosis. Penicillin was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds I during the Second World War. Streptomycin and a series of anti-infection drugs were discovered I after penicillin. All these /drugs I are known as antibiotics.drug known as sulphanilamide was discovered in 1935. It became the first of the "miracle" drugs which gave immediate and amazing results in the treatment of many infectious diseases including pneumonia.the two world wars, great advances were made in the field of plastic surgery, in which skin, bone, or muscle was taken from one part of the body and then was transplanted to a badly injured area in another part. progress was made in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial and viral infections; kidney disorders and other main causes of death and disability .individual of today will live longer and more healthfully than ever before.
599. Model of atom’s nucleus and table of elements
Разное

Every subsequent element of the table of elements differs from the previous one in the amount of protons in its nucleus which is increased by one unit and the amount of neutrons is increased by several units in general. That means , that there are more neutrons in the nucleus than protons (without taking into consideration the lightest nucleuses). The scientific literature doesnt give any explanation of this strange correlation of neutrons number to the protons number.
600. Model of the nucleus of atom and the table of elements
Разное

For construction of model of a nucleus of atom we shall note, that at an alpha of a radio-activity of a nucleus of helium have approximately equal to energy. Therefore on an external environment of a nucleus we shall place all protons with the same quantity(amount) of neutrons, i.e. at one power level can be only bozons with what the nucleus placed on an external environment an alpha of a particle and are. Inside a nucleus we shall arrange the staying neutrons which problem(task) will be easing electrostatic fields of pushing away of protons. Having assumed a nucleus spherical, and radiuses of a proton and a neutron approximately identical, for any element we shall receive the model of a nucleus explaining the attitude(relation) of number of neutrons to number of protons, following of packing a nucleus of atom. (Discrepancy 0-10%)

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