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Курс предназначен для широкого круга лиц, стремящихся в максимально короткие сроки овладеть основами делового общения в типичных ситуациях, и содержит достаточное количество информации, необходимой для деловой корреспонденции. By Alison Baduel

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Lesson 10: English Grammar Exercise

Common Root Words


The following is a chart of common root words in the English language. By learning the meanings of root words you will be able to understand a greater variety of words just by knowing the root of a word. Even if you don’t know what a word really means, you will be able to guess at its meaning and figure out its what is being said based upon the root word and sentence context.


Root
Meaning
Examples

Aqua
Water
Aquatic, Aquarium

Arch
Ruler
Monarch, Anarchy

Astro
Star
Astronomy, Astronaut

Bene
Good
Beneficial, Benevolent

Bio
Life
Biology, Biography

Chrom
Color
Chromatic, Monochrome

Corp
Body
Corpse, Corporation

Cycl
Round
Encyclopedia, Cyclical

Dict
Say
Dictionary, Predict

Fort
Strong
Effort, Fort

Leg
Law
Legal, Legitimate

Log
Study, Word
Zoology, Ecology

Manu, Mani
Hand
Manual, Manipulate

Mar
Sea
Maritime, Submarine

Path
Feeling, Pain
Sympathy, Pathologist

Ped, Pod
Foot
Pedicrure, Tripod

Phil
Love
Philosophy, Bibliophile

Phon
Sound
Telephone, Phonology

Photo
Light
Photon, Photograph

Poli
City
Metropolitan, Politics

Scope
See
Microscope, telescope

Tact
Touch
Tactile, Contact

Vac
Empty
Vacuum, Evacuate

Ver
True
Verify, Veracity

Vert, Vers
Turn
Convert, Reverse



Exercise A: Define the underlined words based upon sentence context and the chart above.



1) He is a doctor in the field of astrophysics.

2) She has a very versitale personality.

3) Dolphins are some of the most popular marine animals.

4) It would be beneficial for you to follow the doctor’s advice.

5) The study of phonetics in a second language is difficult.

6) A submarine uses a periscope when it is underwater.

7) He has a doctoral degree in podiatry.

8) Very few countries are still governed by a monarchy.

9) You will have to shift the gears of the car manually.

10) He has dedicated his life to the field of Sociology.


Lesson 11

The Basics of Organizational Design



Lesson Introduction


Organizational Design


The organizational design of a company is extremely important in business communications because it changes the environment and the manner in which things are communicated. If a person outside of a company is able to discern the organizational design of the company they are trying to communicate with then they are more capable of making informed decisions on the best way to approach the company they are wanting to initiate communications with. It is important to remember that every company has its own “corporate culture” and the culture within a company can have a huge impact upon business communications within the company as well as outside of the company. Knowing the structure and organization of a company not only helps others to understand how the company works but also how the company communicates. Being aware of how a company communicates will help to ensure that business communications are successful.


1) “Functional Organization”

-Reduces duplication of activities
-Encourages technical expertise
-Creates narrow perspectives
-Difficult to coordinate

2) “ Divisional Organization”


-Improves decision making
-Fixes accountability for performance
-Increases coordination of functions
-Hard to allocate corporate staff support
-Loses some economies of scale
-Fosters rivalry among divisions


3) “ Matrix Structures”


-Reinforces & broadens technical excellence
-Facilitates efficient use of resources
-Balances conflicting objectives of the organization
-Increases power conflicts
-Increases confusion & stress for 2-boss employees
-Impedes decision making


4) “ Lateral Relations”


-Dotted-line supervision
-Liaison roles
-Temporary task forces
-Permanent teams
-Integrating managers

Organizational Designs


Functional- organizational units are created on the basis of specialty functions (production finance, marketing, etc). Strengths: specialization and all the strengths tied to specialization. Weaknesses: slow response to change because of coordination and decision making problems, difficulty with the wide-system view.


Divisional- evolve over time from a functional organization, are general decentralized organizations, a good example is the Chevrolet division of General Motors (GM). Is used in large organizations to provide better response to environmental change than the large whole could. Weaknesses: can lose well-focused technical specialization and in-depth technical development. May lose economies of scale from larger functional organization. Focus may be on the goals of the division rather than on the goals of the entire company.


Hybrid- a combination of a functional and divisional organization with the hope of gaining advantages of each and getting rid of the weaknesses of each type of organization when it stands by itself. Strengths: can be very adaptable to differences in products, customers, and changes in environment. Can provide efficient use of expensive shared resources and work well with economies of scale. Weaknesses: difficult to get uniform application of organizational policies with decentralized and duplicated functions. Integration is difficult. Potential for high administrative costs and communication and managerial difficulties.


Matrix- an organic design alternative that includes both vertical and horizontal lines of authority. It will use functional and divisional chains of command simultaneously in the same parts of the organization. It has dual lines of authority. The functional hierarchy runs vertical. The divisional hierarchy runs laterally. Is used when there is environmental pressure for both functional and departmentalization and divisional departmentalization. Strengths: more efficient use of resources than a single hierarchy, adaptable to a changing environment, allows development of both specific and general skills, expertise available to all divisions. Weaknesses: dual chain of command can be confusing, high conflict between the two sides of the matrix, many meetings are necessary to coordinate activities, need for human relations training, power domination by one side of the matrix may occur.


Business Jargon


The Importance of Business Jargon


In addition to companies having their own organizational designs, communication channels, and corporate cultures they also tend to have their own jargon. Below is a lsiting of some of the most commonly used phrases that exist in business jargon. Companies do not expect that those outside of their company or their particular marketplace understand the jargon that exists within their company. However, they still continue to use common business jargon aside from the jargon that exists within their company and it is important to know these phrases and terms so that business communications is made easier on both parties involved.


Exercise A: Match the term on the left the correct definition on the right.


1-The “bottom line” A) What his motivation is

2-20/20 hindsight B) Getting something for free

3-Catch 22 C) It will never work

4-Deep pockets D) Big business dealing at lunch time

5-Dog and Pony show E) Doing well, moving forward

6-Fence mending F) To say something jokingly or not truthfully

7-Free ride G) It is needed now or immediately

8-“I needed it yesterday” H) The final result (from accounting)
9-It will never fly I) Be truthful or honest

10-On a roll J) Perfect knowledge but too late

11-Power lunch K) Whatever you do, it won’t work

12-Lay your cards on the table L) A financial presentation

13-To play hardball M) An apology, smoothing of bad relations

14-Tongue in cheek N) Wealthy or having the ability to pay

15-What makes him tick O) To do business in a hard/tough manner