Режим нераспространения и 20-летие прекращения ядерных испытаний 7
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Статья аналогичного характера была также опубликована на следующих Интернет-сайтах: ссылка скрыта, ссылка скрыта, news.oneindia.in, ссылка скрыта, ссылка скрыта, in.buzz.yahoo.com, ссылка скрыта, feeds.bignewsnetwork.com, content.usatoday.com, littleabout.com, content.usatoday.com, www.bignewsnetwork.com.
Сайт mangalorean.com, 18.06.2009, REMEMBERING THE NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE OF KAZAKHSTAN
Sixty years since scientists of the erstwhile USSR detonated their first nuclear bomb in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan Thursday remembered the horror of almost 500 explosions - from 1949 to 1989 - the Soviets carried out at the test site in the vast steppe of the Central Asian country.
Though the test centre was closed down in August 1991 soon after Kazakhstan declared independence from the USSR, hundreds of thousands and their descendants continue to suffer in the poisoned land, which has taken a cumulative power of the nuclear explosions believed to equal 2,500 Hiroshima bombs.
As the sufferings, mutations and horrifying array of diseases are believed to continue destroying lives of the descendants of the sufferers for many more generations, Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev hailed the "selflessness, fearlessness and enthusiasm of millions of Kazakhs to end the crime against life".
The almost irreparable environmental damage has played havoc with people in Semipalatinsk suffering from high rates of cancer, childhood leukemia, impotence and birth defects, and experts believe that to restore the disrupted environment and ecology to its original state will take more than 300 years.
Over a million people were affected by the radiation and the effects of residual radiation remains unpredictable.
Nazarbayev expressed the need for the creation of a cluster of radiological medical treatment centers to diagnose and treat oncologic diseases and other maladies caused by the radiation.
"Our country has the absolute historical and moral right to be recognised as one of the leaders of the world anti-nuclear movement," Nazarbayev told a gathering of thousands in Semipalatinsk, according to an official statement.
"Our experience of creating a nuclear weapon-free zone in Central Asia will influence other parts of the world to do likewise," said Nazarbayey who has spearheaded the anti-nuclear policy and rid the country of the weapons of mass destruction.
Semipalatinsk was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons. The site was selected in 1947 by Lavrentiy Beria, who was then the dreaded interior minister of the Soviet Union.
Статья аналогичного характера была также опубликована на следующих Интернет-сайтах: Сайт ThaindianNews, Сайт twocircles.net, ссылка скрыта, news.webindia123.com, samachaar.in, in.buzz.yahoo.com, content.usatoday.com, newshopper.sulekha.com, www.worldlatestnews.com
Газета «Жэньминь Жибао» он-лайн, 17.06.2009, 18 ИЮНЯ КАЗАХСТАН ОТМЕТИТ ПРЕКРАЩЕНИЕ ИСПЫТАНИЙ НА СЕМИПАЛАТИНСКОМ ЯДЕРНОМ ПОЛИГОНЕ
По сообщению посольства Казахстана в Китае, 18 июня в Казахстане будет праздноваться важное событие. 20 лет назад в Казахстане были прекращены испытания на Семипалатинском ядерном полигоне (Восточно-казахстанская область). Прелагаем вашему вниманию полное обращение участников митинга, посвященного 20-летию прекращения испытаний на Семипалатинском ядерном полигоне.
20 лет назад в Казахстане были прекращены испытания на Семипалатинском ядерном полигоне.
За сорок лет существования полигона благодатный край под ударами сотен воздушных, наземных и подземных взрывов был превращен в огромную зону экологического бедствия. Жизни и здоровье более миллиона казахстанцев были отданы на алтарь безудержной гонки вооружений.
По воле народа было принято историческое решение о закрытии ядерного полигона и добровольном отказе от четвертого по величине ядерного потенциала. Это был беспрецедентный шаг, аналогов которому в истории не было и нет. В этом большая заслуга Президента Казахстана Нурсултана Абишевича Назарбаева.
Сегодня мы выражаем озабоченность тем, что примеру нашей страны последовали немногие, и ядерное бедствие продолжает угрожать человечеству.
Мы обращаемся к правительствам, парламентам, политическим партиям, общественным и неправительственным организациям всего мира, ко всем, кому небезразлична судьба нашей планеты, кто чувствует свою ответственность перед будущими поколениями, и призываем присоединиться к глобальному движению по нераспространению и уничтожению ядерного оружия. Только объединив наши усилия, мы сможем удержать мир от сползания в пропасть ядерного безумия.
Мы призываем все прогрессивное человечество услышать голос Казахстана и уничтожить ядерную угрозу миру и процветанию нашей общей планеты!
Мы за единый и безопасный мир для наших детей!
People’s Daily Online, 17.06.2009, KAZAKHSTAN & NON-PROLIFERATION
Following the collapse of the USSR, the Republic of Kazakhstan became a participant of major international negotiations and agreements concerning disarmament, arms control as well as confidence-building measures.
In August 1991, Kazakhstan's President Nazarbayev signed a historic decree to close the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.
On the 29th of December 1991, the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine signed the Almaty Declaration, in which they agreed on the control mechanisms over the operation of the nuclear arsenal of the former USSR and affirmed their international obligations concerning strategic arms reduction.
In Lisbon, on the 23rd of May 1992, representatives of Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and USA signed a five party Protocol to the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. At the same time, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan – all states possessing nuclear weapons - committed to the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
In accordance with the Lisbon Protocol, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine - as successor states to the USSR in terms of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty - agreed to participate with Russia and the USA in the work of the joint Commission on Observance & Inspection. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty came into force in 1994 and paved the way to disarmament and the elimination of more than 9,000 nuclear warheads under strict supervision.
In December 1993, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan ratified the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). On the same day, in Almaty, President Nazarbayev and the U.S. Vice-President Al Gore signed a Framework Agreement opening the way towards implementation of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (Nunn-Lugar Program) in Kazakhstan.
In February 1994, Kazakhstan became a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and, today, all nuclear facilities in Kazakhstan are under full IAEA safeguards. Kazakhstan was the first among the participants of the Lisbon Protocol to implement the provisions concerning removal of nuclear warheads.
On the 21st of April 1996, the process of removal of 1416 nuclear warheads from Kazakhstan territory was completed.
On the 30th of May 1995, the last nuclear test warhead - which was located in a gallery on the Semipalatinsk test site - was destroyed.
Kazakhstan had rid itself of its nuclear inheritance forever.
The Central Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed in Semipalatinsk on September 8, 2006, and, on March 22, 2009, it came into force. The entire region formally renewed its unflinching commitment to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament - an effective contribution to combating acute threats to peace and security and preventing fissile materials falling into the hands of terrorists groups.
The new denuclearized zone in Central Asia has a number of unique features…
1. Kazakhstan once had the fourth largest nuclear arsenal in the world.
2. The denuclearized zone was the first to be created in the Northern Hemisphere.
3. The Treaty was the first multilateral security agreement to bring together all five Central Asian countries.
Finally, for the first time ever, a denuclearized zone has been created in a region that borders two nuclear states (Russia and China).
The Treaty facilitates the strengthening of security in Central Asia, but also promotes regional confidence building and cooperation.
In January 1993, Kazakhstan signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC).
In June 2007, Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons and on their destruction (BTWC). Thus, Kazakhstan has joined all major international instruments of nonproliferation.
Kazakhstan is party to all 13 universal instruments against terrorism - actively supporting the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism launched by the Presidents of Russia and the U.S. in 2006.
Last year (2008), within the framework of this initiative, Kazakhstan hosted a special ‘Atom-Antiterror-2008' exercises at the Institute of Nuclear Physics and the meeting of international experts for the ‘physical protection of the nuclear materials' at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant.
Kazakhstan strictly complies with the obligations arising from the provisions of UN Security Council Resolution 1540, which refers to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery as a threat to international security (preventing their falling into the hands of non-state actors, including terrorists). One of the central points of Resolution 1540 is the requirement of the UN Security Council to establish an effective export control system.
Fully aware of the need to confront new security challenges, to strengthen measures to combat international terrorism, countering proliferation of nuclear weapons, strengthening control over the use and movement of nuclear materials and dual-use goods, Kazakhstan has intensified the process of accession to major international non-proliferation and export controls regimes. So in 2002, Kazakhstan joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
In 2005, Kazakhstan joined the International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (the so-called ‘Hague Code'), as well as the Proliferation Security Initiative known as the ‘Krakow Initiative'.
On November 18, 2008 - at the regular meeting of the Zangger Committee in Vienna - Kazakhstan was included into the list of member-states. Participation in the Zangger Committee was a logical addition to the membership of Kazakhstan in the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
Kazakhstan intends to initiate the process of its accession to the Australia Group in the very near future.
Kazakhstan has initiated the process of becoming a partner in the Missile Technology Control Regime. The desire of Kazakhstan to become a member of the MTCR has been constant since June 1996. Officially, Kazakhstan applied to join the regime in 2003.
Kazakhstan has signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and supports its early entry into force. In September 2008, Kazakhstan co-sponsored the initiative of Austria, Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, Costa Rica, Finland and Japan to further advance the process of CTBT ratification, and plans to participate at a high level in the Sixth Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the CTBT in September this year in New York.
In order to strengthen and develop the inspection activities under the Treaty Kazakhstan hosted the integrated large-scale on-site experiment in and around the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site last September (2008).
In addition, under the CTBTO's global network of seismic monitoring there are four seismic stations on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which are used to provide continuous tracking of the natural and artificial seismic activity in the region.
Kazakhstan recognizes the significance of the existence of the global monitoring system under the CTBTO, but it does not believe that nuclear tests belong to the past. The damage inflicted on the people and environment of Kazakhstan is enormous and has to be properly assessed and mitigated. For over 40 years, more than 450 nuclear test explosions - including 113 atmosphere explosions - have been launched in Semipalatinsk.
The territories of the former Semipalatinsk test site stretch out over 19,000 km sq and belong to three oblasts (provinces) — East Kazakhstan, Pavlodar and Karaganda. The situation amongst the population in the Semipalatinsk region remains critical, with more than 1.3 million people still suffering from the effects of the nuclear tests.
During the period 1949-89 the former Soviet Union conducted approximately 460 nuclear weapons tests within the test site. They included explosions that were conducted on the surface or in the atmosphere. Five of these surface tests were not successful and resulted in the dispersion of plutonium. Beginning in 1961, more than 300 test explosions were conducted underground. Thirteen of the underground tests resulted in release of radioactive gases to the atmosphere.
The UN General Assembly adopted six resolutions between 1997 and 2009 calling on the international community to assist the Government of Kazakhstan in its efforts to overcome problems related to the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.
Following the international conference on the problems of the Semipalatinsk region (held in Tokyo in 1999), 38 projects in the areas of health, environment and ecology, economic recovery, humanitarian support and information and advocacy were prioritized by international and Kazakh experts. The international donor community has implemented numerous other projects on a bilateral basis in the socio-economic, environmental, health and education sectors.
The Government of Kazakhstan has also implemented numerous projects providing assistance in the areas of medicine, radiology, science and social welfare. However, lack of coordination among international donors, lack of coordination between the Government and the international community have hindered greater achievements.
The year 2009 marks the tenth anniversary of the Tokyo conference. It has been suggested that another conference be organized with the participation of international and national partners in order to review work accomplished and to set future priorities. It has also been suggested that the international community be called upon to reinforce donor interest and assistance to the Semipalatinsk region based on the findings of the review conference. The organization of the conference will require the assistance and cooperation of all United Nations and international organizations.
In particular, it is thought that the UNDP, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and UNFPA should actively collaborate in efforts to take stock and define future directions.