Доклад Специального докладчика по вопросу о пытках и других жестоких, бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видах обращения и наказания Манфреда Новака

The impact of female genital cutting on health of newly married women”, ссылка скрыта, ссылка скрыта, (June 2007), p. 169.

58According to the World Health Organization, there are different types of female genital mutilation practised today. See ссылка скрыта.

59See ссылка скрыта. See also the report of Special Rapporteur on violence against women E/CN.4/2002/83, p. 15.

60UNICEF, Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, (Italy, Innocenti Digest, 2005), p. 18.

61The Demographic and Health Survey carried out in 1997 in Yemen found that as many as 76 per cent of girls underwent FGM in their first two weeks of life. UNICEF mentions that about 90 per cent of girls in Egypt are cut between the ages of 5 and 14 years, while in Ethiopia, Mali and Mauritania, 60 per cent or more of girls surveyed underwent the procedure before their fifth birthday. In Sudan, a 2004 study found that at least 75 per cent of girls had undergone FGM by the age of 9 to 10 in South Darfur. Ibid., p. 6.

62Ibid., p. 11.

63Ibid., p. 7 and 17.

64The Special Rapporteur also recalls that article 5 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa stipulates that States shall prohibit, through legislative measures backed by sanctions, all forms of female genital mutilation, including its medicalization and paramedicalization.

65See E/CN.4/1986/15, para. 38. See also the report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women (E/CN.4/2002/83, para. 6).

66See press releases of 12 March and 18 April 2007.

67See for example concluding observations on Cameroon, CAT/C/CR/31/6, para. 7.

68See Human Rights Committee general comment No. 28 (2000) on article 3 (The equality of rights between men and women), paragraph 11; see also concluding observations on Uganda, CCPR/CO/80/UGA, para. 10; Mali, CCPR/CO/77/MLI, para. 11; Sweden, CCPR/CO/74/SWE, para. 8; Yemen, CCPR/CO/84/YEM, para. 11.

69Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Memorandum on female genital mutilation, 10 May 1994, para. 7.

70United States Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit, Mohamed v. Gonzales, Nos. 03-70803 and 03-72265, March 2005; see also "Report and analysis of immigration and nationality law", Thomson West: Interpreter Releases, vol. 83, No. 9, 27 February 2006, pp. 385-391. Ditto. Ed.

71With respect to the situation of domestic workers, see for example the report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children regarding her mission to Bahrain, Oman and Qatar, A/HRC/4/23/Add.2, paras. 69-75. For information regarding forced marriage in the context of trafficking, see A/HRC/4/23, paras. 13-60.

72United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Trafficking in Women from Romania into Germany, March 2005, p. 46, available at: ссылка скрыта.

73


^ See article 3 (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.

74See for example, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons (New York, 2006), p. 156.

75


^ Ibid.

76European Court of Human Rights, case No. 73316/01, Siliadin v. France, 26 July 2005.

77


^ See article 3, paragraphs (b) and (c) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.

78Barar v. Sweden, case No. 42367/98. Cases and Comment, European Human Rights Law Review, vol. 3 (1999), p. 330.

79See concluding observations on the Russian Federation, CAT/C/RUS/CO/4; Togo, CAT/C/TGO/CO/1; Qatar, CAT/C/QAT/CO/1; Republic of Korea, CAT/C/KOR/CO/2; Tajikistan, CAT/C/TJK/CO/1; South Africa, CAT/C/ZAF/CO/1; and Austria, CAT/C/AUT/CO/3.

80See also UNHCR Guidelines on International Protection No. 1: Gender-Related Persecution within the Context of Article 1A (2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (HCR/GIP/02/01), available at ссылка скрыта. See also UNHCR Guidelines on International Protection No. 7: The Application of Article 1A (2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees to Victims of Trafficking and Persons At Risk of Being Trafficked (HCR/GIP/06/07), available at ссылка скрыта.

81See UNHCR's Position on Categories of Persons from Bosnia and Herzegovina in Continued Need of International Protection, September 2001, para. 82. For a discussion of the obstacles to return arising from past persecution, see United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Daunting Prospects - Minority Women: Obstacles to their Return and Integration (Sarajevo, April 2000), p. 16.

82For detailed guidance on internal flight, see UNHCR Guidelines on International Protection No. 4 "Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative" within the Context of Article 1A (2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (HCR/GIP/03/04), available at ссылка скрыта.

83 V.L. v. Switzerland, CAT/C/37/D/262/2005, para. 8.8.

84 See concluding observations on Burundi, CAT/C/BDI/CO/1, para. 11; Guatemala, CAT/C/GTM/CO/4, para. 19; and Cameroon, CAT/C/CR/31/6, para. 7 (c).

85 In this regard see also rules 70 and 71 of the ICC Rules of Procedures and Evidence, as well as article 69, paragraph 4, of the Rome Statute.

86 See rule 70, paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of the ICC Rules of Procedures and Evidence.

87 See article 43, paragraph 6, of the Rome Statute.

88 CAT/C/JPN/CO/1, para. 24.

89 Background paper on women’s right to reparation, International Meeting on Women’s and Girls’ Right to a Remedy and Reparation, Nairobi, March 2007.

90 Available at ссылка скрыта.

91 See also General Principles 3, para. C and 1, para. F of the Nairobi Declaration on Women’s and Girl’s Right to a Remedy and Reparation.

92For instance, discrimination in law; legal grounds which create impunity for violence against women; the existence of domestic violence legislation; anti-trafficking legislation; legislation against traditional harmful practices; criminalization of rape/spousal rape; legal norms relating to abortion, prostitution etc.; and the quality of these laws.