Problems of race discrimination of the USA in the XX century
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Americans was potentially exploitative and voyeuristic; he confronted such racial tourists with the misery as well as the jazz of Chicagos South Side. Early and late, Hughes poems demanded that African Americans be acknowledged as owners of the culture they gave to the United States and as fully enfranchised American citizens.
, Too
I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, and grow strong.,ll be at the tablecompany comes.ll dareto me,
Eat in the kitchen,.,ll see how beautiful I ambe ashamed-,too,am America. (Hughes, 2028)
Words Like Freedom
There are words like Freedomand wonderful to say.my heart-strings freedom singsday everyday.are words like Libertyalmost make me cry,you had known what I knowwould know why. (Hughes, 2033)
Ellison (1914-1994) If the Negro, or any other writer, is going to do whats expected of him, hes lost the battle before he takes the field. His importance to American letters is partly due to this independence. He also did the unexpected, however, in not following his fine first novel with the others that were predicted. Invisible Man" published in 1945, and won the National Book Award. The novel outlived Ellisons expectations, but not without suffering attacks from critics. The most powerful of these, Irving Howe, took the authors to task for not following R. Wrights lead and devoting his fiction to the Negro cause. Howe believed that African Americans should write social protest novels about the tragedy of black ghetto life. Invisible Man had used its protagonists invisibility" to entertain a much broader range of possibilities; and though by no means socially irresponsible, the novel is dedicated to the richness of life and art that becomes possible when the imagination is liberated from close realism.have come to understand the genre of African American literature as encompassing any piece of literature that deals specifically with issues unique to African Americans as a culture.the last half of the 19th century, African-American plays began to be written. Prior to this time, African-Americans did not participate nor did they have a voice in the American theater. Because white playwrights wrote and enacted African-Americans with blackface, the true essence of the African-American struggle was not viewed by the American audience. Though African-Americans found success in Europe, they wanted to have a voice in America that portrayed what they went through and appealed to them. Several playwrights started the movement in which African-Americans wrote and acted in plays about African-Americans and their struggles with racism in America.are quite a few notable African-American playwrights that have created plays reflecting the African American experience, including some whose plays have been performed on Broadway. Lorraine Hansberry, playwright and author, wrote A Raisin in the Sun, the first play written by an African-American woman to debut in Broadway theaters. She also was the first African-American woman to receive the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. Langston Hughes, a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, wrote a number of plays. Two of his plays, Mullato, a play about miscegenation, and Simply Heaven, were seen from Broadway stage. NtozakeShange, African-American playwright and poet, wrote For Coloured Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When The Rainbow is Enuf, appeared on Broadway and won the OBIE award. The play is about the struggles of seven African-American women that not only have to deal with being an African-American but have to deal with life issues such as rape and abortion.African-American struggle is one that could only be told by African-Americans. Important figures created works that reflected issues that were prevalent within the race and created a place for more African-American playwrights to follow. African American writers in the early twentieth century were using Realism in their art to tell their story.writers can write about anything, they are certainly not limited to issues of race or slavery. An authors skin color should not have anything to do with what label goes on that authors writing.novel "The Bluest Eye" by Toni Morrison, a book that deals with the issue of skin color as it correlates to beauty and equality. Throughout her career Morrison has been dedicated to constructing a practical cultural identity of a race and a gender whose self-images have been obscured or denied by dominating forces. This genre does not have to refer to pieces that deal only with slavery, inequality, or segregation. In Bluest Eye" the girls need to be loved generates the novels action, action that involves displaced and alienated affections (and eventually incestuous rape); the familys inability to produce a style of existence in which love can be born and thrive leads to such a devastating fate for Morrisons protagonist.short story Recitatif directly addresses the issues of individual and family, past and present, and race and its effacements that motivate the larger sense of her work. A recitatif is a vocal performance in which narrative is not stated but sung. In her works Morrisons voice sings proudly of a past that in the artistic nature of its reconstruction puts all Americans in touch with a more positively usable heritage.remarkable ever vocal woman" of African American literature Toni Cade Bambara (1939-1995) wrote about activists in their societies, societies that in their flux demand creative readjustment at every stage. In Tales and Stories of Black Folks" (1971) an anthology that provides ample evidence for how African Americans not only created folk legends but adapted European and African materials to their own uniquely American ends. In this writers fiction readers can see the same process taking place, a joyful embrace of voice as the most personal statement possible in a world dependent on self-invention for survival.
Margaret Walkers Jubilee is a semi-fictional account of "Vyry Brown," based on the life of author M. Walkers grandmother, Margaret Duggans Ware Brown.Brown is a mixed-race slave--the unacknowledged daughter of her master--who is born onto the Dutton plantation in Georgia. The novel follows her experiences from early childhood to adult life. The story of Vyrys life in the novel spans three major periods of American history: Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction.
Jubilee draws on both history and folk traditions. The final section of Jubilee thus shifts its focus to the education of blacks during and after Reconstruction.ending of Jubilee suggests a connection between the events the novel has described during Reconstruction and the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The narrative ends on a train bound for Selma. As Jim and his father board the train, the conductor announces the segregated seating order-colored up front and whites in the rear.authors revealed the psychological and social impact of slavery, struggle of under-appreciated individuals to find their roots. The main characters face the life hardships, reaction to the unjust treatment by the white people and seeking for self-identity, the question for selfhood for them is a motivating factor.of African American literature do not have to be black. The material needs only to have connections to black culture or history. The profession of writing entails the ability to create from many different perspectives.book called "The Help" by Kathryn Stockett, a white author, writes from the perspectives of several different characters including two African American women working as maids in Mississippi during the 1960s. "The Help" is clearly a book that addresses issues of race and segregation., the classic work "Uncle Toms Cabin" was written by another white woman, Harriet Beecher Stowe. This book would also qualify as African American literature because of its subject matter. Stowe wrote the anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1851-52) in reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made it illegal to assist an escaped slave. The book was quickly translated into 37 languages and sold in five years over half a million copies in the United States. Uncle Toms Cabin was also among the most popular plays of the 19th century.novel was so popular that it was made into a traveling melodrama and played to audiences throughout the North. Southern journals denounced the novel declaring that its portrayal of slavery was pure fabrication, an invention of the authors imagination.most white writers of her day, H. B. Stowe could not escape the racism of the time. Because of this, her work has some serious flaws, which in turn have helped perpetuate damaging images of African Americans. However, the book, within its genre of romance, was enormously complex in character and in its plots. The book outraged the South, and in the long run, that is its significance.
Another issue on the subject is that the whites were most successful in spreading their racism among their own offspring. "The whites practiced widespread sexual trafficking in African slaves which produced Mulatto babies who, due to the resentment instilled by their fathers, grew up to resent the race of their mothers" [Williams 50]. This quote is significant because it reveals one of the main methods through which whites were able to spread their prejudice among people