Problems of race discrimination of the USA in the XX century
Дипломная работа - Социология
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ry (often categorized as Hispanic) come from a wide variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Latinos are not all distinguishable as a racial minority.the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), the U. S. annexed much of the current Southwestern region from Mexico. Mexicans residing in that territory found themselves subject to discrimination. It is estimated that at least 597 Mexicans were lynched between 1848 and 1928 (this is a conservative estimate due to lack of records in many reported lynchings). Mexicans were lynched at a rate of 27.4 per 100,000 of population between 1880 and 1930. This statistic is second only to that of the African American community during that period, which suffered an average of 37.1 per 100,000 populations. Between 1848 to 1879, Mexicans were lynched at an unprecedented rate of 473 per 100,000 of population.The Great Depression, the U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage Mexican immigrants to voluntarily return to Mexico, however, many were forcibly removed against their will. In total, up to one million persons of Mexican ancestry were deported, approximately 60 percent those individuals were actually U. S. citizens.Zoot Suit Riots were vivid incidents of racial violence against Latinos, Mexican-Americans, in Los-Angeles in 1943. Naval servicemen stationed in a Latino neighborhood conflicted with youth in the dense neighborhood. Frequent confrontations between small groups and individuals had intensified into several days of non-stop rioting. Large mobs of servicemen would enter civilian quarters looking to attack Mexican American youths, some of whom were wearing zoot suits,a distinctive exaggerated fashion popular among that group. The disturbances continued unchecked, and even assisted, by the local police for several days before base commanders declared downtown Los Angeles and Mexican American neighborhoods off-limits to servicemen.public institutions, businesses, and homeowners associations had official policies to exclude Mexican Americans. School children of Mexican American descent were subject to racial segregation in the public school system. In many counties, Mexican Americans were excluded from serving as jurors in court cases, especially in those that involved a Mexican American defendant. In many areas across the Southwest, they lived in separate residential areas, due to laws and real estate company policies.the 1960s, Mexican American youth rallied behind civil rights causes and launched the Chicano Movement.
1.e Anti-Semitism and Anti-Islamic movements
Anti-Semitism has also played a role in America. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Ashkenazi Jews were escaping the actions of Russia and Eastern Europe. They boarded boats from ports on the Baltic Sea and in Northern Germany, and legally arrived at Ellis Island, New York. It is thought by Leo Rosten, in his book, The Joys of Yiddish, that as soon as they left the boat, they were subject to racism from the port immigration authorities. The derogatory term kike" was adopted when referring to Jews (because they often could not write so they may have signed their immigration papers with circles - or kikel in Yiddish).the 1910s, the Southern Jewish communities were attacked by the Ku Klux Klan, who objected to Jewish immigration, and often used The Jewish Banker in their propaganda. In 1915, Texas-born, York Jew Leo Frank was lynched by the newly re-formed Klan, after being convicted of rape and sentenced to death (his punishment was commuted to life imprisonment).holocaust was an event that began with a single persons hatred for the Jews that erupted into a conflict, which involved the world to the II World War. Adolf Hitler was a man who took the word racism to the ultimate level both metaphorically and literally. He believed that the Arians were superior to not only the Jews but also the rest of the world. He even consider those with the same skin color and words cultured background to be less superior, so this means that he is racist to even those that are words to him. This wasnt the worse part however; Hitler soon turned his attention to the literal meaning of racism and dealt with it in a dreadful way. He killed the Jews, thousands upon thousands in concentration camps, or even in their homes. They didnt kill for money or land, but for reasons based on racism. This was the Holocaust and throughout history this act of racism killed the most and is looked at even today, with terror.events in Nazi Germany also attracted attention from America. Jewish lobbying for intervention in Europe drew opposition from the isolations, amongst whom was Father Charles Coughlin, a well known radio priest, who was known to be critical of Jews, believing that they were leading America into the war. He preached in weekly, overtly anti-semitic sermons and, from 1936, began publication of a newspaper, Social Justice, in which he printed anti-Semitic accusations such as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.number of Jewish organizations, Christian organizations, Muslim organizations, and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be anti-Semitic. Specifically, they claim that the Nation of Islam has engaged in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust and exaggerates the role of Jews in the African slave trade. The Jewish Anti-Defamation League (ADL) alleges that NOI Health Minister, Abdul Alim Muhammad, has accused Jewish doctors of injecting blacks with the AIDS virus, an allegation that Dr. Abdul Alim Muhammad has denied.
After September,11, 2001 terror acts in the US, the word Muslim is closely associated with terrorism for medium Americans. Again wrong prejudices and judgements cause wrong perceptions. However, it is not reasonable to judge someone by his/her race. After all, you cant judge a book by its cover, so why should we try to judge a person by his or her color. Racism is the major contributing factor in promoting terrorism.
I.2 The Globalization and Racism in Media Age
French and British Imperial days, racial bias was ingrained within the culture itself. However, an element of this is also seen in todays period of globalization, with the increasing xenophobic culture of globalization" seen in some parts of the world.has always been both an instrument of discrimination and a tool of exploitation. But it manifests itself as a cultural phenomenon, susceptible to cultural solutions, such as multicultural education and the promotion of ethnic identities. Tackling the problem of cultural inequality, however, does not by itself redress the problem of economic inequality. Racism is conditioned by economic imperatives, but negotiated through culture: religion, literature, art, science and the media.
…Once, they demonized the blacks to justify slavery. Then they demonized the coloreds" to justify colonialism. Today, they demonize asylum seekers to justify the ways of globalism. And, in the age of the media, of spin, demonization sets out the parameters of popular culture within which such exclusion finds its own rationale - usually under the guise of xenophobia, the fear of strangers. (A. Sivanandan, Poverty is the new black, The Guardian, August 17, 2001)
With expanding globalization, the demands for more skilled workers, especially in North America, Europe and elsewhere has led to increased efforts to attract foreign workers - but filtered, based on skill. At the same time, this increases resentment by those in those nations who are not benefitting from globalization., those trying to escape authoritarian regimes are finding it harder and harder to get into these countries, due to tighter immigration policies. Hence it is harder to immigrate to the wealthier nations unless, says Liz Fekete, these citizens are part of the chosen few: highly-skilled computer wizards, doctors and nurses trained at Third World expense and sought after by the West. Global migration management strategy saps the Third World and the former Soviet bloc of its economic lifeblood, by creaming off their most skilled and educated workforces. From the perspective of globalization, the skills pool, not the genes pool, is key.face numerous criticisms and challenges; It is difficult enough often, to get into another nation as mentioned above. If one succeeds, then additional struggles are faced.in a new country can be daunting, especially when the cultural differences are great. As a result it can be expected that an immigrant would try to maintain some semblance of their own culture in their new country of stay. Or, due to fears of racism or due to the culture shock it would be expected that immigrant communities would form as a way to deal with this and as a means to help each other through.doing this, sometimes they face criticism of not integrating and of sticking with their own kind; on the other hand, if they do integrate in some way, they face critique from certain types of environmentalists and others of contributing to environmental degradation by increasing their consumption to the high levels typical of the host nation.Global Conference of the UN to discuss racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance was held from 31st August to 7 September 2001. While it was brave enough for the United Nations to attempt to hold such a meeting, it proved to be a heated challenge. While all nations are good at being critical of others (and often very accurately, although often not!), when it comes to ones own criticisms, most would be uncomfortable to say the least. As an example: United States and Europe were against effective discussions of slavery reparations (and sent in only low-level de