Peculiarities of British and American variants in the English Language
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nded vowel bod 1
? Open-mid back rounded vowel pawed 2
?/?? Open back unrounded vowel bra
? Near-close near-back rounded vowel good/u? Close back rounded vowel booed
?/? Open-mid back unrounded vowel, Near-open central vowel bud
?/?? Open-mid central unrounded vowel bird 3
? Schwa Rosa's 4
? Close central unrounded vowel roses 5? Close-mid front unrounded vowelfront unrounded vowel bayed?/?? Close-mid back rounded vowelclose near-back rounded vowel bode? Open front unrounded vowelclose near-front rounded vowel buy? Open front unrounded vowelclose near-back rounded vowel bough
?? Open-mid back rounded vowelfront unrounded vowel boysymbols appear in pairs, the first corresponds to the sounds used in North American English, the second corresponds to English spoken elsewhere.
.North American English lacks this sound; words with this sound are pronounced with /?/ or /?/. According to The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (1998), this sound is present in Standard Canadian English.
.Many dialects of North American English do not have this vowel. See Cot-caught merger.
.The North American variation of this sound is a rhotic vowel.
.Many speakers of North American English do not distinguish between these two unstressed vowels. For them, roses and Rosa's are pronounced the same, and the symbol usually used is schwa /?/.
.This sound is often transcribed with /i/ or with /?/.
.The letter U can represent either /u/ or the iotated vowel /ju/.is the English Consonantal System using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).labio-dental alveolar post-palatal velar glottalp b t d k g m n ? 1 ? 2 f v ? 3 s z ? ? 4 x 5 h t? d? 4 ? 4 j approximant l, ?
labial-velar? w6
.The velar nasal [?] is a non-phonemic allophone of /n/ in some northerly British accents, appearing only before /g/. In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme, although it only occurs in syllable codas.
.The alveolar flap [?] is an allophone of /t/ and /d/ in unstressed syllables in North American English and increasingly in Australian English. This is the sound of "tt" or "dd" in the words latter and ladder, which are homophones in North American English. This is the same sound represented by single "r" in some varieties of Spanish.
.In some dialects, such as Cockney, the interdentals /?/ and // are usually merged with /f/ and /v/, and in others, like African American Vernacular English, // is merged with /d/. In some Irish varieties, /?/ and // become the corresponding dental plosives, which then contrast with the usual alveolar plosives.
.The sounds /?/, /?/, and /?/ are labialised in some dialects. Labialisation is never contrastive in initial position and therefore is sometimes not transcribed.
.The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is used only by Scottish or Welsh speakers of English for Scots/Gaelic words such as loch /l?x/ or by some speakers for loanwords from German and Hebrew like Bach /bax/ or Chanukah /xanuka/, or in some dialects such as Scouse (Liverpool) where the affricate [kx] is used instead of /k/ in words such as docker /d?kx?/. Most native speakers have a great deal of trouble pronouncing it correctly when learning a foreign language. Most speakers use the sounds [k] and [h] instead.
.Voiceless w [?] is found in Scottish, Irish, some upper-class British, some eastern United States, and New Zealand accents. In all other dialects it is merged with /w/.and Aspirationand aspiration of stop consonants in English depend on dialect and context, but a few general rules can be given:
Voiceless plosives and affricates (/p/, /t/, /k/, and /t?/) are aspirated when they are word-initial or begin a stressed syllable and are not part of a consonant cluster-compare pin [p??n] and spin [sp?n].In some dialects, aspiration extends to unstressed syllables as well.In other dialects, such as Indian English, most or all voiceless stops may remain unaspirated.
Word-initial voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects.
Word-terminal voiceless plosives may be unreleased or accompanied by a glottal stop in some dialects (e.g. many varieties of American English)-examples: tap [t?p?], sack [sk?].
Word-terminal voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects (e.g. some varieties of American English)-examples: sad [sd?], bag [b??]. In other dialects they are fully voiced in final position, but only partially voiced in initial position.groupsis an intonation language. This means that the pitch of the voice is used syntactically, for example, to convey surprise and irony, or to change a statement into a question.English, intonation patterns are on groups of words, which are called tone groups, tone units, intonation groups or sense groups. Tone groups are said on a single breath and, as a consequence, are of limited length, more often being on average five words long or lasting roughly two seconds. The structure of tone groups can have a crucial impact on the meaning of what is said. For example:
/du? ju? ni?d ??n?????/ Do you need anything?
/a? d??nt | n??/ ''I don't, no''
/a? d??nt n??/ I don't knowof intonationtone group can be subdivided into syllables, which can either be stressed (strong) or unstressed (weak). There is always a strong syllable, which is stressed more than the others. This is called the nuclear syllable. For example:| was | the | best | thing | you | could | have | done!, all syllables are unstressed, except the syllables/words "best" and "done", which are stressed. "Best" is stressed harder and, therefore, is the nuclear syllable.nuclear syllable carries the main point the speaker wishes to make. For example:had stolen that money. (... not I)had stolen that money. (... you said he hadn't)had stolen that money. (... he wasn't given it)had stolen that money. (... not this money)had stolen that money. (... not something else)nuclear syllable is spoken louder than all the others and has a characteristic change of pitch. The changes of pitch most commonly encountered in English are the rising pitch and the falling pitch, although the fall-rising pitch and/or the rise-falling pitch are sometimes used. For example:do you want to be paid?w? (rising pitch. In this case, it denotes a question: can I be paid now?)w (falling pitch. In this case, it denotes a statement: I choose to be paid now)grammargrammar displays minimal inflection compared with some other Indo-European languages. For example, Modern English, unlike Modern German or Dutch and the Romance languages, lacks grammatical gender and adjectival agreement. Case marking has almost disappeared from the language and mainly survives in pronouns. The patterning of strong (eg. speak/spoke/spoken) versus weak verbs inherited from Germanic has declined in importance and the remnants of inflection (such as plural marking) have become more regular.the same time as inflection has declined in importance in English, the language has developed a greater reliance on features such as modal verbs and word order to convey grammatical information. Auxiliary verbs are used to mark constructions such as questions, negatives, the passive voice and progressive tenses.without exception, Germanic words (which include all the basics such as pronouns and conjunctions) are shorter and more informal. Latinate words are regarded as more elegant or educated. However, the excessive use of Latinate words is often mistaken for either pretentiousness (as in the stereotypical policeman's talk of "apprehending the suspect") or obfuscation (as in a military document which says "neutralise" when it means "kill"). George Orwell's essay "Politics and the English Language" gives a thorough treatment of this feature of English.English speaker is often able to choose between Germanic and Latinate synonyms: "come" or "arrive"; "sight" or "vision"; "freedom" or "liberty"-and sometimes also between a word inherited through French and a borrowing direct from Latin of the same root word: "oversee", "survey" or "supervise". The richness of the language is that such synonyms have slightly different meanings, enabling the language to be used in a very flexible way to express fine variations or shades of thought. See: List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents.exception to this and a peculiararity arguably unique of English is that the nouns for meats are commonly different from and unrelated to those for the animals from which they are produced, the animal commonly having a Germanic name and the meat having a French derived noun. Examples include deer and venison, ox or cow and beef, or swine and pork. This is assumed to be a result of the aftermath of the Norman invasion where a French speaking elite were the consumers of the meat, produced by English speaking lower classes.everyday words, the majority of words will normally be Germanic. If a speaker wishes to make a forceful point in an argument in a very blunt way, Germanic words will usually be chosen. A majority of Latinate words (or at least a majority of content words) will normally be used in more formal words and writing, such as a courtroom or an encyclopedia article.is noted for the vast size of its active vocabulary and its fluidity. English easily accepts technical terms into common usage and imports new words which often come into common usage. In addition, slang provides new meanings for old words. In fact this fluidity is so pronounced that a distinction often needs to be made between formal forms of