English language for technical colleges
Методическое пособие - Иностранные языки
Другие методички по предмету Иностранные языки
n the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment.
Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations.
General understanding:
1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession?
2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?
3. What approaches are used in modern engineering?
4. What is ergonomics?
5. What does human-factors engineering deal with?
GRAMMAR
1. Придаточные предложения условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами
If (если),
when (когда),
after (после),
before (перед тем, как),
as soon as (как только), ]
unless (если не),
until (до тех пор, пока не),
будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим, например:
If you help me, I shall do this work. Если ты поможешь мне, я сделаю эту работу.
As soon as I get free, Ill come to you. Как только я освобожусь, я приду к тебе.
We shall not begin until you come. Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.
Exercise 9.4. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the right form:
1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back from school. 3. Im afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not (work) harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You must (send) us a telegram as soon as you (arrive). 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. Im sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.
Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы существительных
-ег/ог teacher, writer, actor, doctor
-ist scientist, artist, dentist
-ment government, movement, development
-(t)ion revolution, translation, operation
-ity/ty popularity, honesty, ability
-sion/ssion revision, session, discussion,
-ness happiness, illness, darkness
Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы глаголов.
re- rewrite, rebuild, reconstruct,
mis- misprint, misunderstand, miscount.
Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы прилагательных.
un- unhappy, unable, uncomfortable
dis- dishonest, discouraging, disconnectng
Прочитайте примеры и запомните основные суффиксы числительных.
-teen fifteen, sixteen, eighteen
-ty twenty, thirty, sixty, ninety
-th fourth, seventh, eighteenth
Exercise 9.5. Make up adjectives from the following words:
colour, beauty, peace, use, hope, truth, rain, help, power, pain, care.
2. Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.
Изъявительное наклонение.
If I learn his address I shall write to him. Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу.
Сослагательное наклонение:
If I knew his address I would write to him. Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем). Глагол в придаточном предложении в форме Past Indefinite, в главном в форме Future in the Past.
В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.
If I had known his address I would have written to him. Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).
I wish I lived not far from here. (настоящее время). Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.
I wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее время). Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.
Exercise 9.6. Translate into Russian:
1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldnt have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldnt buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.
UNIT 1
METALS
I. Text A: Metals, Text B: Steel, Text C: Methods of steel heat treatment
II. Famous Scientists. Dmitry Ivanovlch Mendeleyev.
Text A: METALS
Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.
Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.
The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.
Vocabulary:
property свойство
metallurgy металлургия
separation разделение, отстояние
dense плотный
arrangement расположение
regularly регу?/p>