British types of English
Дипломная работа - Иностранные языки
Другие дипломы по предмету Иностранные языки
i.e. a lowered close-mid front rounded vowel []
?Most other long monophthongs are similar to that of Received Pronunciation, but words with the RP /??/ are sometimes pronounced as [o] and the RP /e/ as[e]. An example that illustrates this tendency is the Abercrave pronunciation of play-place [pleples]
?In northern varieties, coat and caught/court are often merged into /k??t/
?In Rhymney, the diphthong of there is monophthongised
?Fronting diphthongs tend to resemble Received Pronunciation, apart from the vowel of bite that has a more centralised onset [??]
?Backing diphthongs are more varied:
?The vowel of low in R.P., other than being rendered as a monophthong, like described above, is often pronounced as [o
?The word town is pronounced similarly to the New Zealand pronunciation of tone, i.e. with a near-open central onset
?The /ju/ of R.P. in the word due is usually pronounced as a true diphthong [
Consonants
?A strong tendency (shared with Scottish English and some South African accents) towards using an alveolar tap (a 'tapped r') in place of an approximant (the r used in most accents in England).
?Rhoticity is largely uncommon, apart from some speakers in Port Talbot who supplant the front vowel of bird with //, like in many varieties of North American English and accents influenced by Welsh
?Some gemination between vowels is often encountered, e.g. money is pronounced [m.ni]
?In northern varieties influenced by Welsh, pens and pence merge into /p?ns/ and chin and gin into /dn/
?In the north-east, under influence of such accents as Scouse, ng-coalescence does not take place, so sing is pronounced /s?/
?Also in northern accents, /l/ is frequently strongly velarised. In much of the south-east, clear and dark L alternate much like they do in R.P.
?The consonants are generally the same as R.P. but Welsh consonants like and [x] are encountered in loan words such as Llangefni and Harlech
11. Scottish English
English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Scotland. It may or may not be considered distinct from the Scots language. It is always considered distinct from Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language. The main, formal variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English, often abbreviated to SSE. SSE may be defined as "the characteristic words of the professional class [in Scotland] and the accepted norm in schools."addition to distinct pronunciation, grammar and expressions, Scottish English has distinctive vocabulary, particularly pertaining to Scottish institutions such as the Church of Scotland, local government and the education and legal systems.Standard English is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum, with focused broad Scots at the other. Scottish English may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots. Many Scots speakers separate Scots and Scottish English as different registers depending on social circumstances. Some speakers code switch clearly from one to the other while others style shift in a less predictable and more fluctuating manner. Generally there is a shift to Scottish English in formal situations or with individuals of a higher social statuswords of the middle classes in Scotland tends to conform to the grammatical norms of the written standard, particularly in situations that are regarded as formal. Highland English is slightly different from the variety spoken in the Lowlands in that it is more phonologically, grammatically, and lexically influenced by aGaelic substratum.pronunciation features vary among speakers (depending on region and social status), there are a number of phonological aspects characteristic of Scottish English:
?Scottish English is a rhotic accent, meaning /r/ is pronounced in the syllable coda. As with Received Pronunciation, /r/ may be an alveolar approximant, although it is also common that a speaker will use an alveolar tap. Less common is use of the alveolar trill [r] (hereafter, will be used to denote any rhotic consonant).
?While other dialects have merged / before /r/, Scottish English makes a distinction between the vowels in herd, bird, and curd.
?Many varieties contrast /o/ and / before /r/ so that hoarse and horse are pronounced differently.
?/or/ and /ur/ are contrasted so that shore and sure are pronounced differently, as are pour and poor.
?/r/ before /l/ is strong. An epenthetic vowel may occur between /r/ and /l/ so that girl and world are two-syllable words for some speakers. The same may occur between /r/ and /m/, between /r/and /n/, and between /l/ and /m/.
?There is a distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in word pairs such as witch and which.
?The phoneme /x/ is common in names and in SSE's many Gaelic and Scots borrowings, so much so that it is often taught to incomers, particularly for "ch" in loch. Some Scottish speakers use it in words of Greek origin as well, such as technical, patriarch, etc. The pronunciation of these words in the original Greek would support this. (Wells 1982, 408).
?/l/ is usually velarized (see dark l) except in borrowings like "glen" (from Scottish Gaelic "gleann") which had unvelarized l in their original form. In areas where Scottish Gaelic was spoken until relatively recently (such as Dumfries and Galloway) and in areas where it is still spoken (such as the West Highlands), velarization of /l/ may be absent in many words in which it is present in other areas, but remains in borrowings that had velarized /l/ in Gaelic, such as "loch" (Gaelic "loch") and "clan" (Gaelic "clann").
?Vowel length is generally regarded as non-phonemic, although a distinctive part of Scottish English is the Scots vowel length rule (Scobbie et al. 1999). Certain vowels (such as /i/, /u/, and //) are generally long but are shortened before nasals and voiced plosives. However, this does not occur across morpheme boundaries so that crude contrasts with crewed, need with kneed and side withsighed.
?Scottish English has no //, instead transferring Scots /u/. Phonetically, this vowel may be pronounced or even. Thus pull and pool are homophones.
?Cot and caught are not differentiated in most Central Scottish varieties, as they are in some other varieties.
?In most varieties, there is no //-/??/ distinction; therefore, bath, trap, and palm have the same vowel.
?The happY vowel is most commonly /e/ (as in face), but may also be /?/ (as in kit) or /i/ (as in fleece).
?/?s/ is often used in plural nouns where southern English has /z/ (baths, youths, etc.); with and booth are pronounced with /?/. (See Pronunciation of English th.)
?In colloquial words, the glottal stop may be an allophone of /t/ after a vowel, as in [b?r]. These same speakers may "drop the g" in the suffix -ing and debuccalize /?/ to [h] in certain contexts.
?// may be more open for certain speakers in some regions, so that it sounds more like (although // and // do not merge). Other speakers may pronounce it as , just like in many other accents, or with a schwa-like ([?]) quality. Others may pronounce it almost as in certain environments, particularly after /w/ and /hw/.
12. Ulster Scots
(called Ulstr-Scotch by the Ulster-Scots Agency and Ulster-Scots Language Society) generally refers to the dialects of Scots spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland. Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent. This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English - where lexical items have been re-allocated to the phoneme classes that are nearest to the equivalent standard classes. Ulster Scots has been influenced by Mid Ulster English and Ulster Irish. Ulster Scots has also influenced Mid Ulster English, which is the dialect of most people in Ulster. As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots, varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as 'more English' or 'more Scots'.dialects were brought to Ulster during the early 17th century, when large numbers of Scots speakers arrived from Scotland during (and following) the Ulster Plantation. The earliest Scots writing in Ulster dates from that time, and until the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, written Scots from Ulster was almost identical with that of Scotland.the 1990s, new orthographies have been created, which seek "to be as different to English (and occasionally Scots) as possible". It has been claimed that the recent "Ulster-Scots language and heritage cause has been set rolling only out of a sense of cultural rivalry among some Protestants and unionists, keen to counter-balance the onward march of the Irish language movement
13. Hiberno-English
English (also known as Irish English) is the dialect of English written and spoken in Ireland (Hibernia).was first brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion of the late 12th century. Initially it was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin, with Irish spoken throughout the rest of the country. By the Tudor period, the Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the colonists: even in the Pale, all the common folk тАж for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language. However, the resumption of English expansion following the Tudor conquest of Ireland saw a revival in use of their language, especially during the plantations. By the mid-19th century, English was spoken