British types of English
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ects, such as cruel, fuel and fool which in Mackem are [kr?l], [fj?l] and [f?l]. This "extra syllable" occurs in other words spoken in a Mackem dialect, i.e. film is [fl?m] and poorly[p?li]. This feature has led to some words being very differently pronounced in Sunderland. The word face, due to the inclusion of an extra [?] and the contraction thereof, is often pronounced [fjas]. While [fjas] and some other cases of this extra vowel have been observed in the Geordie dialect, school in that variant is [skjl] versus Mackem's [sk.?l] (and [skl] or [skl] in most other dialects). This extra vowel feature is more prevalent to the north, in Scots and Scottish English, where it is due to the influence of the "Gaelic helping vowel" construction in the native Celtic, non-Germanic language Scots Gaelic.
?The word endings -re and -er are pronounced [?] as in Standard English, unlike the rhotic Scots variant. Cf. Geordie [].
?Wesh and weshing (for wash and washing) are part of a wider regional dialectical trait which is reminiscent of Old English phonology, where stressed a mutated to e. This can also be observed in other modern Germanic languages, but it is particularly prevalent in German and Icelandic
?Dinnit (for do not or don't), as in "dinnit punch us".
?Claes for clothes
?Wee or whee for who
?Whey or wey for why: "Whey nar!" ("Why no!")
?Tee or tae for to in some constructions: "Where yae gawn tee?" ("Where are you going to?")
?Wuh or wa for we: "Wuh knew wed win" ("We knew we'd win").
?The dialect word haway or howay means come on. In Newcastle it is often spelled and pronounced howay, while in Sunderland it is almost always haway (or ha'way; the latter spelling is prominent inSunderland A.F.C.'s slogan, "Ha'way The Lads"). The local newspapers in each region use these spellings) Pitmatic(originally "pitmatical"), also colloquially known as "yakka", is a dialect of English used in the counties of Northumberland and Durham in England. It developed as a separate dialect fromNorthumbrian and Geordie partly due to the specialised terms used by mineworkers in the local coal pits. For example, in Northumberland and Tyne and Wear the word Cuddy is an abbreviation of the name Cuthbert but in Durham Pitmatic cuddy denotes a horse, specifically a pit pony. In Lowland Scots, cuddie usually refers to a donkey or ass but may also denote a short, thick, strong horse., pitmatic, together with some rural Northumbrian communities including Rothbury, used a guttural R. This is now less frequently heard; since the closure of the area's deep mines, many younger people speak in local ways that do not usually include this characteristic. The guttural r sound can, however, still sometimes be detected, especially amongst elderly populations in more rural areas.in theory pitmatic was spoken throughout the Great Northern Coalfield, from Ashington in Northumberland to Fishburn in County Durham, early references apply specifically to its use by miners especially from the Durham district (1873) and to its use in County Durham (1930)."pitmatic" is an uncommon term in popular usage. In recent times, all three dialects have converged, acquiring features from more Standard English varieties. English as spoken in County Durham has been described as "half-Geordie, half-Teesside" (see the article about Mackem).Bragg presented a programme on BBC Radio 4 about pitmatic as part of a series on regional dialects) Multicultural London EnglishLondon English (abbreviated MLE), colloquially called Jafaican, is a dialect (and/or sociolect) of English that emerged in the late 20th century. It is spoken mainly in inner London, with the exception of areas such as Brent, Newham, Haringey and Enfield. According to research conducted at Queen Mary, University of London, Multicultural London English is gaining territory fromCockney.is said to contain many elements from the languages of the Caribbean (Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago), South Asia (Indian subcontinent), and West Africa, as well as remnants of traditional Cockney. Although the street name, "Jafaican", implies that it is "fake" Jamaican, researchers indicate that it is not the language of white kids trying to "play cool" but rather that "[it is] more likely that young people have been growing up in London exposed to a mixture of second-language English and local London English and that this new variety has emerged from that mix".is used mainly by young, urban working-class people.past tense of the verb "to be" is regularised, with "was" becoming universal for all conjugations, and "weren't" likewise for negative conjugations. This leaves "I was, you was, he was" etc., and "I weren't, you weren't, he weren't" etc.questions are limited to "isn't it", realised as "innit", and the corresponding "is it?".
?Like most varieties of English English, Multicultural London English is non-rhotic.older speakers in London display a vowel and consonant system that matches earlier descriptions, young speakers largely have different qualities. These qualities are on the whole not thelevelled ones noted in recent studies of teenage speakers in south-east England outside London, e.g. Milton Keynes, Reading and Ashford. We would expect the youth to show precisely these levelled qualities, with further developments reflecting the innovatory status of London as well as the passage of time. However, evidence contradicts this expectation:
?fronting of // less advanced in London than in periphery: lack of fronting of // in inner city is conservative, matching Caribbean Englishes.
?lack of /o/-fronting: fronting of the offset of /o?/ absent in most inner-London speakers of both sexes and all ethnicities, present in outer-city girls.
?Instead, /o/-monophthongisation: highly correlated with ethnicity (Afro-Caribbean, Black African) and multi-ethnic network (for whites).
?/a/-lowering across region: This is seen as a reversal of the Diphthong Shift. However, the added fronting is greater in London than in the south-east periphery, resulting in variants like [a]. Frontingand monophthongisation of /a/ is correlated with ethnicity; it is strongest among non-whites. It seems to be a geographically directional and diachronically gradual process. The change (from approximately ) involves lowering of the onset, and as such is a reversal of the Diphthong Shift. It is interpretable as a London innovation with diffusion to the periphery.
?raised onset of FACE: This results in variants like [e]. Like /a/, monophthongisation of /e/ is strongest among non-whites. This is also seen as a reversal of the Diphthong Shift.
?/a/ realized as [a] and not "levelled" [a]: In inner-city London, [a] is the norm for /a/. Additionally, is used by some non-whites, especially girls, in the inner city.
?backing of /k/ to [q] before non-high back vowelsfeatures continue changes already noted in the south-east:
?reversal of H-dropping
?advanced fronting of /u?/: This results in realizations like. Unexpectedly, it is most advanced among non-white Londoners and whites with non-white networks.
?backing of //: This can result in variants like [a].
?backing of /?/: This results in variants like or, rather than .
?Th-fronting
10. Welsh English
English, Anglo-Welsh, or Wenglish refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. The dialects are significantly influenced by Welsh grammar and often include words derived from Welsh. In addition to the distinctive words and grammar, there is a variety of accents found across Wales from the Cardiff dialect to that of the South Wales Valleys and toWest Wales.monophthongs
?The vowel of cat // is pronounced as a more central near-open front unrounded vowel []. In Cardiff, bag is pronounced with a long vowel [a]. In NorthPowys, a pronunciation resembling its New Zealand and South African analogue is sometimes heard, i.e. trap is pronounced /trp/
?The vowel of end // is a more open vowel and thus closer to cardinal vowel than R.P.
?The vowel of "kit" // often sounds closer to the schwa sound of above, an advanced close-mid central unrounded vowel
?The vowel of hot // is raised towards // and can thus be transcribed as or
?The vowel of "bus" // is pronounced as, which is a shortened version of the vowel in R.P. bird and is encountered as a hypercorrection in northern areas forfoot. It is sometimes manifested in border areas of north and mid Wales as an open front unrounded vowel /a/ or as a near-close near-back vowel /?/ in northeast Wales, under influence of Cheshire and Merseyside accents.
?In accents that distinguish between foot and strut, the vowel of foot is a more lowered vowel, particularly in the north
?The schwa of better may be different from that of above in some accents; the former may be pronounced as, the same vowel as that of bus
?The schwa tends to be supplanted by an // in final closed syllables, e.g. brightest /b?i.tst/. The uncertainty over which vowel to use often leads to 'hypercorrections' involving the schwa, e.g. programme is often pronounced /pro.r?m/monophthongs
?The vowel of car is often pronounced as a more central open back unrounded vowel and more often as a long open front unrounded vowel /a/
?In broader varieties, particularly in Cardiff, the vowel of bird is similar to South African and New Zealand,