British types of English
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lking in a mindless manner. The word "lunch", now in worldwide usage, actually originates from Lancashire. The term "moggy" a popular colloquial term for a cat in many parts of the country, means a mouse or insect in many parts of Lancashire, notably in the regions surrounding Wigan and Ormskirk. If older dialect speaking residents of these areas are asked what a 'moggy' is, they will say 'owt smo' an' wick ', i.e. anything small and quick. In the same districts, cheese is often referred to as 'moggy meyght' i.e. 'moggy meat', or in other words, food for mice. Many etymological authorities believe that cats were originally referred to as 'moggy catchers' and the term was abbreviated over time. The word 'maiden' for 'clothes horse' is now used even by people who consider themselves too "proper" to use dialect.
) Cumbria
Cumbrian dialect is a local English dialect spoken in Cumbria in northern England, not to be confused with the extinct Celtic language Cumbric that used to be spoken in Cumbria. As in any county, there is a gradual drift in accent towards its neighbours. Barrow-in-Furness (within the historic boundaries of Lancashire) has a similar accent to much of Lancashire whilst the northern parts of Cumbria have a more North-East English sound to them. Whilst clearly being an English accent approximately between Lancashire and Geordie it shares much vocabulary with Scots.and pronunciationis a large area with several relatively isolated districts, so there is quite a large variation in accent, especially between north and south or the coastal towns. There are some uniform features that should be taken into account when pronouncing dialect words.certain vowels are followed by the glides /?/ or /l/, an epenthetic schwa [?] is often pronounced between them, creating two distinct syllables:
?'feel' > [fi?l]; 'fear' > [fi?]
?'fool' > [fu?l]; 'moor' > [mu?]
?'fail' > [f?l]
?'file' > [fa?l]; 'fire' > [fa?]pronunciation of moor and poor is a traditional feature of Received Pronunciation but is now associated with some old-fashioned speakers. It is generally more common in the north of England than in the south. The words cure, pure, sure may be pronounced with a triphthong [?u?].consonants are pronounced as they are in other parts of the English speaking world. A few exceptions follow:
have a tendency to be dropped or unreleased in the coda (word- or syllable-finally).
began in the industrial towns and slowly spread out. In the south, it is now very common.
in the word final position may be dropped or realised as [w]: woo wool [?w?w]; pow pole [?p?w].
is realised as [?] following consonants and in word-initial position but is often elided in the coda, unless a following word begins with a vowel: ross [???s]; gimmer [???m?]; gimmer hogg [???m?????].
is traditionally always pronounced as a voiceless alveolar plosive, although in many places it has been replaced by the glottal stop [?] now common throughout Britain.
in word-initial and medial position, thereby rendering it as something more closely approaching [tl]. As a result, some speakers pronounce clarty (muddy) as [?tla?t?], "clean" as [?tli?n], and in some cases "likely" and "lightly" are almost indistinguishable.is usually placed on the initial syllable: yakeren acorn [?jak???n].initial vowels are usually fully realised, whilst those in final syllables are usually reduced to schwa [?].
. North-East England
?Dialects in this region are often known as Geordie or Mackem. The dialects across the region are broadly similar however some differences do exist. For example, with words ending -re/-er, such as culture and father, the end syllable is pronounced by a Newcastle native as a short 'a', such as in 'fat' and 'back', therefore producing "cultcha" and "fatha" for "culture" and "father" respectively. The Sunderland area would pronounce the syllable much more closely to that of other accents. Similarly, Geordies pronounce "make" in line with standard English: to rhyme with take. However, a Mackem would pronounce "make" to rhyme with "mack" or "tack" (hence the origin of the term Mackem). For other differences, see the respective articles. For an explanation of the traditional dialects of the mining areas of County Durham and Northumberland see Pitmatic.
?A feature of the North East accent, shared with Scots and Irish English, is the pronunciation of the consonant cluster -lm in coda position. As an example, "film" is pronounced as "fillum". Another of these features which are shared with Scots is the use of the word 'Aye', pronounced like 'I', its meaning is yes.) Geordie(/ddi/) is a regional nickname for a person from the Tyneside region of the north east of England, or the name of the English-language dialect spoken by its inhabitants. Depending on who is using it, the catchment area for the term "Geordie" can be as large as the whole of North East England, or as small as the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.most aspects, Geordie words is a direct continuation and development of the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon settlers of this region. They consisted of mercenaries employed by the ancientBrythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britannia in the 5th century; the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes who thus arrived became, over time, ascendant politically and - through population transfer from tribal homelands in northern Europe - culturally over the native British. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged during the Dark Ages spoke largely mutually-intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. This Anglo-Saxon influence on Geordie can be seen today, to the extent that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the Venerable Bede translates more successfully into Geordie than into modern-day English. Thus, in northern England, dominated by the kingdom of Northumbria, was found a distinct "Northumbrian" Old English dialect.recent times, "Geordie" has been used to refer to a supporter of Newcastle United football club, despite many Geordies supporting other local teams, and the Newcastle Brown Ale schooner glassware used to serve beer in the United States.consonants generally follow those of Received Pronunciation. Some phonological characteristics specific to Geordie are listed as follows:
?Geordie is non-rhotic, like most Anglo-English dialects. This means speakers do not pronounce /r/ unless it is followed by a vowel sound in that same phrase or prosodic unit. The rhotic sound (/r/) in Geordie is pronounced as.
?There is some differentiation in pronunciation in the Geordie dialect based upon the speaker's sex. For example, English sound /a/, pronounced generically in Geordie as [?], may also have other, more specific pronunciations depending upon whether one is male or female. Males alone often pronounce the sound /a/ as [u], for example, the word house (/has/) pronounced as [hus]. Females, on the other hand, will often pronounce this sound as [e], thus: [hes].
?/??/ appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in reading) is pronounced as [?n] (thus, reading is [id?n]).
?/?r/ appearing at the end of a word (such as in sugar) is pronounced as [a] (thus, sugar is [a]).
?Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that dew becomes [du]).
?T glottalization, in which /t/ is replaced by before a syllabic nasal (e.g. button as [b?n]), in absolute final position (get as), and whenever the /t/ is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (pity as [pi]).
?// specifically in the words had, have, has and having is pronounced as [?].
?// specifically in words with the spelling "ea" (such as bread and deaf) may be pronounced as [i].
?/?/ specifically at the ends of words, with the spelling "ow" (such as in throw and follow) is pronounced as [a] in monosyllabic words and [?] in polysyllabic words (thus, window as [wnd?]).) Mackemis a term that refers to the residents of Sunderland, dialect and people of the Wearside area, or more specifically Sunderland, a city in North East England. Spelling variations include "Mak'em", "Makem", and "Maccam".differences and dialect words
?Make and take are pronounced mak and tak ([?mak] and [?tak]). This variation is the supposed reason why Tyneside shipyard workers might have coined "Mackem" as an insult. This pronunciation is also used in Scots.
?Many words ending in -own are pronounced [-?un] (cf. Geordie: [-u?
?School is split into two syllables, with a short [?] sound added after the oo, separating it from the l: [sk.?l]. This is also the case for words ending in -uel or -ool, which are monosyllabic in some other dial