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?лько на совет ее министров. Она правит, но она не управляет. Корона - второй по величине землевладелец в Великобритании. Королева - третья самая богатая женщина в мире. Парламент - высшая законодательная власть в Соединенном Королевстве. Он состоит из Палаты лордов и Палаты общин. Они составлены на различных принципах, выполняют различную работу в различных местах и встречаются только в случаях символического значения, таких как коронация и открытие Парламента. Английские люди склонны быть довольно консервативными - немного больше так, возможно, чем большинство других. Консервативное отношение состоит из принятия вещей, которые знакомы, и важный аспект его - склонность с подозрением относиться к чему-либо, что является странным или иностранным. Консерватизм в национальном масштабе может быть иллюстрирован в отношении общественного отношения к монархии. Кроме консерватизма в большом масштабе Англия полна небольшого консерватизма: методы кулинарии, бизнес нагревающихся зданий, в которых большинство английских людей остается сильно приложенными к открытому огню. Англия чрезвычайно промышленно развита и была страной, в которой имели место самые ранние события современной промышленности. Многие из больших изобретений, которые были фондом современных производственных процессов, сделаны англичанами или шотландцами. Оригинальным основанием британской промышленности была угольная промышленность. Почти все английские люди живут в городах, больших или небольших.
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Economy Great Britain is primarily an industrial and commercial nation. Major industries, such as transportation, communications, steel, petroleum, coal, gas, and electricity, which had been nationalized by Labour governments, were sold to private investors by the Conservative government in the 1980s. The country is a world leader in international trade. In January 1973, Great Britain became a member of the European Community (now called the European Union). The gross domestic product (GDP) in 1993 totaled $941.4 billion. Annual national budget revenues in the early 1990s were estimated at $325.5 billion, and expenditures were $400.9 billion. Britain's unemployment exceeded 10 percent of the workforce in the early 1990s. Agriculture Compared with most other major countries, Great Britain devotes a relatively small portion of its labor force (in the early 1990s about 2 percent of the employed population) to agriculture, forestry, and fishing, and the nation must import supply of the food for its large population. In the early 1990s approximately 27 percent of the total land area of Great Britain was devoted to crops, and about 46 percent to permanent pasture and rough grazing. Agriculture in Great Britain is intensive and highly mechanized. Income from livestock and dairy products is about three times that from crops. Horticultural products are also important, especially in southern England. The most important crops (with approximate annual production in the early 1990s) were wheat (14.1 million metric tons), potatoes (7.8 million), barley (7.4 million), sugar beets (8.5 million), and oats (504,000). A variety of fruits and vegetables is also grown. Livestock in the same period included about 11.8 million cattle, 44 million sheep, 7.6 million pigs, and 136 million poultry. Forestry And Fishing Of the approximately 2.2 million hectares (about 5.4 million acres) of woodlands in Great Britain, about 40 percent are in England, 49 percent in Scotland, and 11 percent in Wales. The most common trees are oak, beech, ash, and elm. Pine and birch predominate in Scotland. Production of roundwood totaled about 6.7 million cu m (about 237 million cu ft) in the early 1990s. Private owners, who held more than 60 percent of the total forestlands, were responsible for replanting some 15,500 hectares (about 38,300 acres) of the total. The reforestation of an additional 65,000 hectares (about 160,000 acres) in Northern Ireland was also planned. Despite these recent efforts, however, Great Britain still imports about 90 percent of its timber. The deep-sea fishing industry has declined since the 1960s, in part because of restrictions legislated by the European Community; it remains most important to the economy of Scotland and is a major source of employment in certain fishing ports. In the early 1990s about 628,400 metric tons of fish were caught annually. Marine fishes harvested include Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic herring, cod, haddock, European plaice (various flatfishes, including flounder), Atlantic salmon, whiting, common cockle, and Norway lobster. The principal freshwater fish caught is rainbow trout. Domestic fish production provides about three-quarters of Great Britain's needs.. The British fishing fleet consists of more than 12,000 vessels, the largest fleet in the European Union (EU). Manufacturing By virtue of the Industrial Revolution and the factory system initiated in the final quarter of the 18th century, Great Britain led the nations of the world in amount and value of manufactured products until the industrialization of the United States in the latter part of the 19th century. Principal factors in the industrial prominence of Britain were its early leadership in the wool trade, favorable climate, mineral wealth, development of shipping and naval control of the seas, acquisition of territorial possessions and colonial markets, much greater freedom from political and religious wars and persecutions than existed in continental Europe, and development of improved manufacturing methods and labor-saving machinery. The great influx of Flemish and Huguenot immigrants during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries gave great impetus to the original wool industry and introduced new industries such as silk weaving, garment making, and the manufacture of hats, pottery, and cutlery. With the invention of mechanically powered machinery, the textile industry grew rapidly and has remained one of the most important industries of Great Britain. Two inventions-steam-powered mining machinery (1765) by James Watt and railroad locomotives (1815) by George Stephenson-were of major importance in the development of British coal and iron-ore resources and in the expansion of iron and steel manufacturing. Great Britain has remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world. In the early 1990s manufacturing and mining industries employed about 18 percent of the work force. In the same period the production figures were 16.2 million metric tons of crude steel, 1.3 million passenger cars, 122,200 metric tons of worsted and woolen yarn, and 142 million m (466 million ft) of woven cotton fabrics. Scotland and Northern Ireland were noted for their production of linen, and England had a large brewing industry. In terms of value, the leading branches of the manufacturing sector were food products, transportation equipment, non- electrical machinery, chemical products, and metals and metal products. The leading manufacturing regions were London and the metropolitan counties of Manchester, West Midlands and Liverpool. Other important industrial centers were Glasgow, southern Wales, and Belfast. Mining The strong industrial position long held by Great Britain was based chiefly on the abundant resources of coal and iron ore available for industrial development. These and other mineral resources have been a determinant in the location and development of centers of population and in the country's general prosperity. In the pre-Christian era, Phoenician traders visited what is now England to barter for tin from the mines of Cornwall. British clays were later used for pottery. The coal industry was nationalized (see History, below) on January 1, 1947. Coal production, which had been declining since the 1950s, was given a boost in the 1970s by the increase in the price of petroleum and by the discovery of extensive new reserves. In the early 1980s exploitation was begun of a vast coalfield near Selby, in northern England; this activity helped spur a major increase in national coal output. Petroleum was first discovered under the bed of the North Sea in the 1960s, and production began in 1975. By 1980, 15 fields were producing 1.6 million barrels of high-quality oil a day-virtually all of Britain's requirements-and oil was becoming an important source of export revenue as well. Production of natural gas from the North Sea fields began in 1967 and has increased steadily; new fields have been located in the Irish Sea and on land in Dorset. Annual production of minerals in the early 1990s included about 84.9 million metric tons of coal, 667 million barrels of crude p