Grammar I the Passive. We form the passive with the verb to be
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UNIT 9
GRAMMAR
I The Passive.
We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb.
| | Active | Passive |
| Present Simple | He delivers the parcels. | The parcels are delivered |
| Present Continuous | He is delivering the parcels. | The parcels are being delivered. |
| Past Simple | He delivered the parcels. | The parcels were delivered. |
| Past Continuous | He was delivering the parcels. | The parcels were being delivered. |
| Future Simple | He will deliver the parcels. | The parcels will be delivered. |
| Present Perfect | He has delivered the parcels. | The parcels have been delivered. |
| Past Perfect | He had delivered the parcels. | The parcels had been delivered. |
| Future Perfect | He will have delivered the parcels. | The parcels will have been delivered. |
| Present Infinitive | He is expected to deliver the parcels. | The parcels are expected to be delivered. |
| Perfect Infinitive | He is said to have delivered the parcels. | The parcels are said to have been delivered. |
| Simple –ing form | I object to his delivering the parcels. | I object to the parcels being delivered. |
| Perfect –ing form | Having delivered the parcels,… | The parcels having been delivered,… |
| Modals | He must deliver the parcels. | The parcels must be delivered. |
| Modal perfects | He must have delivered the parcels. | The parcels must have been delivered. |
The present perfect continuous, the future continuous, the past perfect continuous, and the future perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive.
We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly.
e.g. Four people got hurt in the car crash.
NB. However, we cannot use get to describe states.
e.g. That house is (NOT gets) owned by my uncle.
We use the passive:
a) When the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context (the doer (agent) of the action is not mentioned).
e.g. a) My flat was broken into last week. (We do not know who broke into the flat.)
b) Coffee beans are grown in Brazil. (It’s not important to know who grows the coffee.)
c) My car was serviced yesterday. (It is obvious that a mechanic serviced it.)
b) When the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, advertisements, processes, etc.
e.g. The new hospital will be opened by the Queen on May 15th. (formal notice)
c) when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame.
e.g. A lot of mistakes have been made. (instead of “You have made a lot of mistakes”.)
Changing from active into passive.
Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be changed into the passive.
e.g. Grandma knitted my jumper. → My jumper was knitted by Grandma.
BUT: They travelled to Lisbon last summer (intransitive verb). → no passive.
Some transitive verbs such as belong, have (=own), fit (=be the right size or shape), lack, resemble, seem, suit, cannot be changed into the passive.
e.g. I have a shower every morning (NOT
The verb let has no passive form, so we use a passive form of allow/permit/give permission.
e.g. The teacher let us leave early. → We were allowed to leave early.
When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive sentence as well. We never separate the verb and preposition(s) in the passive.
e.g. They took the company over in 2001. → The company was taken over (by them) in 2001.
The verbs hear, see, make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the passive.
e.g. They saw him leave the building. → He was seen to leave the building.
1. Complete the sentences using words from each group.
build design direct discover discover invent name paint play write
the Ancient Egyptians Crick and Watson Marie Curie Gustave Eiffel Eric the Red Angelina Jolie Akira Kurosawa Guglielmo Marconi Picasso Philip Pullman
- Greenland…………………………….
- Northern Lights
- The Pyramids
- The wireless
- Guernica
- Lara Croft
- The Statue of Liberty
- The structure of DNA
- The Seven Samurai
10 Radium
2. Imagine you are in a busy hotel at midday. Make sentences to say what is being done, using words from the two groups and the present progressive passive.
Example:
Beds are being made.
beds bills coffee drinks food luggage money new guests reservations rooms tables
bring down change clean lay make order pay prepare serve take welcome
3. Imagine that, rich and famous, you return to your old home town after fifty years. A lot of things are different. Make sentences, using words below and the present perfect passive.
Example:
The Cafe Royal has been turned into a casino.
Cafe Royal houseboats new car park new schools opera house old fire station ring road station streets town centre statue of you Super Cinema your house
build modernise put up in park rebuild widen turn into casino / floating restaurants / museum / supermarket / theatre / pedestrian precinct
4. Put the verbs into the correct passive form.
1 I've collected all the documents that (need) for the house sale. Can you take them to the lawyer's office (sign)?
2 Look, this is a secret. Come into the garden where we (not / overhear).
- If you hadn't been so late for work, you (not / sack).
- This office is very inefficient. The phone (never / answer) promptly, no proper records (keep), and, worst of all, no reports (written) since I started work here.
5 I was so worried about my garden while I was in hospital, but I have very good neighbours. When I got home, I could see that the vegetables (water) every day and the grass (cut) regularly.
6 Can you come to the police station? The man who (suspect) of stealing your wallet (arrest) and (question) at the moment. The police hope he (identify), either by you or another witness.
7 We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery (reorganised) at the time of our visit and most of the really valuable works (move) for safe keeping.
8. Aunt Dinah (not like) by my father’s family; she (consider) vulgar.
9. After his brother’s departure Paul sat for a long time thinking about what (say).
10. “I’m not prepared,” my father said, “to listen to your suggestions that you never (treat) fairly at school.”
11. But there were signs that order (restore) in the town.
12. He went into the bedroom. The bed (turn) down for the night by the maid many hours before.
13. Please, find out if my father (see) to leave.
14. She could have gone to Cambridge if she had wanted, she (offer) a scholarship.
15. Ahead of us the port lay in a flood of lights. Two cargo ships (unload).
16. I felt I (catch) out boasting.
17. I could not tell him that I had spent the money I (leave) in order to get myself a house.
18. She (operate) on at seven o’clock next morning.
19. The days that followed afterward (look) back on by Philip as a kind of nightmare.
20. You have hardly any right to talk to me about the children. They (see) to all right, and it will be me that sees to them, not you.
21. Somewhere from far away in the town came the sound of shots. “Somebody (kill),” I said.
22. The boy who put a frog in the teacher’s desk (ask) to return the frog to the pool.
23. He watched Jack while the film (run).
24. I discovered that a similar message (send) to my office.
25. Our garden was all weeds, but the one next door (look) after to perfection.
5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not use by unless it is important to the meaning.
1 The teacher has marked all the homework.
All the homework
2 My boyfriend kept me waiting for half an hour.
I
3 The students must pay all their own fees for this course.
All the fees for this course
4 Do you suppose your brother could have written that email?
Do you suppose that email ?
5 They use a computer to do that job nowadays.
A computer
6 During the summer, the cafe was employing more waiters every week.
During the summer, more waiters
7 Nobody informed the police that there had been a mistake.
The police
8 Where will your company send you next year?
Where will you ?
9 The news about the war worried Josephine.
Josephine
10 I've still got the camera because no-one has claimed it.
I've still got the camera because it
11 Has anyone ever asked you for your opinion?
Have you ?
12 The children shouldn't have opened that parcel.
That parcel
13 All visitors must wear identity badges.
Identity badges
14 Someone must have changed the time of the meeting.
The time of the meeting
15 Is anyone using this computer?
Is this computer ?
16 The managing director promised me a pay-rise.
…………………. ……………………by the managing director.
17 They sent me the contract by courier the next day.
The contract
18 A multi-national company is taking over our firm.
Our firm
19 Several people noticed the man trying to climb in the window.
…………………………………………………………….by several people.
20 They awarded David a medal for bravery.
David
21 They made Sylvia take the exam again.
Sylvia
22 An elderly aunt gave Paul the paintings.
Paul
23 The police are going to look into the case
……………………………………………………by the police.
24 They considered any further rescue attempts pointless.
Any further
25 They elected George president for a second term.
George………………………………………………………
26 You can't see the house from the street.
The house
27 'They won't correct your papers before Friday.'
He said our papers
28 Someone must have taken the towels out of the dryer.
The towels…………………………………………………..
29 Nobody's going to steal your books from this room.
Your books……………………………………………….
30 People were telling me what to do all the time and I didn't enjoy it.
I didn't enjoy……………………………………………….
6. Rewrite each sentence using appreciate, deny, enjoy, like or remember and the word in capitals.
1 Thanks for taking me to the station. TAKEN
2 I was shown around the school, and I enjoyed it. BEING
3 I don't remember when they arrested me! BEING
4 He said he liked it when people took him seriously. TAKEN
5 Tina said she hadn't been paid to appear in the play. HAVING
6 I don't remember when they gave me the anaesthetic. BEING
7 Thanks for giving me another chance. GIVEN
7. Complete the text with expressions from the box.
had been given had been told had never been taught was given (twice) was offered was promised was sent was shown wasn't being paid
I'll never forget my first day at that office. I (1) to arrive at 8.30, but when I got there the whole place seemed to be empty. I didn't know what to do, because I (2) no information about the building or where I was going to work, so I just waited around until some of the secretaries began to turn up. Finally I (3) dirty little office on the fifth floor, where I (4) a desk in a corner. Nothing happened for an hour; then I (5) some letters to type on a computer by one of the senior secretaries. This wasn't very successful, because I (6) how to use a computer. (In the letter I (7) when I (8) the job, I (9) computer training, but they'd obviously forgotten about this.) By lunchtime things hadn't got any better, and I decided that I (10) enough to put up with this nonsense, so I walked out and didn't go back.
8. Choose one passive verb phrase for each space in these sentences (from a report on the use of DNA testing by the police).
is also called has also been used can he used
is believed have been shown may have been convicted
was released had been sentenced would never have been solved
DNA is the chemical in the cells of plants and animals which carries inherited characteristics, or genetic information. DNA testing (l) to identify each person as a unique individual on the basis of that genetic information. It (2) 'genetic fingerprinting'. The results of DNA testing are now being accepted as evidence in cases where it (3) that the wrong person (4) of a crime. In recent years, more than seventy people (5) to be innocent through DNA testing. Many of those people (6) to life in prison. In one case, a man (7) after nineteen years in prison. DNA testing (8) in some murder cases that (9) without it.
9. Complete this news report with these verbs in the passive.
block close destroy expect flood injure knock leave report rescue
Many homes on the island of Jamaica (l) by hurricane Lester yesterday. Today, high winds (2) to bring more rain and problems for the island's residents. Some parts of the island (3) without electricity last night and many roads (4) by fallen trees that (5)……… down during the storm. The area around Savanna-La-Mar on the south coast (6)…………and some residents have had (7) ………..from the roofs of their houses. Most businesses and schools in Kingston (8)………….today as people emerge from their battered homes to survey the damage. More
than 100 people (9) , but no deaths (10)
10. Put the verbs into the most suitable passive tense.
Alana has just met her boyfriend Grant at a cafe.
ALANA Hi! Sorry I'm late.
GRANT: What kept you?
ALANA: I came on the bus and it (l) (stick) in a traffic jam for forty minutes.
GRANT: Why didn't you just walk across the park as usual?
ALANA: Because the park (2) (close) since last weekend.
GRANT: Why's that?
ALANA: A film (3) (shoot) there.
GRANT: Do you know who it (4) (direct) by?
ALANA: No, but I think Leonardo DiCaprio is in it. Someone told me he
(5) (see) at the Royal Hotel at the weekend.
GRANT: Really?
ALANA: Yeah. He (6) (fly) here in a private plane by the film company.
GRANT: Well, if it's true, we're not going to the disco at the Royal this Friday.
ALANA: Why not?
GRANT: If he's there, the hotel (7) (surround) by fans and security guards.
ALANA: But we might meet him if we go.
GRANT: Don't be silly. He won't be at the disco. And we certainly (8) (not invite) to his room.
ALANA: I suppose not. But we can go to the park gate now and see what's happening. Perhaps we (9) (ask) to act in a crowd scene. I heard that some local people (10) (employ) as extras yesterday, but I was too busy to go.
GRANT: OK, if you want to. But I don't think we (11) (allow) anywhere near the filming.
11. Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets.
A.
The Academy Awards Presentation (1) (first/organise) in 1929 and since then, it (2) (hold) every year. The presentation (3) (attend) by those at the top of the film industry and (4) (watch) on TV by millions of viewers who want to see who (5) (present) with the golden statue which (6) (desire) by everyone in the motion picture world.
The voting for the Academy Awards (7) (conduct) secretly and the results (8) (not/reveal) to anyone until the envelope (9) (open) on stage in front of the audience. Awards (10) (give) for the best individual and collective work and (11) (separate) into different categories. Up to five nominations (12) (make) in each category. The awards, which (13) (know) as Oscars, (14) (consider) to be the highest honour anyone in the film industry can (15) (give).
B.
Wangari Maathai
Wangari Maathai (1) (award) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She (2) (praise) by the Nobel committee as 'a source of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace'. When she started her Green Belt movement in 1977, Kenya was suffering from deforestation and desertification. Thousands of trees (3) (cut down) and many families (4) (leave) in poverty as a result. Since then, her successful campaign to mobilize women to plant some 30 million trees (5) (copy) by other countries. During that time the movement (6) (transform) into a campaign on education, nutrition and other issues. Her campaign has not always been popular. Mrs Maathai (7) (arrest) several times for campaigning against deforestation in Africa, and once she (8) (beat) unconscious by heavy handed police. But in elections in 2002, she (9) (elect) as an MP as part of an opposition coalition which swept to power, and she (10) (appoint) as a deputy environment minister in 2003.
C.
Blocked drains shut gallery link
A multi-million pound underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries (1) (close) for two weeks so that blocked drains which have dogged the building from the outset can be fixed. The repair work (2) (estimate) to cost around £100,000 but it is unclear who will foot the bill. Major losses (3) (expect) at the museum and at the gallery restaurant, which
(4) (house) in the link and (5) (force) to shut whilst the work (6) (carry out). The head of buildings said it was likely that the fault had occurred while the tunnel (7) (construct) 'It probably happened while it (8) (build) because we have had blockage problems since it opened. We (9) (tell) it will cost around
£100,000 - who will pay for it will be the issue.' A spokeswoman for the National Galleries said: 'Everything (10) (do) to ensure minimal disruption to visitors. Many of the educational workshops and events (11) (accommodate) elsewhere in the galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building (12) (not affect) by the work, and will open as normal throughout.' The work to the faulty drainage system at the Weston Link, which (13) (only complete) in August 2004, will take eight weeks from mid-February until the start of March.
12. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive or active tense.