Grammar I the Passive. We form the passive with the verb to be

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C. Local cheeses
The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That’s what people say now about the present situation).
NB. When we need to mention the agent of the action, we use the preposition by
Vocab & speaking (1)
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A.

Coffee (1) (say) to originate from Kaffa in Ethiopia and most species of coffee plant (2) (find) in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. The species which (3) (think) to be the earliest coffee plant (4) (ever/cultivated) by man is Coffea arabica. Today it (5) (grow) mostly in Latin America.

The coffee shrub (6) (reach) a height of 8 – 10 metres and (7) (have) white scented flowers. It (8) (produce) a red fruit which (9) (call) a cherry. The cherry (10) (contain) two seeds which (11) (join) together. These seeds, which (12) (also/know) as beans, (13) (first/roast) and then they (14) (grind) to make coffee. The grounds (15) (then/process) in a variety of different ways. Sometimes they (16) (filter) and sometimes they (17) (soak) in water to make the drink which is popular with so many people. Coffee is available as grounds or as instant coffee powder and (18) (drink) by one third of the world’s population.

B.

Slowly but surely the coastline of Britain (1) (wear away) by an advancing sea. The country which once 'ruled the waves' now (2) (rule) by them, with huge forces threatening to destroy vast areas of human and wildlife habitat. Already some of Britain's last wild, natural areas (3) (disappear), and experts (4) (fear) that this is just the beginning. It (5) (estimate) that there will be a 38-55 cm rise in average sea levels by the year 2100. According to the Department of the Environment, during the next 50 years at least 10,000 hectares of farmland (6) (turn into) mud flats and salt marshes by the increases in sea levels. Rather than trying to prevent the erosion, the present government (7) (use) a method of 'managed retreat' by creating new defences further inland and allowing low-lying coastal farm land (8) (abandon) to the sea. However, many of the country's major cities could also (9) (affect). London, Bristol and Cardiff all (10) (expect) severe flooding as our sea defences (11) (destroy) by the rising tides.

C.

Local cheeses

Traditional cheeses (1) (produce) in many regions of the UK and (2) (name) after the area in which they (3) (first develop) Cheddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and (4) (now make) all over the world. A 'true' Cheddar must come from the counties of Somerset, Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the Somerset village from which it (5) (take) its name. Wensleydale (6) (come) from the Yorkshire Dales (valleys) in northern England. Originally made from sheep's milk, it (7) (base) on a recipe introduced by the Cistercian monks in the 11th century and has a mild refreshing flavour. Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has a light, salty flavour. During the Industrial Revolution (around 1760-1830), Lancashire cheese (8) (become) the staple food of the mill workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese, (9) (first produce) in the Welsh town of that name in about 1831. The cheese (10) (soak) overnight in salt water to seal in the moisture. It was popular with the local coalminers who (11) (lose) a lot of salt during their work underground. Blue Stilton, made only in the counties of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, (12) (prize) as the 'king' of British cheeses.


NB Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc., and are often used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present or past, or a time before the time of reporting. Different forms of the infinitive are used to show the relation of the report to the report verb:


e.g. The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That’s what people say now about the present situation).

The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 million. (That’s what people say now about the past situation).

Last week the Prime Minister was said to be undecided (That’s what people said in the past about the situation then).

Mr Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake (That’s what people said then about something that had happened earlier).


13. Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined.


1 People say that the company's European division is having a good year.

2 In contrast, they say that the Far East division has been suffering from rising costs.

3 People believe that the company has been talking to a competitor about a possible merger.

4 People know some directors have been thinking on these lines for some time.

5 People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas.

6 People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts.

7 People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters next week.


14. Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.


A)

1 It is said that house prices are too high.

House prices

2 It is thought that the hospital is short of money.

The hospital ,

3 It was alleged that the athlete had cheated.

The athlete

4 It is reported that the prime minister is resigning.

The prime minister

5 It is expected that the new sports stadium will be finished soon.

The new sports stadium

6 It is generally considered that sixteen is too young to get married.

Sixteen

7 It was thought that the book had been destroyed.

The book

8 It is believed that the children had been hiding for two weeks.

The children


B)

1 Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which people think is the site of buried treasure.

Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which …….........

2 People say that the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'.

The treasure ………………………………………………

3 People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago.

Pirates ………………………………………………………

4 The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large tree.

The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth………………

5 People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure in the hole.

He and a friend ………………………………………….

6 People say that the two men found a treasure chest in later excavations.

The two men …………………………………………….

7 However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in.

However, before they could open the chest, water ………………………..

8 Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure.

Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters …………………..

9 People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the hole.

Some explorers ……………………………………….

10 However, people now report that the pit is a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial fortifications.

However, the pit is now……………………………….


15. Rewrite each sentence so that it is a hearsay report, using a form of the verb in capitals.


1 Two suspects have been arrested. THINK

2 The plane crashed into the sea near a small island. BELIEVE

3 The minister is considering changing the laws on smoking in public. SAY

4 Yesterday the situation had improved. REPORT

5 Whales have been seen in the area for the first time. SAY

6 The fire broke out at 3 am. BELIEVE

7 Last year the company recorded rising profits. REPORT


NB Verbs such as give, hand, lend, offer, send, throw, ask, teach, etc. take two objects and have two corresponding passives:


e.g. Alice gave us that vase. → 1) We were given that vase (by Alice). 2) That vase was given (to) us (by Alice).


The verbs announce, demonstrate, describe, dictate, explain, introduce, mention, point out, propose, repeat, report, suggest also take two objects (direct (referring to a thing) and prepositional (with the preposition “to”) (referring to a person)). These verbs have only one passive form.


e.g. He explained the problem to me. → The problem was explained to me (NOT I was explained the problem).


16. Make one corresponding passive sentence or two, if possible. Look carefully at the tense in the sentences given.

  1. Someone handed me a note
  2. Someone offered her a second-hand bicycle
  3. Someone has proposed improvements to the developers.
  4. Someone suggested some interesting changes to me.
  5. Someone awarded him a prize.
  6. Someone will announce the President's arrival to the waiting journalists.
  7. Someone had mentioned the password to the thieves.
  8. Someone has lent me some skis.
  9. Someone is sending him threatening letters.

10 Someone is going to explain the changes to the students.

11. He explained to me that almost everything the children were taught at school was unnecessary.

12. I mentioned the fact to my friends.

13. The lawyer explained the new law to us.

14. People expect you to meet the boss.

15. A guide pointed out the Pyramids to us.

16. They gave his little daughter a present.

17. At lunch somebody mentioned to me that the Johnsons had come from abroad.

18. Somebody reported the accident to the police.

19. They promised the workers higher wages.

20. Someone pointed out to us that the camp was deserted.

21. Then someone suggested that we drop the discussion and talk about something else.

22. They will show the visitors all the new pictures.

23. It>
24. They explained to us that the men in those days had almost no chance of protecting themselves against such monsters.

25. They gave me two shillings change at the shop.


17. Choose an appropriate form of one of these verbs to complete the sentences and write a corresponding passive sentence starting with the word(s) given. Use each verb once only.


appoint bring declare demonstrate help introduce see tell


1 People …..Bobby to his feet after the accident.

Bobby………………………………..
  1. Tony me to Mrs Jennings at his birthday party.

I …………………….
  1. Has anyone Chris this morning?

Has Chris. ……………………………?
  1. The Romans may rabbits to Britain as a source of food.

Rabbits……………………………………………………

5 People the story of Father Christmas to young children to explain the presents they receive.

The story of Father Christmas……………………………….

6 They Martin Johnson team captain for the whole of the World Cup.

Martin Johnson……………………………………………

7 I am certain that Sarah ……her suitability as company director to those who still have any doubt.

I am certain that Sarah’s suitability as company director……………………

8 They Alan Watson winner of the election after a recount.

Alan Watson…………………………………………


NB. When we need to mention the agent of the action, we use the preposition by to say who or what carries out the action. We use with + instrument/material/ingredient to say what the agent used to perform the action.

e.g. The pancakes were made by Clair. They were made with eggs, flour and milk.


18. Fill in by or with.

  1. She was woken up … a loud noise.
  2. Our newspaper is delivered … a boy every morning.
  3. The parcel was tied up … string.
  4. John was told off … his mother.
  5. This picture was painted …a famous artist.
  6. The chair was covered … a woolen blanket.
  7. The walls were decorated … posters.
  8. My car was repaired … my father.
  9. This dessert was made … fresh cream.
  10. A leaky faucet can be repaired … a wrench.
  11. Preparations are being made … event organizers.
  12. Signals to the dog can be given … a whistle.
  13. If the dog does as it is asked, it can be rewarded … a treat.
  14. When I’m away, my plants are watered … my neighbor.
  15. Hot water is provided … the hotel 24 hours a day.



II. So vs. Such. As vs. Like. (Study the grammar reference in Language Summary 9, p. 134).


1. Complete the sentences with so or such.


1. She is ______funny! She always makes me laugh.
2. Sarah and Ed are _______ crazy people! I never know what they are going to do next.
3. James has _______ much money that he could actually buy that Ferrari.
4. Although most of the audience had never been exposed to _______ music, they thoroughly enjoyed the performance of the Tibetan folk choir.
5. The movie was _______ good that I saw it five times.
6. Terry speaks English _______ fluently that I thought he was American.
7. Most students never discuss ________ topics in class, but I think it is important to teach our children to question the media.
8. Jerry had never seen _______ high mountains. He thought they were spectacular.
9. Fred is _______ a clown! He is always telling jokes and making people laugh.
10. There was ________ little interest in his talk on macroeconomics that the room was half empty by the time he stopped speaking.
11. How could you say _______ horrible things to me?
12. He is ________ a jerk! He hasn't said one nice thing since he started working here.
13. That new song is ________ cool that it hit the top ten within a week of being released.
14. Martha is _________ a good cook that she is writing her own book of family recipes.
15. I don't know if that is ________ a good idea. Maybe we should try something else.
16. She has _________ many hats that she needs two closets to store them all.
17. That takes _________ little time and effort that you might as well do it yourself.
18. I had to pay $140 for books for my new Spanish class. I don't know why my professor has to choose _________ expensive books for her course.
19. Please, don't drive ________ fast! I'm terrified we're going to have an accident.
20. I really wish you wouldn't smoke ________ much! It's destroying your health.


2. Choose the correct answer.

  1. They had ___ a bad night that they couldn't sleep.
    a. so
    b. such
  2. She gave him ___ good advice that he was very grateful to her.
    a. so
    b. such
  3. I'm having ___ a wonderful time in Belem that I don't want to go home.
    a. so
    b. such
  4. The day was ___ hot that everybody went to the beach.
    a. so
    b. such
  5. It was ___ cold weather that nobody could go outside.
    a. so
    b. such
  6. There are ___ good jobs in Fortaleza that people are looking for jobs in other states.
    a. so many
    b. so few
    c. so little
    d. so much
    e. such
  7. The hotel has ___ comfortable room that I don't want to go out.
    a. so much
    b. so a
    c. such a
    d. such
  8. It was ___ dark that I couldn't see his face.
    a. so
    b. such
    c. such a
    d. so a
  9. That restaurant has ___ delicious food that you can't stop eating.
    a. so
    b.such
  10. They were ___ talented singers that the concert was a hit.
    a. so
    b. so few
    c. so little
    d. such
    e. such a
  11. He is ___ student that he is going to win a scholarship
    a. so
    b. so good
    c. so good a
    d. such
    e. such good
  12. We had ___ horrible day that we felt depressed.
    a. so
    b. so a
    c. such
    d. such a
  13. The earthquake caused ___ damage that most people lost their homes.
    a. so
    b. so much
    c. so many
    d. so few
  14. The novel is ___ exciting that I can't put it down.
    a. so
    b. so a
    c. such
    d. such a
  15. We had ___ long and tiring day that we just wanted to go home.
    a. so
    b. so a
    c. such
    d. such a
  16. Most TV programs are ___ boring that nobody watches them.
    a. so
    b. so much
    c. so many
    d. such
    e. such a
  17. She has ___ nice voice that she should try to become a professional singer.
    a. so
    b. so much
    c. so little
    d. such
    e. such a
  18. The party was ___ organized that everybody had a great time.
    a. so well
    b. so good
    c. such an
    d. such
  19. It was ___ fast car that nobody could catch it.
    a. so
    b. such
    c. so a
    d. such a
  20. This quiz was ___ easy that I don't need to check my answers.
    a. such
    b. so
    c. such much
    d. so much



3. Complete the sentences with as or like.

  1. She sings ______ an angel.
  2. I'm much better ______ you can see.
  3. My sister is not at all ______ me.
  4. My daughter is just ______ my sister.
  5. I'm attending the meeting ______ an observer
  6. I use one of the bedrooms ______ an office.
  7. You are very ______ your mother.
  8. I hope to qualify ______ an engineer.
  9. My friend Rob looks ______ John Travolta.
  10. There is too much traffic in London ______ in New York.
  11. We're late for the train. We'll have to run ______ the wind.
  12. I'm your friend and, ______ a friend, I advise you to think again.
  13. I don't know you as well as he does but, ______ your friend, I advise you to think again.
  14. You don't like confrontations, ______ me.
  15. I want to join the air force ______ a pilot.
  16. We need a strong leader ______ Winston Churchill.
  17. He has gone to our competitors ______ marketing manager.
  18. I've appointed Simon Williams ______ the new trustee.
  19. I've done the work ______ we agreed.
  20. I was sure, ______ was everybody else, that you would do well in this job.
  21. Why can't economists see the damage that legislation _______ this one has done in the past decade.
  22. Taxes on capital are _________ taxes on job.
  23. The common customs tariff, together with protective measures _______ the anti-dumping regulations, are still not sufficient to solve all the union's problems.
  24. There are only a few exceptions, notably ________ regard the common agricultural policy.
  25. The results obtained have been described _________ satisfactory.
  26. They chose Delhi ________ the host city for the conference on mass production in industrialised countries.
  27. He made it clear that he didn't want to end up in a company ________ the one which he visited last week.
  28. They seem unable to react to changes at world level in the same way _________ their competitors.
  29. The business students talked about the Lomé convention, which many regarded ________ a model of development cooperation.
  30. ...and ________ a consequence, their raw material is of substandard quality.
  31. I think that what he really meant was the shares looked _______a promising long term gamble.
  32. The whole thing looks _______common sense to me!
  33. The flow of foreign exchange is regarded nowadays _________ the principal factor influencing development.
  34. It is results _________ that which are very encouraging especially when you've worked hard.
  35. Countries ________the ones we visited have been having economic problems lately.
  36. He said that the threat of insolvency was ________a sentence of immediate hanging ...

So, where's the Cannes Film Festival being held this year?
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VOCAB & SPEAKING (1)


1. a) Study the following words and idioms and use them in your own sentences.