The lofty elevated lexicon and poetic style in the works of Samuel Johnson
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Our first foe, the serpent Satanas,hath in Jews' heart his wasps nest,swelled, and said: "O Hebraic people, alas!this to you a thing that is honest,such a boy shall walken as him lestyour despite, and sing of such sentence,is against your law's reverence?
.Obvious onomatopoeia. Edgar Allen Poe's poem The Raven uses many examples of onomatopoeia. For instance onomatopoeic words such as tapping and rapping are used to build up the tension felt by the protagonist in Poe's poem.
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
'Tis some visiter, I muttered, tapping at my chamber door -this, and nothing more.[5]
other stylistic devices are alliteration and assonance. We will consider the definitions as given by ValeriyGurevich.
Alliteration - is the device based on repetition of the same or similar sounds at close distance, which adds expressiveness to the phonetic form of the text. It`s frequently used in idioms: tit for tat (an eye for an eye) or tit-bit (a tasty morsel) common abbreviations: World Wide Web. Alliteration is used by an author to create emphasis, to add beauty to the writing style, and occasionally to aid in shaping the mood.is a traditional technique in Nordic-particularly English-poetry.
A fly and a flea in the flue were imprisonedthe fly let us fleethe flea let us flythey flew through a flaw in the fluewonder whether the weatherweather the wether,whether the weather the wether will kill.
particular variety of alliteration is assonance, i.e. repetition of the same or similar vowels only, as in the phrase wear and tear (My shoes show signs of wear and tear; the wear and tear of city life). This device is sometimes found in poetic words; see the insistent repetition of the vowel [e] in the lineтАж
Tenderly bury the fair young dead.
тАжor the repetition of the diphthong [ei] in the lines.
Tell the soul, with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aiden,shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore -
a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angles name Lenor?(E. Poe)term assonance is also used to denote an imperfect rhyme, when only vowels are rhymed: number - blunder, same - cane[3].
Not a less important question is the usage of rhyming in versification. The rhyming is a consonance in the ending of two or several words. Unlike alliteration and assonance of which both can occur in any place of the text, the rhyme defined positionally in the end of a verse. Partly it seems to be enjoyed simply as a repeating pattern that is pleasant to hear. It also serves as a powerful mnemonic device, facilitating memorization. The regular use of tail rhyme helps to mark off the ends of lines, thus clarifying the metrical structure for the listener. As with other poetic techniques, poets use it to suit their own purposes; for example William Shakespeare often used a rhyming couplet to mark off the end of a scene in a play.
Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; ("a" rhyme) therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. ("a" rhyme) hath Love's mind of any judgment taste; ("b" rhyme), and no eyes, figure unheedy haste: ("b" rhyme) therefore is Love said to be a child, ("c" rhyme) in choice he is so oft beguiled. ("c" rhyme)
Simile - A simile is a figure of words that indirectly compares two different things by employing the words "like", "as", or "than". Even though both similes and metaphors are forms of comparison, similes compare two ideas or images indirectly and thus allow them to remain distinct in spite of their similarities, whereas metaphors compare two things directly. For instance, a simile that compares a person with a bullet would go as follows: "Chris was a record-setting runner as fast as a speeding bullet." A metaphor might read something like, "When Chris ran, he was a speeding bullet racing along the track."
Metaphor is a stylistic device which enables the reader to understand one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is a figure of words that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas, the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical image taking the place of some other word or idea. For example: "Her eyes were glistening jewels." Metaphors compare things directly without resorting to words: "like" or "as."we use both Simile and Metaphor to draw an analogy, to facilitate understanding or make the mode of expression more graphical and expressive. By means of such technique it will be easier for the reader to realize the properties and qualities of what is being described in a very concise and original, innovative manner, fashion.
.3 Translation pragmatics
next question we will consider is what translation means, and how to translate the poetry. What is translation? Here is the definition given by Georges Mounin. It is a transfer of sense from one language (source language) to another (translating language). It`s very important to save the right sense, translating the text. So how should we translate the poetry if we want to keep sense and moreover to transfer the emotions and feelings enclosed by author? How should we translate the lofty-elevated lexicon and stylistic devices? Translation of poetry is the process of literary creativity in a target language. In any poem it is possible to allocate "meaning" and "meant", in other words, form and content. The poetic form can't exist without a rhythm or system of rhyming. There are 5 methods of a poetic translation. They are:
The literal translation - word-per-word translation which is adjusted to the poetic form.
The stylized translation - translation at which the external sense diligently remains, but style of translation changes intentionally.
The literary translation - it`s overall objective is preservation of figurativeness, symmetry and beauty of the original.
The formalistic method - strict following to rhyming system, rhythmics and stanzaic of the original.
The functional method - search of language and cultural analogs and equivalents.poetry it is necessary to create a free translation, and literalnesses should in any case be avoided. Set expressions, proverbs, sayings and aphorisms are always a challenge to translators. It is a reconstruction process of literary work existing in any foreign language in a native language [1]. The practical part of the paper will be devoted to how to translate the poetry and will analyze the stylistic devices identifying the lofty/elevated lexicon and poetic style in the works of Samuel Johnson.
Chapter 2 - Practical
this part of the term paper we will consider the most famous Samuel Johnson`s poems in order to find stylistic devices which call forth the lofty/elevated lexicon and poetic style. Let us now research the first verse. The Evening Ode.
Evening now from purple wings
Вечер сегодня с пурпурных крыльевthe grateful gifts she brings;
Роняет дары, принесённые имdrops bedeck the mead,
Бриллиантовыми каплями украшает он луг;
Качает тростник ветром прохладнымthe reed, and curl the stream
Качает тростники волнует ручей'd o'er with Cynthia's beam;
Синтии лучезарной улыбки серебреныйthe chequer'd, lonely grove,
Рядом ровный лесок одинокий, and keeps thy secrets, love!
Слышит и хранит твои секреты любовные
At first we can see that Samuel Johnson used a rhyming couplet to mark off the end of a scene in a play wings - brings, mead - reed. The next stylistic device we can observe is given here to compare evening with the bird. Through this metaphor the author gives us a possibility to feel the beautifulness, greatness and freshness of the evening. Metaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is a figure of words that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas, the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.
Evening now from purple wingsthe grateful gifts she bringswe may also find such stylistic devices as Symbol:
Phoebus drives his burning car
is the definition given in Wikipedia: A symbol may be an object, a person, a situation, an action or some other object that has literal meaning in the story, and that represents something other than itself. It can also be a word or an idea. It is used as an expressive way to depict an idea. The symbol generally conveys an emotional response going far beyond what the word, idea, or image itself dictates.[8] Phoebus is a name of Greek god of sun. The sun itself compared with burning car. In this verse this symbol means evening glow, sunset.which we may find is a stylistic device. Repetition is the deliberate use of a word or phrase more than once in a sentence or a text to create a sense of pattern or form or to emphasize certain elements in the mind of the reader or listener.
Cooling breezes shake the reed;the reed, and curl the stream
author uses repetition to emphasize certain elements in the mind of the reader. We start not only to see the evening, but also to feel it breath. It gives us the sense of romanti