The general knowledge of neologisms
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, neologism appeared in the 18th century and its old meaning was synonymous to barbarism. In the modern meaning of neologism appeared early in the 19th century and, gained the acceptance towards the end of the century.
In our research we try to study the neologisms as units of language, to determine the basic theoretical conceptions of the neologism; to investigate the classification and ways of formation of neologisms. We analyzed the spheres of usage of the neologisms and can say that new words appear everywhere. Neologisms of economy sphere and business represent the radical changes which are connected with the circulation and realization of economic theories, with transition of many countries to the market economy, with the improvement of management by an economy and its separate links, with introduction of modern informative technique. Neologisms of social and political sphere show two sides of the civilized progress of humanity - integrational and differential processes, political and public motions, testify about growth of influence on the innovative processes of such factors, as age, social status and others. Important role in society of mass media, predetermines that fact, that exactly "media" is the sphere of "primitive context", by the main channel of spreading of neologisms, which are the product of word building of state, political, public figures, journalists, writers, scientists. Computerizing made substantial alterations in the word building system, generated the whole row of new productive derevative elements in system of language.
We investigated the computer neologisms, their peculiarities, tried to perform an analysis of computer neologisms according to the word building type, sphere of usage, to the source and time of appearance, meaning and translation. We came to the conclusion that the most common feature used in such neologisms is compounding. There is the most frequently found peculiarity. We think that it is because of the language aspiration for reduction (or shortening). these peculiarities we distinguished new meanings, borrowings, special word formation, which consist of: affixation, prefixation, suffixation, compounding, conversion, abbreviations and acronyms, word combinations and blending. Unlike numerous (even for enough short time) lexical and phraseology neologisms new word building elements do not arise up suddenly, the amount of affixes in a language almost is exactly known. The most productive prefixes of computer neologisms are e-, cyber-, en-, inter-.
A new vocabulary and phraseology which arose up in connection with informative revolution pierces now almost all spheres of social life, it removes both the numerous blessings and benefits and new social problems, negative consequences of modern stage of scientific and technical progress.
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Appendix
have found and analyzed about two hundred neologisms. Most of them are widely spread in the sphere of Computer Science. The peculiarities of formation of these neologisms are marked by the following symbols:
)affixation (af)
)prefixation (pref)
)suffixation (suff)
)compounding (comp)
)conversion (conv)
)Abbreviations and acronyms (abr)
)word combinations (wc)
)blending (bd)
)new meaning (nm)
) borrowing (bw)- a person that spends way too much time either surfing the Web or fussing their home page- to use a computer simulation to model an existing or historical weather pattern (comp) after+cast-measuring of artificial intelligence as in the results of a Turing test (abr)- a Web page consisting of frequently updated, chronological entries on a particular topic (bw)- a tightwad with bytes (comp) byte+wad- a short, sitcom-style video available over the internet (comp) bit+computer - The tiny bits of paper left over from the punching data cards (bw) - a small image that links to a syndication file for a web site, particularly blog - to implant a microchip, particularly a radio frequency identification transformer, into an animal or person (bw)- a pattern of Web surfing behavior that uniquely identifies the person doing the surfing (comp) click+printpage - a Web page that hasnt been updated in a long time(abr+nm) - The next great patented technology (bw+comp)- A large area of land where computer and technology companies are concentrated, or that has been constructed with a high-tech communications infrastructure (comp) cyber+parkAlt-Delete - A metaphoric mechanism with which one can reset, restart, or rethink something (comp+abr) - The purchase of an Internet domain name that includes a companys registered trade mark (comp) cyber+privacyside hacker - A hacker who uses his or her talents for malicious or criminal ends. (wc+nm)baloney - Web page-based animated images, Java applets, and other bells and whistles that are not only useless, but also detract from the overall quality of the page. (wc+nm)- The collection of networks and other technologies that enable people to illegally share copyrighted digital files with little or no fear of detection. (bd) dark + internetlink - A Web page link that points to a file within a site rather than the sites home page. (wc) - Computer hardware and software and other organs of digital technology, taken as a whole. (af)- A person who makes a living from domain name speculation or by purchasing popular domain names and filling the sites with advertising. (af)dial - To drop a users existing Internet connection and then dial up a new connection that offers a service (such as a video or concert) over a premium-rate phone line. (comp)mail bankruptcy - The state of being unable or unwilling to read and respond to all the e-mail messages one has received, and so to delete those messages and start over again. (comp+nm)- Internet access that is instantly and always available from a number of different devices. (bd)- A related set of facial characteristic that a computer use to recognize a person`s face. (bd)- Discarded computers, monitors, and other electronic equipment. (af)hacker - A computer hacker who attempts to infiltrate a secure computersin an effort to learn the system`s weaknesses so that can be repaired.(comp)mail - is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks.(comp)commerce - or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.(Comp)book - electronic book (nm+comp) - A database of faces used in the computer-based recognition and identification of a face. (bd) face+bacetechnology - The technology required to identify and track a person using face recognition techniques. (comp)- A person who puts up a profile on a social networking website such as Friendster or MySpace that contains false or misleading information, or that is dedicated to another person or to an object. (bd+suff) - The practice of creating faked photographs, usually by manipulating the images with software. (bd+suff)- The special effect camera movements in film where the camera ma