Социальное объявление развития english
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e gradual development of such towns within the Polotsk Princedom as Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha. The neighboring states of Lets and Livs in Baltics paid the tribute to Polotsk. In the latter half of the 12th century, the land of Turov separated into the independent princedom. The princedoms of Pinsk and Slutsk politically depended on the more powerful neighboring Galych-Volyn princedom. The system of independent feudal principalities had formed. One of the main events of the involutionary period became the inclusion of the Belorussia lands to the Great Princedom of Lithuania in the latter half of the 13th century and their political subdivision to Poland after the Krevs Union (1385). In the end of the 15th century, the territory between the rivers of Western Bug, Western Dvina, Sozh, and Pripyat received the name of White Russia. The Lublin Union of Lithuania and Poland (1569) consolidated the European traditions of the history of Belorussia. Francisk Skoryna became the national enlightener of the country.
The influence of the Ukrainian history on Belorussia manifested particularly in the period of the revolt under guidance of Severyn Nalyvaiko (1594-1596), which started in the Left-bank Ukraine and spread to the Mohylev region (Belorussia).
The co-evolutionary stage is identified with the war between Russia and Poland for Polotsk, Minsk, and Vitebsk (1654-1655).
The evolutionary period of the first epochal cycle took its start since the beginning of the 17th century. The most important event of the period was the second division of Poland, which resulted in the inclusion of the Eastern Belorussia into Russia (1793). In fact, that meant a reinforcement of the tendency of changing the European vector of development of Belorussia to the Eurasian one. All territory of Belorussia was included to Russia as a result of the third division of Poland (1795). The processes of russification and spread of political and economic structures on the newly included territories became more active. The evolutionary period of the first epochal cycle chronologically comprises the latter half of the 19th century and the soviet period. The main historical events were as follows: the failed attempt to create the independent Peoples Republic of Belorussia (1918) and the declaration of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919). According to the Riga Treaty (1921), Western Belorussia was returned to Poland. However, in September, 1939, the soviet troops occupy Western Belorussia and return its territory to the USSR. The republic suffered the heaviest losses during the Second World War. After 1945, its economy was gradually recovered.
In the Soviet period, Belorussia substantively differed from its co-brother republics (Ukraine and Russia) in mentality and mass behavior, by somewhat reminding the behaviour of the West-European countries. The Soviet hierarchical mentality of servility and subordinance did not get accustomed to this country. The figure of Masherov was a brightly expressed typology in this meaning. He did not review parades on the tribune, as did his colleagues in other republics, and was easily accessible to the broad masses. However, the Soviet mentality of the brother republics identified these peculiarities with consequences of the heaviest losses during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), calling the behavior of Belorussians the highest expression of internationalism in the Soviet Union.
The 1990s were the revolutionary expression of the historical peculiarities of the country and the transition of Belorussia to the second epochal cycle. In December 1991, Minsk became the formal capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States, emerging on the ruins of the USSR. That is not occasional. The following events in the country, the victory of Lukashenko at the presidential elections (1994), his behavior as a representative of the present political elite of the republic only confirms the hypothesis on the revolutionary character of the present social-political and spiritual processes in Belorussia. An attentive expert may, without any difficulties, behold the familiar contours of the revolutionary events in the Soviet Russia of 1917 in the national events and facts of the 1990s (the conspiracy of ambassadors, political chase of opposition, very low level, not higher that in the NEPs period of the USSR, of spread of the private property, and so on).
8.9. China
The national-state epochal cycles have their own peculiarities in the countries of Asia and America. They are conditioned by the chronological differences and the specificity of the historical process. China is a bright example. 2397 BC is the beginning of the Chinese chronology.
The revolutionary stage of the first epochal cycle. 2205-1766 BC the dynasty of Sa. The origin of the state tradition.
The involutionary stage 1600-1027 BC the dynasty of Shan-In. 1027-771 BC the dynasty of Western Chou.
The co-evolutionary stage, 770-481 BC, the period of Spring and Autumn the obduration of fight between kingdoms for the hegemony over the Celestial Empire. Lao Tzu, Taoism. 551-479 BC Confucius.
The evolutionary stage. 403-221 BC, the period of hegemony of three kingdoms Han, Chao, Wei. The beginning of creation of the Great Wall of China. 221-210 BC, Czyn Shikhuan. The unity of China. The Empire of Han.
The revolutionary stage of the second epochal cycle. 316-588 havoc in China. The Hunnish invasion. 618-907 the dynasty of Tang.
The involutionary stage. 751 AD the defeat by Arabs near the Talas river. The expansion of the Chinese to the West is sustained. The Celestial Empire lose its control over the Great Silk Way. 874-901 AD the peasants war.
The co-evolutionary stage of the second epochal cycle. 1130-1200 Chou Si. The revival of Confucianism. 960-1279 the dynasty of Sun. 1190-1206 the Genghis Khans invasion. 1234 Khublai the capital Peking. 1271-1368 the Mogul dynasty of Juan.
The evolutionary stage. 1368-1644 the dynasty of Min. 1398 the seizure of Korea. 1406-1428 the military campaigns to Vietnam and Burma. 1405-1433 the Pacific campaigns of Czhen Khe. 1516 the Portuguese seized Aomin (Macao till 1999). 1624 the Dutch in Taiwan.
The revolutionary stage of the third epochal cycle. 1639-1644 the peasants war. 1644-1911 the Manchurian dynasty of Zyn. 1759 Synczan a new border. The expansion to the North.
The involutionary stage the Opiate Wars. 1795-1838 the British imported 27 million tons of opium to China. 1842-1997 Hong-Kong (Xianggang) under the control of England.
The co-evolutionary stage. 1853 Tai-ping revolt. 1894-1895 the war between China and Japan. 1866-1925 Sun-Yat-sen.
The evolutionary stage. 1911-1913 the Sin-Hai revolution. The struggle for independence of China. 1937 Japanese aggression. The civil war in China between the nationalists of Gomindan and the Communists.
The revolutionary stage of the fourth epochal cycle. 1949 the declaration of the Peoples Republic of China. 1951-1953 Korean war. The consolidation of Gomindan in Taiwan.
The involutionary stage. 1958 the great jump. 1966 the cultural revolution. 1964 China gained the nuclear weapon. 1976 the death of Mao Tse-tung.
The co-evolutionary stage. 1978 Den Xiao Ping the beginning of reforms. 1989 the suppression of democratic movement. The return of Hong-Kong (1997), Macao (1999) under control of China. In fact, the Peoples Republic of China appeared on the threshold of the evolutionary stage of historical development.
8.10. India
India is an example of the nonhistorical civilization, and the time is afraid of it. The chronology of the history of the Ancient India is eroded in distinction from the Chinese one. However, the hypothetical scheme of changes of the epochal cycles of the Indian history may be reconstructed.
The revolutionary stage of the first epochal cycle. Ancient civilizations of 2300-1700 BC. Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro near 2000 BC the incursion of the Aryan tribes. Caste system.
The involutionary period of the cycle lasted approximately since the 10th to 5th century AD.
The co-evolutionary stage. The appearance of Buddhism. 327-325 BC the campaign of Alexander the Great. 268-231 BC the rule of Asoka. The wide spread of Buddhism.
The evolutionary period of the first epochal cycle is connected with the emergence of conglomerate of political units, quarrelling with each other. III-VI centuries AD the Empire of Gupta. 616-647 the state of Harsha. The Hinduism extrudes the Buddhism from the spiritual life.
The revolutionary phase of the second epochal cycle is identified with the Muslim invasion of the Northern India, what gave another rhythm to the historical cycle. 998-1030 Mahmud Ghaznavid. 1206-1526 the Deli Sultanate. The forcible Islamization of the country.
The involutionary period of the second epochal cycle. The Southern India 1347 the Sultanate of Bakhmani. The Empire of Widjayanahar.
The co-evolutionary stage is connected with the double pressure of the Europeans (1498 the discovery of India by Vasco da Gama) and the Mussulmans upon the Indian civilization. 1556-1605 Akbar. The control over the Northern India, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Bengal, Gujarat, Orissa. 1451-1526 the dynasty of Lody in the state of Bakhmani. The dynasty of the Great Moguls (moguls was the name given by the Hindu to the Mussulmans).
The evolutionary period. 1757 the East India Company the control over Bengal. 1784 Pitt the Law on the government of India. 1861-1941 Rabindranath Tagore. 1845-1846 the first Anglo-Sikh war. 1869-1948