Статья по предмету Иностранные языки

• 21. Public holydays in Great Britain
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  In the cities and burghs, the New Year receives a communal welcome, the traditional gathering-place being the Mercat Cross, the hub and symbol of the old burgh life. In Edinburgh, however, the crowd has slid a few yards down the hill from the Mercat Cross to the Tron Kirk - being lured thither, no doubt, by the four-faced clock in the tower. As the night advances, Princes Street, the main street in Edinburgh, becomes as thronged as it normally is at noon, and there is growing excitement in the air. Towards midnight, all steps turn to the Tron Kirk, where a lively, swaying crowd awaits "the Chapplin o'the Twal" (the striking of the 12 o'clock). As the hand of the clock in the tower approach the hour, a hush falls on the waiting throng, the atmosphere grows tense, and then suddenly there comes a roar from a myriad throats. The bells peal forth, the sirens scream - the New Year is born!

• 22. Seasons
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  SEASONS

  1. Everybody knows that there are four seasons in a year and every season is good on its own way with its own charm.
  2. Consider autumn for example.
  3. In September and November it is still warm and the sun shines brightly in the blue cloudless sky.
  4. But November brings cool winds, nasty and gloomy days.
  5. And how nasty cold autumn rain is! Sometimes it rains for hours!
  6. Nature is falling slowly asleep.
  7. But there are people who like autumn, they say, it is the time of harvest, golden leaves, its the time when the nature is very attractive.
  8. Poets of all nations have sung autumn as the most beautiful time of the year.
  9. “Golden autumn,” they call it. Golden, indeed. Yet autumn does not appeal to me very much.

• 23. Smoking
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  According to the World Health Organization, it is most common in east Asia, where as many as two-thirds of all adult males smoke tobacco. Because of concern over the health effects of tobacco smoking, the practice has rapidly declined in recent years in the United States, Canada and western Europe. However, statistics show that at least a quarter of people even in these regions continue to smoke, and there is no indication smoking will go away completely.

• 24. St. Uspenska Pochaevska Laura
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  On Russ St. icon of the Mother of God had brought from Constantinople Greek metropolitan Ieofit. Traveling across Volynia, metropolitan for has stopped in manor Url for rest at pious orthodox women named Anna Goyskaya. Having asked some days, metropolitan has blessed and has left to her it for shown hospitality icon st. of the Virgin. In 1597 in Annas manor there was a miracle Annas brother Philipp, has burned blind, has recovered from icon of Gods Mother.

• 25. Tastes differ
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  Tastes differ even among people belonging to different sex. Recently American medical journal Psychology and Behaviour published the results of a very interesting research. They used the Web to survey 277 male and female participants in order to find out what kind of food they prefer. They found that women are more prone to eat comfort foods high in fat and sugar, such as cakes and ice-cream. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks.

• 26. The art of conversation
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  The ability to talk can be cultivated. To become a really good conversationalist it is necessary to acquire the habit of conscientiously stocking your mind with facts and information and then forming opinions on the basis of that knowledge.

• 27. The new method of gas saturated oil viscosity determination
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  V.I., Krikunov V.V.paper presents a mathematic technique for calculating viscosity of West Siberian reservoir oils.The viscosity is one of the most important fluids parameters, is submitted as a function of viscosities of components included in gas saturated oil, reservoir temperature and pressure.method uses concept of standard viscosity reservoir oil (at 200С and 0.1 МPа) - hypothetical values, since the mix at these conditions is double phase. The influence of temperature and pressure on standard viscosity has been defined by correlations obtained at research of behavior of West Siberian subsurface collected oil samples.laboratory practice of crude oil saturated with natural gas dynamic viscosity study in reservoir conditions high-pressure viscometers, which is included as additional components in complex and power-intensive PVT-equipment simulating reservoir pressure and temperature are used. In conditions of the analysis of the representative series of samples that show behavior of reservoir fluids, the realization of the large number of definitions is required that causes a lot of difficulties. Use of only experimental methods is connected to the time-consuming for realization of the analysis, presence of precision devices in laboratory, necessity of continuous operator observing for run, etc. Besides the factors listed above, there are a number of restrictions in using one or others viscometers depending on viscosity of a sample has been under study [1]. Therefore creation of new calculation methods of the basic characteristics of oil-gas mixes used for oil fields development and surface facilities construction has both scientific and practical importance.development of a calculation method of dynamic viscosity determination of mixture its composition is chosen as initial parameter because it gives the best description of a mixture. The knowing of apparent viscosity of pure components at standard conditions is initial parameters for the method. Briefly, after composition as a whole has been analyzed followed by using the appropriate mixing rule for the apparent viscosity of a crude oil-gas mixture is defined. For further steps, the method uses the empirical correlations of standard viscosity, pressure and temperature for determination of oil saturated with gas viscosity at reservoir conditions.

• 28. The olympic games
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  It is the oldest contest that took place in Olympia. Until the 13th Olympiad (728 B.C.) when the games lasted for only one day, it was the only event at the sanctuary. The athletes were running nude, in an area whose length was determined at 600 feet (192.27m), that is one Stade . It was this distance that gave its name to the area used for the performance of the event. These areas, the stadiums, were situated on hillsides or in small valleys, thus enabling the spectators to follow the events. Later and as the crowd of spectators grew, artificial slopes were built and the spectators sat on the ground.

• 29. The philosophy should meet the challenge of the new millennium
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  What does the new millennium require? If we look at our world as if looking at an ant hill, we will see that the ants are no longer rushing to build new hills, they are no longer thinking of how to supply their queen with provision and care, we will se quite another picture: the ants are looking for other ant hills to destroy them, they are killing other insects even if they have sufficient food, they are thinking of how to become a queen of the whole colony so that they would get all the food and power. The “ants” have changed; they have forgot their real purpose of existing. The main problem is that there is nothing or nobody that could teach them how to live properly, thats why they choose their own style of life.

• 30. The production of 2H-labeled amino acids by a new mutant of RuMP fucultative methylotroph Вrevibacte...
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  For our studies we have used a new non-traditional producer of phenylalanine: a leucine auxotroph of the facultative methylotrophic bacterium Brevibacterium methylicum obtaining the NAD+ dependent methanol dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3) variant of the RuMP cycle of carbon assimilation, with maximum productivity of phenylalanine on protonated medium M9 - 0.95 gram per liter of growth medium. According to experiments, various compositions of [U- 2H]methanol and 2H2O were added to the growth media as hydrogen (deuterium) atoms could be assimilated both from methanol and H2O. The growth characteristics of the non-adapted bacteria and production of phenylalanine in the presence of increasing content of 2H2O are given in Table (Expts. 3-10) relative to the control (1) on protonated medium and to the adapted bacteria (Expt. 10). The odd numbers of experiment were chosen to investigate whether the replacement of [U -2H]methanol of its protonated analogue has a positive effect on growth characteristics in the presence of 2H2O. The maximum deuterium content was reached under conditions (10) and (10) in which we used 98% (v/v) 2H2O and 2% (v/v) [U -2H]methanol. In the control, the duration of a lag-phase did not exeed twenty hours, the yield of microbial biomass (wet weight) and production of phenylalanine were 150 and 0.95 gram per 1 liter of growth medium (see relative values in Table, Expt. 1). The results suggested, that below 49% (v/v) of 2H2O (Table, Expts. 2-4) there was a small inhibition of growth indicators compared with the control (1), above 49% (v/v) of 2H2O (Table, Expts. 5-8), however growth was markedly reduced, while at the upper content of 2H2O (Table, Expts. 9-10) growth was extremely small. With increasing content of 2H2O in the media there was a simultaneous increase both of the lag-phase and generation time. Thus, under experimental conditions (10) where we used 98% (v/v) 2H2O and 2% (v/v) [U -2H]methanol, the lag-phase was more than three and the generation time - 2.2 times that on ordinary protonated medium (1). The production of phenylalanine and yield of biomass were decreased on medium with 98% (v/v) 2H2O and 2% (v/v) [U -2H]methanol by 2.7 and 3.3 times respectively; in contrast to the adapted bacteria (10), the growth characteristics of non-adapted bacteria on maximally deuterated medium were strongly inhibited (Table, Expt. 10). The replacement of protonated methanol by [U- 2H]methanol caused small alterations in growth characteristics (Table, Expts. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) relative to experiments, where we used protonated methanol (Table, Expts. 3, 5, 7, 9).

• 31. The role of deuterium in molecular evolution
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  So, according to the theory of absolute speeds the break of С-1H-bonds can occur faster, than С-2H-bonds (C-2H-bonds are more durable than C-1 , mobility of an ion 2H+ is less, than mobility of 1Н+, the constant of ionization 2Н2О is a little bit less than ionization constant of 2Н2О. Thus, in principle, the structures of [U -2H]labeled macromolecules may to be more friable that those are forming in ordinary H2O. But, nevertheless, the stability of [U -2H]labeled macromolecules probably depending on what particular bond is labeled with deuterium (covalent bonds -C2H that causing the instability or hydrogen bonds causing the stabilization of conformation of macromolecules via forming the three-dimentional netwok of hydrogen(deuterum) bonds in macromolecule) and what precise position of the macromolecule was labeled with deuterium. For example, the very valuable and sensitive for deuterium substitution position in macromolecule is the reactive center (primary isotopic effects). The non-essential positions in macromolecule are those ones that situated far away from the reactive center of macromolecule (secondary isotopic effects). It is also possible to make a conclusion, that the sensitivity of various macromolecules to substitution on 2Н bears the individual character and depending on the structure of macromolecule itself, and thus, can be varried. From the point of work of physical chemistry, the most sensitive to replacement of 1Н+ on 2H+ can appear the apparatus of macromolecular biosyntesis and respiration system, those ones, which use high mobility of protons (deuterons) and high speed of break of hydrogen (deuterium) bonds. From that it is posible to assume, that the macromolecules should realize a special mechanisms (both at a level of primary structure and a folding of macromolecules) which could promote the stabilizition of the macromolecular structure in 2H2O and somewhat the functional reorganization of their work in 2H2O.

• 32. The role of ideology in the development of modern states
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  Ideology as a phenomenon of influence on society exists or existed in any modern society. Among them are outstanding representatives of the social democratic ideology, socialist ideology, liberalism, liberalism, fascism, fascism, conservatism and Neo-conservatism. Some of these ideologies in our time is almost not there, because in terms of historical development was rejected inhumane works. Consider these ideologies in more detail in the examples. As social democratic ideology, it is a modern ideology that is very powerful, and aims at equitable distribution of all material goods and spiritual values, depending on the labor spent. The most widely this ideology found in countries such as Germany, Austria, Britain, France and Italy. The main objectives in these countries is to provide a decent life based on liberty, in the political sphere - is the creation of conditions for the formation and activities of public authorities on the principles of democracy and in the economic sphere - the creation of an efficient market economy. The main functions of the state owned health care, environmental protection, to ensure the preservation and development of the national identity of peoples living in the state, participation in international promotion and protection of human rights. Social democracy has been and remains one of the most influential ideological and political currents. 70 largest and most influential social democratic parties in which there are about 17 million people, united in the Socialist International. In recent years the ranks of the Social Democrats replenished former communist parties. Socialist ideology consistently defended the interests of workers, social progress and believed in the wonderful future of humanity. Socialist ideology - a socio-economic ideas, which is the main slogan of social justice. Countries with such an ideology has such features: public ownership of the means of production, power is concentrated in the hands of one party, the market plays a minor role. Modern countries are North Korea and the representatives of Cuba. Recently, our position social ideology began to increase in Latin America. One of the main ideas of conservatism is unnatural and undesirable conversion of society through revolutionary changes. Therefore we can say that conservatism - is opposed to the revolution. The main ideas of it are: denial of a contractual nature of the state and the belief that the state can not pay attention to all the various social issues and relationships. Based on these basic provisions of conservatives defended only certain principles such as history, life, law, stability, tradition, religion, government, etc. This ideology enjoyed popularity in England, where authorities have come to the Conservative Party, led by M. Thatcher, expanded in FNR, Italy and France. If we look at Neo-conservatism, it is political ideology, which adapts the traditional values of conservatism to the realities of post-industrial society and determines government policy and the policies of leading Western countries in recent decades. Status neokonservatyzmu in the U.S. is not official. He caught on here in 70 years of XX century. As a political ideology, Neo-conservatism very seriously prepared and aware of its power. Preconditions for the emergence of this ideology began to peep from the time of "cold war". Management of the country tried to create a worthy rival ideologies such as communism. Neoconservatives seek to revive human values such as hard work, high morals, religion, and in the economic field, return to the market self-regulation, the social - the principle of "every man for himself"; social protection in the State shall apply only to those who are not able to to work. Fascism - an ideology that denied democracy and open government, sustained violence and terror to suppress political opponents and any form of dissent, involved the division of people according to racial and discrimination. Fascism has played a crucial role in solving the second world war, which suffered a crushing defeat. this defeat did not put an end to fascism. Since shortly after the war in some Western countries - Italy, USA, France, Britain and FNR he already began to revive as neo-fascism, which preached the same ideological works. Today fascist organizations operating in all European countries, America and most countries in Asia, Australia, Asia and former Soviet countries.... As for liberalism, it is ideology, based on the idea that every person knows what is best for her. Modern political liberalism also includes the conditions of universal suffrage, regardless of gender, race or economic status, the best system is liberal democracy. Liberalism stands for individual rights to property, focuses on human rights related to consciousness and way of life, protection from government interference in personal life. This ideology spread in the early 90s in Russia during perestroika, but had positive and negative consequences. As a result, the majority of Russia's ambiguous attitude towards liberalism. There still exist a number of parties in the liberal "Yabloko", "Lyberalnoe Case" and "democratic alliance". Neo-liberalism - the ideology that is based on the principle of self-regulation of the economy, free competition and economic freedom. It also provides for increased economic and social role of the state, out of the necessity of establishing a business partnership between government, business and labor at all levels of the economic mechanism. Practical usage he had received during the Roosevelt when he introduced the "policy of the new course." Neoliberalism is a homogeneous flow. The "right" wing believes that the problems of modern society is possible through the creation of the Government in accordance with the requirements of morality, stands for "minimal" state. "Left" wing, sharing the basic provisions of the concept of a "new society" Roosevelt, denies class antagonisms, brings them into conflict between production and consumption. The main find no contradiction between rich and poor and between those who want to maintain the "industrial society" and who wants to move forward. the liberal movement has up to 110 parties, 60 of them united in Liberal International, founded in 1947 in Ukraine as a political doctrine of liberalism represented by a group of various liberal parties and movements. His supporters advocated the formation of the free market, providing conditions for various forms of economic activities and competition. All these ideologies are of great importance for the history. They passed all the stages of formation and were either accepted or rejected by society. Some of them function in our time. World practice has developed many ideological systems. Their position is based on various methods of belief and knowledge of the world. The role of ideology - one of the main roles in political life at any stage of development. With the arrival of leaders is changing, with more varied and management techniques. Even if the ideology of a country called very difficult to see that in it there before, because they certainly left their mark its former presence. For example, in Germany during World War II was influenced by the ideology of fascism, unfortunately some of the manifestations of his left and on our time not only in this country, but also in some Western European countries. Conservatism has retained its place in the UK, where subject to principles such as stability and the state. Liberalism represented by a small circle of parties in the program which includes not only the principles of that ideology, but also some principles from other ideological currents. The most widespread is the social democratic ideology, which operates in France, Italy, Austria and Germany.

• 33. TV: is it a good thing?
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  TV has good and bad sides.First of all it keeps people informed,we can learn a lot of information watching TV. We can choose programs that appeal to us more,because TV provides programs for all interest.Sometimes we can relax,entertain ourselves when we are tired.Moreover its stopes people feeling lonely,it is educational and cheap.Advertisement on TV gives us information about different products and it makes easier to choose things to buy.When we watch TV we learn about the world,famous people and global or recent news.

  • Disadvantages :

• 34. Wedings and colors
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  As a youngster -- or perhaps even as an adult -- have you ever sat dreamily imagining yourself in a fairytale wedding dress, about to marry your very own Prince Charming? And, what color is the wedding dress? The chances are it's a white one. Millions of girls and women that dream of the perfect marriage have a vision of the perfect white wedding dress in their minds. But why white? Where did this tradition come from?
  
  Women Haven't Always Been Marrying in White
  
  In fact, in the grand scheme of things, the tradition isn't even all that old. The white wedding dress of today is deep-seated tradition, and for many is worn to signify virtue as well as uphold tradition. Millions -- in fact billions -- of women all over the world start thinking about the perfect white wedding gown before they have even found the perfect partner.
  
  Britain is a place that is rife with traditions and legends, so it is little wonder that the tradition of the white wedding dress was started by the English Monarchy. It was the wedding of Queen Victoria that spawned the interest and popularity of white wedding dresses as we know them today.
  
  Queen Victoria married Albert of Saxe in 1840, and wore what would then have been considered a flamboyant white gown. Of course, this did not start the tradition immediately; however, many women saw this as a statement of class and style, and copied the Queen by also getting married in white.
  
  The white wedding dress in those days had nothing to do with being virtuous -- it was all about wealth. Getting married in a white, extravagant gown was a sign that you could afford to buy a dress that you would never be able to wear again because of its style and color (whites were not easy to clean in those days as they are today!).
  
  Of course, women still continued to be married in various colors and styles of dress -- it was only the vain and the wealthy that insisted on white to follow in the footsteps of the wealthy Monarch. However, during Edwardian times, the white wedding dress once more soared to new heights of popularity, as Coco Chanel unveiled its new knee-length white wedding dress, complete with extravagant train.
  
  Even so, with the depression that followed World War I and the approach of World War II, many women continued to make do with whatever type of dress they could afford, and this went on for decades. Some women would marry in a short white informal wedding dress, which could then be dyed and used as an everyday dress. Again, it was only the fabulously wealthy that could really afford to splurge on an elaborate gown.
  
  However, from the 1950s onwards, as the world watched Hollywood stars, royalty and members of high society get wed in stunning white gowns, the tradition of white became signed and sealed.
  
  Wedding Dresses of Different Colors: A bit of folklore
  
  As with many other things in life, there is much folklore and legend surrounding the various other colors that brides have been known to wed in. One old rhyme seems to sum up these notions:
  
  Married in white, you have chosen all right.
  
  Married in green, ashamed to be seen.
  
  Married in red, you will wish yourself dead.
  
  Married in blue, you will always be true.
  
  Married in yellow, ashamed of your fellow.
  
  Married in black, you will wish yourself back.
  
  Married in pink, your spirits will sink
  
  Of course, most people will think nothing of this poem, apart from the fact that each color has been coupled with a meaning that just happened to rhyme very well. We all know that there are plenty of people that have married in pinks, blues and every other color, and have enjoyed a long and happy marriage. And we certainly know that there are plenty of people that have married in white, who have not prospered quite so well.
  
  Ordering Your Wedding Dress Online
  
  Luckily, legend and folklore has given way to individuality in recent years, and brides now enjoy getting married in the color of their choice. Both celebrities and everyday women have injected their wedding dresses with their own sense of style and personality, and we have seen women marrying in colors ranging from delicate ivory to deepest red and even black.
  
  Royalty and high society still tend to favour the tradition of marrying in white. However, since simply wearing a white wedding gown can no longer mark their stature due to the availability of the white wedding dress, they now do this by infusing the dress with the most expensive silks, pearls and material possible, making it worth a king's ransom by the time it is finished.
  
  Luckily, we don't all have to pay a fortune to look stunning for our wedding day, and there is now so much choice in color, style, material and design that we can get married looking just the way we want -- and without having to sell all of our worldly possessions to do so!
  
  The Internet is a great source for wedding dresses. You can enjoy excellent value for your money and unrivalled choice, enabling you to achieve just the look and theme that you want for your special day. Whether you want a full-on white gown with all the trimmings, a simple and elegant ivory dress, an informal yet classy wedding dress or something totally unique in a rich, vibrant color, the Internet will provide you with access to the perfect choice.
  
  You will enjoy access to a wide range of dress styles online, including:
  
  Traditional wedding gowns
  
  Informal wedding dresses
  
  Designer wedding dresses
  
  Colored wedding gowns
  
  Gothic or medieval style wedding gowns
  
  Short wedding dresses
  
  Long wedding dresses
  
  You can also select from a wide choice of material, so you can feel and look as stunning as you dare, and with the great quality available online you can cherish your special dress for years to come -- perhaps even pass it down to future generations.

• 35. What I dislike in my school
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  Besides, every day we have two breaks of 10 minutes and two breaks of 15 minutes at school. But 15 minutes is not enough to have a lunch for the pupils. They are always in a hurry eating their lunch. It causes diseases connected with stomach. And you know that some classes have their lessons in the afternoon. I think it is too late to come back home at 8 p.m. and pupils are too tired to do their homework. I my opinion all the pupils of my school should go to school in the morning, have some lessons (4 or 5) then have a long break of an hour and a half for dinner at school or at home. After dinner all the pupils of my school should be at school again having their optional courses, additional lessons, clubs in different subjects and clubs according to their interests: sports, computer, tourist clubs and so on and so forth. Our teachers should be at school too. If some pupils dont understand something in their subjects they will have an opportunity to ask their teachers for help. I want to add that the pupils could have a short rest in a music room, in the library reading popular magazines. And at 5 p.m. all of the pupils go home. I know that such system is popular in English schools and it seems to me it is more convenient for us, pupils.

• 36. Your actions speak louder than words
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  Oculesics eye-to-eye contact or avoidance. Eye contact is very important in communication. People use their eyes to show interest. It is considered impolite to fix ones eyes on smb., but some eye-contact is necessary to show that your interest and attention.

• 37. Акупунктура
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  Рис. 7. Схема наружного хода меридиана мочевого пузыря: 1 цин-мин; 2 цуань-чжу; 3 мэй-чун; 4 цюй-ча, 5 у-чу; 6 чэн-гуан; 7 тун-тянь; 8 ло-цюе; 9 юй-чжэнь; 10 тянь-чжу; 11 да-чжу; 12 фэн-мэнь, 13 фэй-шу; 14 цзюе-инь-шу; 15 синь-шу; 16 ду-шу; 17 гэ-шу; 18 гань-шу; 19 дань-шу; 20 пи-шу; 21 вэй-шу; 22 сань-цзяо-шу; 23 шэнь-шу; 24 ци-хай-шу; 25 да-чан-шу; 26 гуань-юань-шу; 27 сяо-чан-шу; 28 пан-гуань-шу; 29 чжун-люй-шу; 30 бай-хуань-шу; 31 шан-ляо; 32 цы-ляо; 33 чжун-ляо; 34 ся-ляо; 35 хуэй-ян; 36 чэн-фу; 37 инь-мэнь; 38 фу-си; 39 вэй-ян; 40 вэи-чжун; 41 фу-фэнь; 42 по-ху; 43 гао-хуан; 44 шэнь-тан; 45 и-си; 46 гэ-гуань; 47 хунь-мэнь; 48 ян-ган; 49 и-шэ; 50 вэй-цан; 51 хуань-мэнь; 52 чжи-ши; 53 бао-хуан; 54 чжи-бянь, 55 хэ-ян; 56 чэн-цзинь; 57 чэн-шань; 58 фэй-ян; 59 фу-ян; 60 кунь-лунь; 61 пу-шэнь; 62 шэнь-май; 63 цзинь-мэнь; 64 цзин-гу; 65 шу-гу; 66 цзу-тун-гу; 67 чжи-инь

• 38. Библейские фразеологические единицы с архаичными компонентами в английском и русском языках
  Статьи Иностранные языки

   

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  2. Ðîçåíòàëü Ä.Ý., Òåëåíêîâà Ì.À. Ñëîâàðü-ñïðàâî÷íèê ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ // Èçä. 2-å. Ì., 1976. - 544ñ.
  3. Õðàçèíüñêà È. Äèññ.... êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê. Ðîñòîâ í/Ä, 1987. - 199ñ.
  4. Ïîïîâ Ð.Í. Ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå åäèíèöû ñîâðåìåííîãî ðóññêîãî ëèòåðàòóðíîãî ÿçûêà ñ è÷òîðèçìàìè è ëåêñè÷åñêèìè àðõàèçìàìè. Âîëîãäà: Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîå êíèæíîå èçä-âî, 1976. - 168ñ.
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• 39. Биосинтез 2Н-меченого бактериородопсина галофильной бактерией Halobacterium halobium
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  Согласно данным масс-спектрометрического анализа, пики молекулярных ионов (М)+ метиловых эфиров N-Днс-производных ароматических аминокислот обладали очень низкой интенсивностью и полиморфно расщеплялись, поэтому области их молекулярного обогащения были сильно уширены. Кроме этого, масс-спектры компонентов смеси аддитивны, поэтому смеси можно анализировать, только если имеются спектры различных компонентов, записанные в тех же условиях [8]. Проводимые вычисления предусматривают решение системы из n уравнений с n неизвестными для смеси из n компонентов. Для компонентов, концентрация которых превышает 10 мол.%, правильность и воспроизводимость результатов анализа составляет +0.5 мол.% (при доверительной вероятности 90%). Поэтому для получения воспроизводимого результата необходимо хроматографически выделять индивидуальные производные 2Н-меченых аминокислот из белкового гидролизата. Для решения поставленной задачи использовали метод обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ на октадецилсилановом селикагеле силасорб С18, эффективность которого подтверждалась разделением смеси метиловых эфиров N-Днс-производных 2Н-меченых аминокислот из других микробных объектов, как метилотрофные бактерии и микроводоросли [19]. Метод удалось адаптировать к условиям хроматографического разделения смеси метиловых эфиров N-Днс-производных аминокислот гидролизата БР, заключающийся в оптимизации соотношения элюентов, форме градиента и скорости элюции с колонки. Наилучшее разделение достигалось при градиентной элюции метиловых эфиров N-Dns-производных аминокислот смесью растворителей ацетонитрил : трифторуксусная кислота = 100 : 0.1 - 0.5, об.%. При этом удалось разделить триптофан и трудно разрешимую пару фенилаланин/тирозин. Степени хроматографической чистоты выделенных метиловых эфиров N-Днс-[2, 3, 4, 5, 6-2H5]фенилаланина, N-Днс-[3, 5-2H2]тирозина и N-Днс-[2, 4, 5, 6, 7-2H5]триптофана составили 89, 91 и 90% при выходах 78-85%. Полученный результат подтвердил рис. 4, б на котором приведен масс-спектр электронного удара метилового эфира N-Днс-[2, 3, 4, 5, 6-2H5]фенилаланина, выделенного обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ (сканирование при m/z 70-600, базовый пик m/z 170, 100%) (масс-спектр приведен относительно немеченого метилового эфира N-Днс-фенилаланина (а), сканирование при m/z 150-700, базовый пик m/z 250, 100%). Доказательством включения дейтерия в молекулу фенилаланина является пик тяжелого молекулярного иона метилового эфира N-Днс-фенилаланина ((М)+ при m/z 417, 59% вместо (М)+ при m/z 412, 44% для немеченого производного фенилаланина) и дополнительный пик бензильного фрагмента фенилаланина С7Н7+ при m/z 96, 61% (вместо m/z 91, 55% в контроле (не показан)) (рис. 5, б). Пики второстепенных фрагментов различной интенсивности со значениями m/z 249, 234 и 170 принадлежат к продуктам вторичного распада дансильного остатка до N-диметиламинонафталина, низкоинтенсивный пик (M COOCH3)+ при m/z 358, 7% (m/z 353, 10%, контроль) является продуктом отщепления карбоксиметильной СООСН3-группы из метилового эфира N-Днс-фенилаланина, а пик (M + CH3)+ при m/z 430, 15% (m/z 426, 8%, контроль) продуктом дополнительного метилирования по -аминогруппе фенилаланина (рис. 5, б). Согласно данным масс-спектра, разница между молекулярной массой легкого и тяжелого пиков [M]+ метилового эфира N-Днс-фенилаланина составляет пять единиц, что совпадает с полученными ранее данными по уровню дейтерированности исходного [2, 3, 4, 5, 6-2H5]фенилаланина, добавляемого в среду выращивания (масс-спектрометрические данные по уровням дейтерированности [2, 3, 4, 5, 6-2H5]фенилаланина, [3, 5-2H2]тирозина и [2, 4, 5, 6, 7-2H5]триптофана подтверждены спектроскопией 1Н ЯМР и находятся в корреляции).

• 40. Биосинтез 2Н-меченого инозина высокого уровня дейтерированности
  Статьи Иностранные языки

  Для синтеза 2Н-меченого инозина использовали мутантный штамм грамположительных бактерий Bacillus subtilis (предварительно адаптированный к дейтерию скринингом до отдельных колоний), который из-за нарушения метаболических путей регуляции биосинтеза пуриновых рибонуклеозидов синтезирует в стандартных условиях выращивания (дрожжевая среда, поздний экспоненциальный рост, 32-340С) 17 г инозина на 1 л культуральной жидкости (КЖ) [32]. Максимальный выход инозина достигался при использовании природной протонированной среды, содержащей в качестве в качестве источников ростовых факторов и аминного азота 2% БВК дрожжей, а в качестве источника углерода и энергии глюкозу (не менее 12 мас.%). При проведении синтеза требовалось заменить протонированные ростовые субстраты их дейтерированными аналогами, а также использовать 2Н2О высокого уровня изотопной чистоты. Для решения поставленной задачи использовали адаптированный к дейтерию штамм факультативных метилотрофных бактерий Brevibacterium methylicum с 50% уровнем биоконверсии метанола (при эффективности конверсии 15.517.3 г сух. биомассы на 1 г потребленного субстрата) [33]. Проведение адаптации для B. methylicum определялось необходимостью улучшить ростовые характеристики штамма в максимально дейтерированной среде, поэтому использовали ступенчато-увеличивающийся градиент концентрации 2Н2О в ростовых средах в присутствии 2% метанола (табл. 1). Для изучения влияния уровня дейтерированности источника углерода на ростовые параметры штамма в опытах (1, 3, 5, 7 и 9) использовали протонированный метанол, а в опытах (2, 4, 6, 8 и 10) [U-2Н]метанол. Согласно полученным данным замена протонированного метанола его дейтерированным аналогом в условиях одинаковой концентрации 2Н2О в среде приводила к небольшим уменьшениям ростовых характеристик штамма (табл. 1, опыты 2, 4, 6, 8 и 10). Поэтому в дальнейших опытах использовали среды с 2Н2О и [U-2Н]метанолом. На контрольной протонированной среде (1) с водой и метанолом продолжительность лаг-периода и времени клеточной генерации B. methylicum составили 20 и 2.2 ч, а выход микробной биомассы 200 г с 1 л КЖ (табл. 1, опыт 1). В промежуточных опытах (2-10) биосинтетические параметры изменялись пропорционально концентрации 2Н2О. Найденная закономерность заключалась в увеличении продолжительности лаг-периода и времени клеточной генерации при уменьшении выходов микробной биомассы с фиксированием самых низких значений этих параметров в максимально дейтерированной среде с 98% 2Н2О и 2% [U-2H]метанолом (табл. 1, опыт 10). За ходом адаптации, условия которой показаны в опыте 10 (табл. 1) наблюдали, снимая динамики роста исходного (б) и адаптированного к дейтерию (в) штамма в максимально дейтерированной среде М9 (рис. 1, контроль (а) получен в протонированной среде), а также по изменению продолжительности лаг-периода, времени генерации и выходов микробной биомассы (рис. 2). В отличие от адаптированного штамма (в), ростовые динамики исходного штамма (б) в максимальной дейтерированной среде ингибировались дейтерием (рис. 1).

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