Реферат: Внешнеторговая деятельность фирмы: основные особенности
OAIA: Aiaoiaoi?aiaay aeayoaeueiinoue
oe?iu: iniiaiua iniaaiiinoe.
NIAeA?AEAIEA.
Aaaaeaiea
I. Iiiyoea, niaea?aeaiea e iniaaiiinoe
aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe
II. E?aoeay oa?aeoa?enoeea
aiaoiaoi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa
III. Iioeiecaoeey oneiaee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia
Caeeth/aiea
Aeaeeia?aoey
Aaaaeaiea.
I?ioeann eciaiaiee, iaaethaeaaiue a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?innee,
i?iiee
ai ana noa?u yeiiiie/aneie aeecie. ?uii/iay yeiiiieea nicaeaea
oe?ieea
aiciiaeiinoe aeey inouanoaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aeey
aaethoiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oe?i.
Aneaaenoaea iiyaeaiey Oiieiiii/aiiuo aaieia, iieo/eaoeo
eeoeaiceth Oeai-
o?aeueiiai Aaiea ?O ia i?iaaaeaiea aaethoiuo iia?aoeee,
cia/eoaeueii ?anoe-
?eeanue noa?a ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aaethoiiai iaoaiecia. A yoeo
oneiaeyo
yenii?oii-eiii?oiua iia?aoeee noaiiayony iaeiie ec iniia
oiaa?iiai
ia?auaiey a ?inee e enoi/ieeii aaethoiuo iinooieaiee i?aaiecaoeee
-
?aceaeaioia.
A nayce n aieueoei aieiaieai, eioi?ia oaeaeyaony naaiaeiy
aiaoia-
oi?aiaui iia?aoeeyi ni noi?iiu noauaeoia yeiiiie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe,
aicieeaao iio?aaiinoue a aiaeeca iniaaiiinoae i?ioeanna
iaaeaeoia?iae-
iie oi?aiaee e oaeoi?ia, aeeythueo ia aa eiia/iue ?acoeueoao aeey
eaaeaeie
ec noi?ii. Iiyoiio, i?aaenoaaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui ii?aaeaeeoue
iaeaieaa
iioeiaeueiua oneiaey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai eiio?aeoa eae n
oi/ee
c?aiey yenii?oa, oae e eiii?oa.
I. IIIssOEA, NIAeA?AEAIEA E INIAAIIINOE AIAOIAOI?AIAIE
AeAssOAEUeIINOE.
Oa?iei "aiaoiaoi?aiaay aeayoaeueiinoue" iiae?acoiaaaao neiaeiue
iaoaieci
acaeiiioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a iioeanna eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia
ia ie?i-
aii ?uiea.
Oe?iu no?aiyony e aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ii ?aciui
i?e/eiai.
Oae, a /anoiinoe, iiaeao iio?aaiaaoueny caeoiea nu?uey eee
eaeeo-eeai oi-
aa?ia ca ?oaaaeai ii oie i?e/eia, /oi iao aiciiaeiinoe i?eia?anoe
aeaiioth
i?iaeoeoeeth o ioa/anoaaiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae. Oaeay neooaoeey
i?eaiaeeo e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe eiii?oa. Aiciiaeia e ia?aoiay neooaoeey - eiaaea
oe?ia eia-
ao oiaa?u, i?iaeaaea eioi?uo ca ?oaaaeai iiaeao ieacaoueny aieaa
auaiaeiie,
/ai a naiae no?aia. Oae i?iyaeyaony iio?aaiinoue a yenii?oa.
Ia?aaeei
neo/aaony, /oi oe?iu aunooiatho ia aiaoiai ?uiea e a ea/anoaa
oi?aiauo
iin?aaeieeia iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeaie e iieoiaoaeyie a ?aciuo
no?aiao.
O/anoea oe?iu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea o?aaoao iiieiaiey
aeiiieieoaeue-
iuo o?oaeiinoae, eioi?ua n yoie aeayoaeueiinoueth naycaiu.
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea ciaoue, eaeoth ?ieue ea?atho aaiee a
iaania/aiee n?aaenoa
e i?ioeaaeo? a i?aiaeieaiee yoeo o?oaeiinoae.
Ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iui aecianii aioo?e no?aiu,
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aia-
ey ii?iaeaeaao aeiiieieoaeueiua ?enee eae aeey iieoiaoaey, oae e
aeey i?i-
aeaaoea, a eiaiii:
- ?ene a?aiaie e ?annoiyiey;
- aaethoiue ?ene;
- caeiiiaeaoaeueiue ?ene.
?ENE A?AIAIE E ?ANNOIssIEss.
N oi/ee c?aiey eiii?oa?a, eiaaea oiaa? aeinoaaeyaony ia
aieueoia ?an-
noiyiea, i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue ia?eiae ia?aaicee iiaeao aucaaoue
cia/eoaeueiia
caiacaeuaaiea iaaeaeo cayaeie ia iinoaaeo e iieo/aieai oiaa?a.
Aeiiieie-
oaeueiua caaea?aeee iiaoo auoue aucaaiu oaeaea iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
iiaeaioiaee
ni noi?iiu yenii?oa?a iauaiiiai iaeaoa aeieoiaioia aeey
ia?aaicee.
Oaeoi? oaeaeaiiinoe iinoaaueea aeiaieueii iianai aeey eiii?oa?a
oaeaea
a ioiioaiee niaethaeaiey n?ieia iinoaaee iinea i?aaeiieaou.
Ni noi?iiu yenii?oa?a iaaeaaii?eyoiui yaeyaony oi, /oi,
iai?eia?,
i?aaeinoaaeaiea eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa ia iieaoo oiaa?a ii
aiaoiayeiii-
ie/aneie naeaeea iiaeao iio?aaiaaoueny ia aieueoee n?ie, /ai
iiaei au i?e
i?iaeaaea oiaa?a a naiae no?aia.
A ?acoeueoaoa, i?e iaee/ee aieueoiai /enea eiino?aiiuo
iieoiaoaeae,
iaecaaaeii aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue a aeiiieieoaeueiii iai?ioiii
eaieoaea.
E?iia oiai, yenii?oa?o, aa?iyoiaa anaai, i?eaeaony oioy au
ia?aiia/aeue-
ii ianoe ?anoiaeu ii aeinoaaea oiaa?a ca a?aieoeo.
Anee aea iinoaaea i?iecaaaeaia, a iieo/aoaeue ioeacuaaaony io
oiaa?a,
aicieeaao iiiaeanoai aeiiieieoaeueiuo neiaeiinoae, aaaeue eeeaio
iaoiaeeony a
ae?oaie no?aia. Yenii?oa? a yoii neo/aa aeieaeai i?eiyoue
?aoaiea, /oi aea-
eaoue n oiaa?ii.
Anee iieoiaoaeue iieo/ee oiaa?, oi iaiiea/aiiue aeiea iiaeao
i?aneaaei-
aaoueny a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea. Iaeiaei, iineieueeo eiio?aeou /anoi
iaaeonia-
o?eaatho i?iaaaeaiea noaeaaiuo ?acae?aoaeuenoa a no?aia eiii?oa?a
eee a
o?aoueae no?aia, oi aeey inouanoaeaiea aeaiiuo th?eaee/aneeo
i?ioeaaeo? ii-
o?aaothony aeiiieieoaeueiua ?anoiaeu.
Ethaie aa?eaio aeaeueiaeoeo aeaenoaee i?iaeaaoea aoaeao naycai
n oauoeaie.
I?iaeaaaoe iiaeao ioi?aaeoue oiaa? iacaae, eeai caiyoueny iieneii
iiaiai
iieoiaoaey ia aeaiiue oiaa?, /oi ana ?aaii ia aoaeao aeinoaoi/iui
aeey
iie?uoey aicieeoeo ?anoiaeia.
AAETHOIUE ?ENE.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea yenii?oa? iau/ii aunoaaeyao n/ao
iieoiaoa-
eth a eiino?aiiie aaethoa, eeai iieoiaoaeue iiea/eaaao oiaa? a
aaethoa
naiae no?aiu, eioi?iy yaeyaony eiino?aiiie aeey yenii?oa?a.*anoi
aaeth-
oie ieaoaaea noaiiaeony aaethoa o?aoueae no?aiu, iai?eia?,
aeieea?u NOA
eee iaiaoeeay ia?ea. A nayce n yoei, iaeiie ec i?iaeai eiii?oa?a
yaey-
aony iaiaoiaeeiinoue iieo/aiey eiino?aiiie aaethou aeey
inouanoaeaiey
ieaoaaea, a o yenii?oa?a iiaeao aicieeiooue iaioiaeeiinoue
i?iaeaaee iieo/ai-
iie eiino?aiiie aaethou ca aaethoo naiae no?aiu. Oneoae ii
i?iaeaaea e
iieoiea eiino?aiiie aaethou ca aaethoo no?aiu yenii?oa?a eee
eiii?oa?a
ieacuaatho aaiee. A ?innee yoi aaiee n aaethoiie eeoeaiceae.
Iaeiaei, iieoiea eee i?iaeaaea eiino?aiiiie aaethou ia noieue
aaciian-
iu aeey oe?iu, eae iiaeao iieacaoueny ia ia?aue acaeyae. I?e/eia
yoiio -
ianoaaeeueiinoue iieacaoaeae aaethoiuo eo?nia. Aiciiaeiinoue
iaaeaaii?eyo-
iiai eciaiaiey iaiaiiuo eo?nia eiino?aiiie aaethou ia aaethoiii
?uiea e
yaeyaony iioaioeeaeueiui aaethoiui ?eneii aeey eaaeaeiai ec
eiio?aaaioia.
Eiia/ii, a neo/aa eciaiaiey eo?nia a iieueco iaeiie ec noi?ii
anoue oain
iieo/eoue i?eaueue, iaeiaei, iianiinoue iiianoe oauoee, a
/anoiinoe, aeey
?inneeneeo i?aaiecaoeee a nayce n iaaeaieai eo?na ?oaey, aieaa
?aaeueia.
Nouanoaaiii nieceoue aaethoiue ?ene aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo
naeaeie iiaeii
i?e iiiiue onoaiiaeaiey oeaiu a eiio?aeoa a oaeie aaethoa,
eciaiaiea
eo?na eioi?ie auaiaeii aeey aeaiiie oe?iu. Aeey yenii?oa?a oaeie
aaethoie
yaeyaony aaethoa, eo?n eioi?ie iiauoaaony a oa/aiea n?iea
aeaenoaey eii-
o?aeoa. Aeey eiii?oa?a auaiaeia aaethoa, eo?n eioi?ie nieaeaaony.
Eiia/ii,
i?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoa ia anaaaea anoue aiciiaeiinoue
auae?aoue aaethoo,
oae eae eioa?anu ia?oia?ia a yoii aii?ina iiaoo auoue
i?ioeaiiieiaeiu,
e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aua?aa aaethoo, i?eaeaony onooieoue ii
eaeiio-eeai
eiiio ioieoo aeiaiai?a, a yoi ia anaaaea i?eaieaii.
A nayce n yoei, ?ani?ino?aiaiiie i?aeoeeie a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
oi?ai-
auo ioiioaieyo noae auai? a ea/anoaa aaethou eiio?aeoa iaeiie ec
iaeai-
eaa iaaeaaeiuo a ie?a aaetho (USD, DEM), iieacaoaee eo?nia
eioi?uo ioii-
neoaeueii noaaeeueiu ia ie?iaii aaethoiii ?uiea. Oaeay aaethoa
eiio?aeoa
aoaeao aaciiania aeey iaaeo noi?ii.
Ia?aaeeoue naay io aaethoiuo ?eneia anoue aiciiaeiinoue o oe?i,
aiaoiaoi?-
aiaua ieaoaaee e iinooieaiey eioi?uo inouanoaeythony a iaeiie e
oie aea
eiino?aiiie aaethoa. Iaeiaei, iaiaiiue eo?n eiino?aiiie e
ioa/anoaaiiie
aaethou ia aoaeao oaeoue nouanoaaiiie iianiinoe aeey oe?iu eeoue
a oii neo-
/aa, anee iinooieaiey ia aaethoiue n/ao e ieaoaaee n iaai
i?ienoiaeyo ni-
aeaniaaiii. Oaeay neooaoeey aiciiaeia i?e oneiaee, /oi oe?ia a
cia/e-
oaeueiie ia?a caieiaaony e eiii?oii, e yenii?oii. Aieueoeinoai
aea aia-
oiaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee ?iaioaao eeoue ii iaeiiio ec
iai?aaeaiee, iiyoi-
io aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey oaeie noaiu ia?aie/aia.
*oanoaeoaeueiinoue e aaethoiiio ?eneo aeey yenii?oa?ia e
eiii?oa?ia ii-
aeao auoue nouanoaaiii nieaeaia. Aeey yoiai nouanoaotho ?acee/iua
iaoaieciu
no?aoiaaiey ia neo/ae iaaeaaii?eyoiuo eieaaaiee aaethoiuo eo?nia.
E iei
ioiinyo:
- oi?aa?aeiua eiio?aeou ia iieoieo aaethou;
- aaethoiua iioeeiiu;
- e?aaeeou a eiino?aiiie aaethoa.
Eaaeaeue ec yoeo iaoaieciia i?eaiaeeony a aeaenoaea
iin?aaenoaii aaieia.
Oi?aa?aeiue aaethoiue eiio?aeo i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
aeiaiai?aiiinoue n
aaieii i?iaeaoue eee eoieoue ii?aaeaeaiiia eiee/anoai eiino?aiiie
aaethou
ii oeene?iaaiiiio iaiaiiiio eo?no aeey i?aaeinoaaeaiey yoie
aaethou a
aoaeouai. Oaeay oeenaoeey eo?na aaethou ia ii?aaeaeaiioth aeaoo
ono?aiyao
aaethoiue ?ene aeey oe?iu.
Iioiaeae oi?iie no?aoiaaiey io aaethoiiai ?enea yaeyaony
aaethoiue ii-
oeeii. Aeaiiue aeae aeiaiai?aiiinoe i?aaeinoaayao aai
aea?aeaoaeth aieueoa
naiaiaeu. Iioeeii aeaao i?aai (eiaiii i?aai, a ia iaycaiiinoue)
eoieoue
eee i?iaeaoue a aoaeouai ii?aaeaeaiiia eiee/anoai eiino?aiiie
aaethou ii
oeene?iaaiiiio eo?no iaiaia a iiiaio enoa/aiey eee aei enoa/aiey
ia?e-
iaea aeaenoaey aeaiiiai iioeeiia.
Iaeiiaoe, eiii?oa? iiaeao acyoue a aaiea e?aaeeo a eiino?aiiie
aaethoa,
a eioi?ie ii ieaie?oao ?ann/eouaaoueny ca iinoaaeyaiue oiaa?. A
yoii
neo/aa eiii?oa?o iao iaioiaeeiinoe i?eia?aoaoue eiino?aiioth
aaethoo ca
iaoeeiiaeueioth, a cia/eo e ionoonoaoao eaeay-eeai
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue e
aaethoiiio ?eneo. Yoio niinia no?aoiaaiey, iiaeaeoe, iaeaieaa
?aaeai
ia naaiaeiy aeey ?inneeneeo oe?i.
E?aaeeo a eiino?aiiie aaethoa iiaeao auoue oaeiaai e
yenii?oa?o, iaeeaea-
thuaio iinooieaiey yenii?oiie au?o/ee. Iieo/ea eiino?aiioth
aaethoo a ea-
/anoaa e?aaeeoa, yenii?oa? iiaeao iaiaiyoue aa ia iaoeeiiaeueioth
aaethoo ii
oaeouaio iaiaiiiio eo?no e eniieueciaaoue aa eae caiaio
ioaea/aiiuo iai-
?ioiuo n?aaenoa. Iiaaoaiea aea e?aaeeoa i?iecaiaeeony ec aoaeoueo
iinooiea-
iee a oie aea eiino?aiiie aaethoa.
I?e yoii neaaeoao iiiieoue e oi, /oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeey
iieo/aiey
e?aaeeoa a ?inneeneii aaiea iio?aaoaony i?aaeinoaaeaiea iieiiai
oiaa?ii-
ai eee ae?oaiai iaania/aiey.
CAEIIIAeAOAEUeIUE ?ENE.
Iieiay yniinoue yeiiiie/aneeo acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo
yenii?oa?ii e ei-
ii?oa?ii iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooa oieueei i?e oneiaee ciaiey e
iiieiaiey
i?aaee e caeiiia no?ai, a eioi?uo iaoiaeyony oi?aiaua ia?oia?u.
Aii?inu
oaeiai ?iaea iau/ii ?aoathony iieiinoueth eeoue iinea
aeeeoaeueiuo e aeaai-
i?eyoiuo aeaeiauo acaeiiioiioaiee. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua ii-
noaiiaeaiey, eanathueany iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee, iiaoo noaoue
na?ueaciui
i?aiyonoaeai aeey iaaeo noi?ii, a i?e iaciaiee yoeo
iinoaiiaeaiee, iea-
caoueny cia/eoaeueiui oaeoi?ii ?enea. Nouanoaotho neaaeothuea
caeiiiaeaoaeue-
iua ia?aie/aiey a noa?a yenii?oa-eiii?oa:
- aaethoiue eiio?ieue - yoi i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua ia?aie/aiey ia
aeaeaeaiea
eiino?aiiie aaethou, eioi?ua noaayo oeaeueth caueoeoue
iaoeeiiaeueioth aaethoo.
E oaeei ia?ai iiaeii ioianoe, iai?eia?, iaycaiiinoue yenii?oa?ia
a ?inee
i?iaeaaaoue 50% aaethoiie au?o/ee ia aioo?aiiai aaethoiii ?uiea;
- eeoeaice?iaaiea yenii?oiuo e eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee;
- oi?aiaua yiaa?ai - yoi cai?auaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaii yenii?oa
eee ei-
ii?oa ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia oiaa?ia, /oi iiaeao i?aneaaeiaaoue
(ioiineoaeue-
ii eiii?oa) oeaeue caueou nianoaaiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae oao aea
oiaa?ia,
eeai eiua, a oii /enea e iieeoe/aneea oeaee;
- eiii?oiua eaiou: no?aia iiaeao iaeiaeeoue ia?aie/aiey ia
noiia?iia
eiee/anoai iaeioi?uo aeaeia oiaa?ia, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue
eiii?oe?iaaii a
oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia?eiaea;
- eiii?oiua iioeeiu;
- noaiaea?ou ea/anoaa: eaaeaeia i?aaeoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao
aeey aaice-
iuo oiaa?ia naie noaiaea?ou ea/anoaa e aaciianiinoe.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey ii?iaeaeaao aieaa
aunieea ?enee
aeey oi?aiauo ia?oia?ia ii n?aaiaieth n oi?aiaeae aioo?e no?aiu.
Iaeiaei,
yenii?oii-eiii?oiua iia?aoeee /anoi aieaa auaiaeiu, oioy e
o?aaoth aeiiie-
ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e oeiainiauo cao?ao. Aii?in aea
nieaeaiey ?en-
eia i?e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe iai?yioth caaeneo io
oiai, ea-
eea oneiaey oi?aiaee i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee
eiio?aeo e
oiai, ianeieueei yooaeoeaii noi?iiu oiatho eniieueciaaoue
nouanoaothuea
oeiainiaua eino?oiaiou iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia.
Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai ii?aaeaeyao iaiaoiaeeiinoue aieaa
ouaoaeueiiai
aiaeeca eiio?aeoa, eae aacena aiaoiaoi?aiauo ioiioaiee.
II. E?AOEAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA AIAOIAOI?AIAIAI EIIO?AEOA.
Aeey oiai, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue ia eaeie iniiaa no?iyony
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
aiaoiaoi?aiauie ia?oia?aie, iaaoiaeeii oioy au e?aoei
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue
aeieoiaio, ii?aaeaeythuee i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii, oi anoue
eiio?aeo
(aeiaiai?,niaeaoaiea).
Aiaoiaoi?aiaue eiio?aeo - yoi aeiaiai?aiiinoue i acaeiiuo
onooieao ca-
?oaaaeiuo ia?oia?ia, aaea eaaeaeue aa?ao ia naay ii?aaeaeaiiua
iaycaoaeueno-
aa. Oeaeueth iaeiie noi?iiu i?e yoii yaeyaony iieo/aiea oiaa?a,
ae?oaie
noi?iiu - au?o/ee ca oiaa?.
Oi?ia aiaoiaoi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa iiaeao iineoue i?iecaieueiue
oa?aeoa?,
iaeiaei, i?aeoeea i?eaaea e iaiaoiaeeiinoe niaethaeaiey iaeioi?uo
iaua-
i?eiyouo ii?i ioiineoaeueii niaea?aeaiey e oi?iu eiio?aeoa.
Iauay no?oeoo?a aiaoiaoi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa auaeyaeeo
i?eia?ii oae:
A) I?aaeiao eiio?aeoa;
B) Ea/anoai e eiee/anoai oiaa?a;
C) N?ie iinoaaee;
D) Aaceniua oneiaey eiio?aeoa;
E) Oiaeiaea e ia?ee?iaea;
F) Oneiaey o?ainii?oe?iaee;
G) Naea/a-i?eaiea oiaa?a;
H) Oeaia oiaa?a;
I) Oneiaey ieaoaaea;
J) No?aoiaaiea;
K) Aa?aioee e ?aeeaiaoeee;
L) Oo?aoiua naieoeee;
M) Oi?n-iaaei?;
N) A?aeo?aae.
A) I?aaeiaoii eiio?aeoa iiaeao iiaeao auoue i?iaeaaea e
iinoaaea oiai,
eee eiiai oiaa?a, ia?aaea/a oaoiieiaee e o.ae. I?aaeiao eiio?aeoa
neaaeoao
oeacaoue aeaoaeueii: aeae, ia?ea, iiaeaeue. Anee aea oiaa?
iinoaaeyaony a an-
ni?oeiaioa, oi ana aeaeu oiaa?a aeieaeiu auoue ia?a/eneaiu a
niaoeeoeeaoeee,
i?eeaaaaiie e eiio?aeoo e ninoaaythuae aai iaiouaieaioth /aoue.
B) I?e ii?aaeaeaiee eiee/anoaa oiaa?a, a eiio?aeoa
onoaiaaeeaathony
aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey. Eiee/anoai oiaa?a iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaii
eae oaa?aei
oeene?iaaiiie oeeo?ie, oae e onoaiiaeaieai i?aaeaeia ii
eiee/anoao. Aaae-
iia cia/aiea eiaao oeacaiea i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ii?aaeaeaiey
ea/anoaa oiaa-
?a, oi anoue naienoa oiaa?a, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeytho aai
i?eaiaeiinoue aeey
eniieueciaaiey. Niinia ii?aaeaeaiey ea/anoaa caaeneo io oa?aeoa?a
oiaa-
?a. Iniiiaiui aeieoiaioii, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuai ea/anoai oiaa?a,
yaeyaony
na?oeoeeao ea/anoaa, auaeaaaaiue eeai oe?iie - ecaioiaeoaeai,
eeai
niaoeeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeeae, inouanoaeythuae i?iaa?eo ea/anoaa
oiaa?a.
C) N?ie iinoaaee - yoi a?aiy, a oa/aiea eioi?iai i?iaeaaaoe
aeieaeai ia-
?aaeaoue oiaa? iieoiaoaeth. N?ie iinoaaee a eiio?aeoa
eoiee-i?iaeaaee iiaeao
auoue neaaeothuei: ii?aaeaeaiiue eaeaiaea?iue aeaiue iinoaaee;
ia?eiae, a oa-
/aiea eioi?iai aeieaeia auoue i?iecaaaeaia iinoaaea; eiee/anoai
aeiae, ia-
aeaeue, ianyoeaa n iiiaioa niaa?oaiey eaeiai-eeai niauoey
(iai?eia?, n
iiiaioa iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa eee /a?ac noieueei-oi aeiae iinea
iinoaaee
i?aaeuaeouae ia?oee).
D) Aaceniua oneiaey eiio?aeoa ii?aaeaeytho, eoi ianao ?anoiaeu,
naycai-
iua n o?ainii?oe?iaeie oiaa?a io yenii?oa?a e eiii?oa?o. Yoe
oneiaey
iacuaathony aaceniuie, iineieueeo onoaiaaeeaatho aacen oeaiu a
caaeneiinoe
io oiai, aeeth/athony ?anoiaeu ii aeinoaaea a oeaio eee iao.
Aaceniua oneiaey ii?aaeaeytho iniiaiua iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea e
iieoia-
oaey.
Iniiaiua iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea aeeth/atho:
- iinoaaeoue oiaa? a iaiai?aiiue ioieo;
- oaaaeiieoue iieoiaoaey ia ioa?ocea oiaa?a;
- iaania/eoue oiaeiaeo oiaa?a;
- iieaoeoue oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu e iaeiae ii yenii?oo;
- iaania/eoue ia naie no?ao e ?ene iieo/aiea yenii?oiie
eeoeaicee eee
?ac?aoaiey ia auaic oiaa?a, anee oaeiaua o?aaothony; io
?inneeneeo
yenii?oa?ia o?aaoaony i?aaeinoaaeoue aeey ioi?ieaiey a
oiieiiii/aiiue
aaie, a eioi?ii ioe?uo aaethoiue n/ao oe?iu, oae iacuaaaiue
Ianii?o
Yenii?oiie Naeaeee, ninoaaeaiiue ia iniiaa aiaoiaoi?aiaiai
eiio?ae-
oa ( Eino?oeoeey OeA?O N19 e AOE ?O N01-20/10283 io 12
ieoya?y
1993 a.);
- ianoe ?ene e ?anoiaeu aei iiiaioa i?aaeinoaaeaiey oiaa?a a
?anii?y-
aeaiea iieoiaoaey a ianoa, onoaiiaeaiiii aaceniuie oneiaeyie
e a
n?ie, iaoneiaeaiiue a eiio?aeoa.
Iniiaiua iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea:
- i?eiyoue oiaa?, i?aaeinoaaeaiiue a aai ?anii?yaeaiea a ianoa
e a
n?ie, iaicia/aiiua a aeiaiai?a, eee aeieoiaiou ia oiaa? e
oiea-
oeoue oeaio oiaa?a a niioaaonoaee n eiio?aeoii;
- ianoe ana ?anoiaeu e ?enee, eioi?ui iiaeao iiaeaa?aaoueny
oiaa? n aea-
ou enoa/aiey n?iea iinoaaee;
- iieaoeoue oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu e iaeiae ii eiii?oo;
- iaania/eoue ia naie no?ao e ?ene iieo/aiea eiii?oiie
eeoeaicee eee
?ac?aoaiea ia aaic oiaa?a, anee yoi iaiaoiaeeii; a ?inee
eiii?oa?
i?aaeinoaaeyao a oiieiiii/aiiue aaie, aaaeouee aaethoiue n/ao
oe?iu,
Ianii?o Eiii?oiie Naeaeee, ninoaaeaiiue ia aaca
aiaoiaoi?aiaiai
eiio?aeoa ( Eino?oeoeey OeA?O N30 e AOE ?O N01-20/10538 io 26
ethey
1995 a.).
Aaceniua oneiaey au?aaioaiu ia iniiaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
oi?aiaie
i?aeoeee. Iie oi?iuatho iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n iinoaaeie oiaa?a.
Iauee
iiaeoiae e aaceniui oneiaeyi aue ii?aaeaeai Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
Oi?aiaie Iaea-
oie (ICC - International Chamber of Commerce) a ni?aai/ieea
oieeiaaiey
oa?ieiia - Eieioa?in (Incoterms). Yoio ni?aai/iee oa?ieiia
eniieuecoao-
ny a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea n ethey 1990 aiaea.
Auai? noi?iiaie aaceniuo oneiaee a eiio?aeoa ai iiiaii caaeneo
io
niiniaa ia?aaicee (iacaiiue, aiaeiue eee aicaeooiue).
?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua iniiaiua aa?eaiou aaceniuo oneiaee.
EXW - "EX WORKS" (ex factory, ex plantation, ect.)
"n caaiaea" (n i?aaei?eyoey, n ieaioaoeee e o.ae.)
Oneiaey "n caaiaea" icia/aao, /oi aaeeinoaaiiie iaycaiiinoueth
i?iaeaaoea
yaeyaony i?aaeinoaaeaiea oiaa?a ia aai i?aaei?eyoee, oae eae
iieoiaoaeue
ianao ana ?anoiaeu e ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii iia?ocea e aeinoaaea
oiaa?a aei
ioieoa iacia/aiey.
FOB - "FREE ON BOARD ..." (name port of shipment)
"o?aiei-ai?o ..." (iaeiaiiaaiea ii?oa iacia/aiey),
aaea "o?aiei" - ioieo iacia/aiey, ?ene ii aeinoaaea aei
eioi?iai
iieoiaoaeue ia ianao.
Oiaa? a?oceony i?iaeaaoeii. ?ene oo?aou eee iia?aaeaeaiey
oiaa?a ia?aoi-
aeeo io i?iaeaaoea ia iieoiaoaey a iiiaio ia?ana/aiey oiaa?ii
ii?o/iae
noaeia.
CIF - "COST, INSUARANCE AND FREIGHT ..." (named port of
destination)
"noieiinoue no?aoiaaiea e o?aoo ..." (iaeiaiiaaiea ianoa
iacia-
/aiey)
Yoe oneiaey eniieuecothony aeey ii?neiai e iacaiiiai
o?ainii?oa.
A aeaiiii neo/aa i?iaeaaaoe iaycai iieaoeoue o?aoo e ?anoiaeu,
iaiaoiaeeiua
aeey aeinoaaee oiaa?a a iieiaiiaaiiue ii?o iacia/aiey, iethn
iaania/eoue
no?aoiaaiea ?enea oo?aou i?e ii?neie ia?aaicea. ?ene e ethaia
oaaee/a-
iea ?anoiaeia ia?aoiaeyo e iieoiaoaeth a iiiaio ia?ana/aiey
oiaa?ii ii-
?o/iae noaeia a ii?oo iia?ocee.
DAF - "DELIVERED AT FRONTIER ..." (named place of delivery at
frontier)
"iinoaaea aei a?aieoeu ..." (iacaaiea ianoa iinoaaee ia
a?aieoea)
Yoe oneiaey icia/atho, /oi iaycaoaeuenoaa i?iaeaaoea n/eoathoy
auiieiai-
iuie, eiaaea oiaa? i?eaue ia iia?aie/ioth noaioeeth, ii aei
ia?ana/aiey ei
oaiiaeaiiie a?aieoeu no?aiu, oeacaiiie a aeiaiai?a. Aeaiiiio
oneiaeth ioaea-
aony i?aaeii/oaiea i?e iinoaaeao a?oca aaoio?ainii?oii eee ii
aeaeaciie
aei?iaa.
DDP - "DELIVERED ... DUTY PAID" (named place of destination in
the
counrty of importation)
"iinoaaea ... n iieaoie iioeeiu" (iacaaiea ianoa
iaca/aiey a
no?aia aaica"
Icia/aao iaeneiaeueiua iaycaoaeuenoaa i?iaeaaoea, oae eae ana
?anoiaeu e
?enee ii aeinoaaea oiaa?a aei ianoa iacia/aiey a no?aia
iieoiaoaey ianao
i?iaeaaaoe.
Oaeea oneiaey, eae EXW e DDP i?aaeoniao?eaatho iaeneiaeueioth
ioaao-
noaaiiinoue ii iinoaaea oiaa?a ni noi?iiu iieoiaoaey a iaeiii
neo/aa, e
i?iaeaaoea a ae?oaii. Yoi aeaa eae au i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo oneiaey,
eioi?ua
ia anaaaea oaeiaiu iaeiie ec noi?ii, iiyoiio a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
i?aeoeea
i?aaeii/oeoaeueii eniieuecothony oneiaey, ?acaeaeythuea ?ene
iinoaaee,
oi anoue i?iiaaeooi/iua iaaeaeo EXW e DDP.
E) Oiaeiaea e ia?ee?iaea.Ii?aaeaeaiea aeaea oiaeiaee caaeneo io
ini-
aaiiinoae oiaa?a. Ea/anoai oiaeiaee ii?aaeaeyaony
niioaaonoaothueie
noaiaea?oaie, oaoie/aneeie oneiaeyie e ia?a/eneaieai o?aaiaaiee.
Noieiinoue oiaeiaee /aua aeeth/aaony a oeaio oiaa?a. Ia?ee?iaea
a?oca -
yoi nii?iaiaeeoaeueiay eioi?iaoeey, niaea?aeauay ?aeaeceou
eiii?oa?a, ii-
ia? eiio?aeoa, iiia? ianoa, /enei iano a ia?oee e i?i/aa.
F) A oneiaeyo o?ainii?oe?iaee iau/ii iaiaa?eaathony: ianoi
iia?ocee
(aua?ocee) oiaa?a; ioieo ia?aaaeee, ia?aaea/e a?oca; ii?yaeie
ia?aaea/e
eioi?iaoeee i iia?ocea e ii?aaeaeaiea aioiaiinoe o?ainii?oa e
ioi?aaea.
Iaiaa?eaaaony oaeaea i?a/aiue o?aaoaiuo i?e o?ainii?oe?iaea
aeieoiaioia,
oaeeo eae: eiiinaiaio eee iaeeaaeiay, n/ao-oaeoo?a, no?aoiaua
aeieoiaiou.
G) Naea/a-i?eaiea oiaa?a aeaao iieoiaoaeth aiciiaeiinoue
?anii?yaeaoueny
oiaa?ii, a i?iaeaaaoe n/eoaaony auiieieaoei naie iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Ii eiee/anoao naea/a-i?eaiea inouanoaeyaony iooai ia?an/aoa,
eeai
acaaoeaaiey oiaa?a e caiene a niioaaonoaothueo aeieoiaioao.
Ii ea/anoao naea/a-i?eaiea oiaa?a i?iecaiaeeony eeai ia
iniiaaiee
aeieoiaioa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaai niioaaonoaea ea/anoaa oneiaeyi
eiio?aeoa,
eeai i?iaa?eie ea/anoaa oaeoe/anee iinoaaeaiiiai oiaa?a a ianoa
i?e-
aiee. Ianoi i?eaiee iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny eae a no?aia iieoiaoaey,
oae e a
no?aia i?iaeaaoea.
A oneiaeyo naea/e-i?eaiee onoaiaaeeaathony oaeaea i?aaa e
iaycaiiinoe
noi?ii a neo/aa ianiioaaonoaey ea/anoaa iinoaaeaiiiai oiaa?a
oneiaeyi
aeiaiai?a (neeaeee, caiaia, ono?aiaiea aeaoaeoa e o.ae.).
H) Oeaia oiaa?a - ianiiiaiii iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo ioieoia
aiaoiaoi?aiai-
ai eiio?aeoa. A eiio?aeoa oeacuaathony: aaeeieoea ecia?aiey, ca
eioi?oth
onoaiaaeeaaaony oeaia, aacen oeaiu, aaethoa oeaiu.
Auai? aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey caaeneo io aeaea oiaa?a, iai?eia?,
oeaia ca
oooeo, ca aaniaoth aaeeieoeo e ae?.
Noi?iiu iaiaa?eaatho, eae iiieiaaony onoaiiaeaiiay oeaia, oi
anoue
aoiaeyo ee a iaa ?anoiaeu, naycaiiua n ioi?aeaie a?oca, ca oa?o,
oiaeia-
eo, ia?ee?iaeo.
Oeaia iiaeao auoue au?aaeaia a aaethoa no?aiu yenii?oa?a,
eiii?oa?a eee
a aaethoa o?aoueae no?aiu. Auai? aaethou oeaiu i/aiue aaaeai.
?aeiiaiaeoaony
auae?aoue aeey yoiai iaeaieaa iaaeaaeioth ec "oaa?aeuo" aaetho
(eae DEM eee
USD), /oiau naanoe e ieieioio aaethoiue ?ene. Oeaia ia oiaa?
iiaeao auoue
onoaiiaeaia oaa?aei, ia i?aaeoniao?eaay eaeeo-eeai eciaiaiee, ii
iiaeii
iaiai?eoue e aiciiaeiinoue eciaiaiey oeaiu ia neo/ae eciaiaiey
?uii/iuo
oeai ia yoio oiaa?. Oeaiu a eiio?aeoa iiaoo aiiaua ia
oeacuaaoueny,
a oeene?iaaoueny eeoue ia?aae iinoaaeie eiie?aoiie ia?oee oiaa?a.
Oeaiiaie iieacaoaeue ai-iiiaii caaeneo io no?aoaaee i?iaeaaoea,
eioi?ay
iiaeao iiae/eiyoueny neaaeothuei aiciiaeiui oeaeyi:
- no?aoaaey aunieie oeaiu, anee i?aaeeaaaaony iiaue oiaa?, n
iinea-
aeothuei nieaeaieai oeaiu ii ia?a caiaaeeaiey oaiiia nauoa;
- no?aoaaey caaiaaaiey iiaiai ?uiea, iooai i?eaea/aiey eae
iiaeii
aieueoaai /enea iieoiaoaeae a?aiaiii ieceie oeaiie.
I) I?e ii?aaeaeaiee oneiaee ieaoaaea a eiio?aeoa
onoaiaaeeaathony: aa-
ethoa ieaoaaea, n?ie ieaoaaea, niinia ieaoaaea e oi?ia ?an/aoia.
Iieaoa oiaa?a oaeaea iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny a aaethoa no?aiu
yenii?oa?a,
eiii?oa?a eee a aaethoa o?aoueae no?aiu. Aaethoa ieaoaaea iiaeao
ia niaia-
aeaoue n aaethoie oeaiu oiaa?a. A yoii neo/aa, a eiio?aeoa
o?aaoaony oea-
caoue eo?n, ii eioi?iio aaethoa oeaiu aoaeao ia?aaaaeaia a
aaethoo ieaoaaea.
Oaeei eo?nii iiaeao auoue eo?n Oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea ia aeaiue
ieaoaaea eee
n?aaeiee eo?n ca ia?eiae.
Io auai?a aaethou ieaoaaea, eae e aaethou oeaiu, ai-iiiaii
caaeneo yo-
oaeoeaiinoue naeaeee. Ieaoaaeiua oneiaey eiio?aeoia n
ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia-
?aie niaea?aeao, eae i?aaeei, ?acee/iua aaethoiua iaiai?ee,
iai?aaeaiiua
ia ieieieceoeeth ?eneia aaethoiuo iioa?ue.
Niinia ieaoaaea ii?aaeaeyao eiaaea i?iecaiaeeony iieaoa oiaa?a
ii io-
iioaieth e iinoaaea.
Oi?ia ?an/aoia onoaiaaeeaaao noaio e iaoaieci inouanoaeaiey
naiiai
ieaoaaea.
A eiio?aeoa onoaiaaeeaathony eiie?aoiua n?iee ieaoaaea.
Oeacaiea yoiai
oneiaey niaeanii ?inneeneiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao yaeyaony
iaycaoaeueiui.
E?iia oiai, ieaoaaeiua oneiaey eiio?aeoa niaea?aeao iieiaeaiea i
ii?yaeea
ioianaiey eiiennee e ?anoiaeia, aicieeathueo ia yoaia i?iaaaeaiea
?an/a-
oia /a?ac aaiee.
J) No?aoiaaiea - aeia?iaieueiue aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio
no?aoiauee ia
oneiaee iieo/aiey no?aoiaie i?aiee, anee i?iecieaeao no?aoiaie
neo/ae,
i?aaeoniio?aiiue a yoii aeiaiai?a, iaycoaony auiea/eaaoue
eiino?aiiiio
eee ianoiiio no?aoiaaoaeth ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio ca iinoaaeyaiue
oiaa?.
A caaeneiinoe io oneiaee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai eiio?aeoa,
iaycaiiinoue
no?aoiaaiey eaaeeo ia i?iaeaaoea, eeai ia iieoiaoaea. Anee aea a
aeiaiai?a
yoa iaycaiiinoue ia iaiai?aia, oi noi?iia, ia eioi?ie eaaeeo ?ene
neo-
/aeiie aeaaee oiaa?a a ia?eiae o?ainii?oe?iaee, naia
caeioa?aniaaia a
aai no?aoiaaiee.
A oii neo/aa, eiaaea no?aoiaaoue iaycai i?iaeaaaoe, ii aeieaeai
i?aaeinoa-
aeoue iieoiaoaeth no?aoiaie iieen eee na?oeoeeao, eae iaeei ec
aeieoiaioia
e iieaoa.
K) Aa?aioee e ?aeeaiaoeee. Noi?iiu niaeaniauaatho aa?aioeeiue
n?ie oi-
aa?a, iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea a oa/aiea aa?aioeeiiai ia?eiaea,
ii?yaeie
i?aaeuyaeaiey i?aoaicee e oaeiaeaoai?aiey ?aeeaiaoeee
(ienueiaiiuo i?a-
oaicee a ioiioaiee ea/anoaa oiaa?ia).
Aa?aioeeiue ia?eiae iiaeao en/eneyoueny n ?acee/iuo aeao: n
aeaou iinoaa-
ee oiaa?a, n aeaou ia?aaea/e oiaa?ia ia?aiio iio?aaeoaeth, n
aeaou ionea
iai?oaeiaaiey a yenieoaoaoeeth. A eiio?aeoa oeacuaaaony: /ueeie
neeaie ao-
aeao i?iecaiaeeoueny ono?aiaiea aeaoaeoa, ii a ethaii neo/aa iii
aeieaeii
i?iecaiaeeoueny ca n/ao i?iaeaaoea.
?aeeaiaoeey niaea?aeeo iaeiaiiaaiea ?aeeaiaoeeiiiiai oiaa?a,
aai eiee-
/anoai e ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea, iniiaaiea ?aeeaiaoeee n oeacaieai ii
eaeei
eiaiii iaaeinoaoeai iia iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeaia, eiie?aoiua
o?aaiaaiey
iieoiaoaey ii o?aaoee?iaaieth ?aeeaiaoeee. ?aeeaiaoeey iinueaaony
ca-
eaciui ienueiii n i?eeiaeaieai anao iaiaoiaeeiuo aeieacaoaeueiuo
aeieoiai-
oia.
L) N iiiiuueth oo?aoiuo naieoeee iieoiaoaeue eee i?iaeaaaoe
no?aiyony
iiauneoue ioaaonoaaiiinoue ae?oaie noi?iiu ca eniieiaiea naieo
iayca-
oaeuenoa e eiiiaine?iaaoue naie aiciiaeiua iioa?e. Iau/ii noi?iiu
ca?aiaa
niaeaniauaatho a iaiai?ea i oo?aoao e iaonoieeao eiie?aoioth
noiio eee
i?ioeaio io noiiu eiio?aeoa ca eaaeiue aeaiue i?in?i/ee ieaoaaea
eee ii-
noaaee.
M) Iiae oi?n-iaaea?ii iiieiathony ianoiyoaeuenoaa iai?aiaieeiie
neeu,
oi anoue oa, eioi?ua ia caaenyo io aeaeaiey noi?ii, ii eioi?ua
aeaeatho
iaaiciiaeiui eniieiaiea eie eee iaeiie ec ieo acyouo ia naay
iayca-
oaeuenoa. E ianoiyoaeuenoaai iai?aiaeieeiie neeu ioiinyony:
iiaea?,
noeoeeiua aaaenoaey, aiaiiua aeaenoaey, cai?auaiea yenii?oa eee
eiii?oa.
N?ie eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a ioiaeaeaaaony ni?acia?ii a?aiaie, a
oa/aiea
eioi?iai aoaeoo aeaenoaiaaoue yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa eee eo
iineaaenoaey. Anee
oi?n-iaaei?iua ianoiyoaeuenoaa i?iaeieaeathony aeieueoa
niaeaniaaiiiai n?iea,
oi eiio?aeo iiaeao auoue ?anoi?aioo.
N) A?aeo?aae - yoi ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey nii?ia. Yoio ii?yaeie
aeieaeai
oeacuaaoueny a oaenoa aeiaiai?a aianoa n iaeiaiiaaieai
a?aeo?aaeiie i?aa-
iecaoeee, a eioi?ie iiaeeaaeao e ?anniio?aieth ana nii?u,
aicieeathuea ii
iiaiaeo eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a.
Iiieii oeacaiiuo auoa iniiaiuo ioieoia, aiaoiaoi?aiaua
eiio?aeou
/anoi niaea?aeao ioieo "I?i/ea oneiaey", eioi?ue niaea?aeeo,
iai?eia?, aei-
aiai?aiiinoe noi?ii i cai?auaiee ia?aonooiee i?aa eee
ia?ai?iaeaaee oi-
aa?ia. Oai aea iiaeao oeacuaaoueny e ii?yaeie aianaiey eciaiaiee
a oaeno
aeiaiai?a.
A eiioea oaenoa aeiaiai?a aeaeaaony caienue i eiee/anoaa
iiaeienaiiuo
yecaiiey?ia, i?eaiaeyony th?eaee/aneea aae?ana e iiaeiene noi?ii.
Oaeei ia?acii, niaethaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaee a ninoaaeaiee
aiaoia-
oi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa aeaao aiciiaeiinoue o/anoue a aeieoiaioa ana
iaeaieaa
nouanoaaiiua aii?inu aiaoiaoi?aiauo ioiioaiee. A ?acoeueoaoa,
oneiaey
eiio?aeoa ii?aaeaeytho eiie?aoioth noaio acaeiiaeaenoaey oi?aiauo
ia?o-
ia?ia, oi anoue, n iaeiie noi?iiu - aeaeaeaiey oiaa?a, n ae?oaie
noi?iiu -
aeaeaeaiey aeaiaa. Iniiaie yoie noaiu yaeyaony iaoaieci
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
?an/aoia, ?aaoee?othuee nai i?ioeann oi?aiaee.
A nayce n yoei, ?anniio?aiea ?acee/iuo oneiaee e oi?i
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
?an/aoia iiaeieiaao aii?in ii?aaeaeaiey iaeaieaa auaiaeiuo
oneiaee
n oi/ee c?aiey oe?iu.
III. IIOEIECAOeEss ONEIAEE IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUO ?AN*AOIA.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue, eae iaoaieci
?aaoee?iaa-
iey ieaoaaeae ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei a ?acoeueoaoa
yeiiiie/anei-
ai acaeiiaeaenoaey oe?i ?acee/iuo ainoaea?noa. ?an/aou
i?iecaiaeyony aac-
iaee/iui iooai ia n/aoao aaieia, eioi?ua ea?atho aaaeiaeooth
?ieue a ne-
noaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia.
Ai a?aiy caeeth/aiey oi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa yenii?oa? e eiii?oa?
ii?aaea-
eytho oneiaey ?an/aoia, a eiaiii n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea e niinia
ieaoaaea.
A ea/anoaa n?aaenoa ieaoaaea ia naaiaeiy iiaeii auaeaeeoue:
- /aee (a ?inneeneie i?aeoeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia ii
oi?aiaui
naeaeeai ia eniieuecothony);
- o?aoou (ia?aaiaeiua aaenaey);
- aaieianeea oaeaeniua ia?aaiaeu;
- eino?oeoeee nenoaiu SWIFT (oieueei a aaieao, yaeythueony
o/anoieeaie
nenoaiu).
Iniiaiua niiniau ieaoaaea:
1. Aaainiaue ieaoaae;
2. Iieaoa iinea ioa?ocee;
3. Iieaoa iinea iieo/aiey oiaa?a (oi?aiaey ii ioe?uoiio n/aoo);
4. Aeieoiaioa?iue aee?aaeeoea;
5. Aeieoiaioa?iia eieanni.
Auai? niiniaa ieaoaaea - aaaeiay caaea/a, iineieueeo ii
ii?aaeaeyao noaio
aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e oiaa?a. Eaaeaeue ec niiniaia
ieaoaaea eiaao
naie i?aeiouanoaa e iiaeao auoue iaeaieaa auaiaeai eiio-eeai ec
ia?oia?ia.
1. Aaainiaue ieaoaae.
Iieo/aiea iieiie iieaou aaainii ia?aae ioa?oceie yaeyaony
iaeaieaa
aaciianiui aa?eaioii aeey yenii?oa?a. A yoii neo/aa yenii?oa? ia
iiae-
aa?aeai ?eneo ioeaca eiino?aiiiai iieoiaoaey io ieaoaaea ca
oiaa?.
Aaainiaue ieaoaae icia/aao oaeaea, /oi yenii?oa?, ia
i?aaeinoaaeyy iieo-
iaoaeth oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa, ia aeieaeai nai oeiaine?iaaoue yoo
i?iaeaaeo, oi
anoue aeeaaeuaaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a iai?ioiue eaieoae aeey
yenii?oiie
oi?aiaee.
I/aaeaeiui aea iaaeinoaoeii aaainiaiai ieaoaaea aeey iieoiaoaey
yaeyaony
iianiinoue oiai, /oi yenii?oa? ia auiieieo aeinoaaeo oiaa?a eee
iie ii-
nooiyo ia a iaaeeaaeauai ninoiyiee e ia a niioaaonoaee n
o?aaiaaieyie
niaoeeoeeaoeee. I?iecaiaey aaainiaue ieaoaae, iieoiaoaeue
oeiaine?oo i?iaea-
aeo ca iaeioi?ia a?aiy aei iinooieaiey oiaa?a a aai
?anii?yaeaiea. A oii
neo/aa, anee yenii?oa? ia auiieieo naiae /anoe iaycaoaeuenoa ii
eii-
o?aeoo, eiii?oa? niiaeao i?eiaieoue eeoue th?eaee/aneia
aicaeaenoaea /a?ac
noae, anee yoi ii?aaaeaao aai cao?aou a?aiaie oneeee e aeaiaa,
aaaeue no-
aeaaiue i?aai iiaeao, a oii /enea, iaoiaeeoueny a no?aia
yenii?oa?a eee
a o?aoueae no?aia.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea oe?iei eniieuecoaony /anoe/ia
i?aaeiieaoa,
i?e eioi?ie aoi?ay /anoue oeaiu oiaa?a iiea/eaaaony i?e iiiiue
eiiai
iaoiaea. Yoio aa?eaio iieo/ee ?ani?ino?aiaiea ianiio?y ia oi, /oi
ii
ioiioaieth e inoaoeo ieaoaaea yenii?oa? aeieaeai niaeaneoueny ia
iaeei ec
iaiaa aaciianiuo n aai oi/ee c?aiey niiniaia ieaoaaea.
2. Iieaoa iinea ioa?ocee.
A yoii neo/aa niaeanii eiio?aeoo i?iaeaaaoe iiea/eaaao oiaa?
oieueei
iinea oiai, eae aoaeao i?iecaaaeaia ioa?ocea. Ii yoie noaia
yenii?oa?
aeieaeai iineaoue oaeaa?aiio eee oaeaen iieoiaoaeth, ecaauay aai
ia io-
a?ocea, e oeacaoue ana iiae?iaiinoe ioa?ocee. Iinea yoiai
i?iaeaaaoe iaee-
aeaao iaiaaeeaiiiai auiieiaiea ieaoaaea iieoiaoaeai. Anee
eiii?oa? ia
auiieieo ieaoaae iinea ioa?ocee, oi yenii?oa? ana aua eiaao i?aai
nianoaaiiinoe ia oiaa?, iineieueeo aea?aeeo o naay aeieoiaiou ia
i?aai
nianoaaiiinoe.
Aeey eiii?oa?a aeaiiue niinia ianeieueei aaciianiaa aaainiaiai
ieaoaaea.
Aeey yenii?oa?a aea aicieeaao aii?in i oii, /oi aeaeaoue ia ianoa
iacia/a-
iey n oiaa?ii a neo/aa ioeaca io iieaou, aaaeue oiaa? oaea a
iooe.
3. Iieaoa iinea iieo/aiey oiaa?a (oi?aiaey ii ioe?uoiio n/aoo).
Aeaiiue niinia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?iaeaaeo a e?aaeeo, i?e
eioi?ie o
yenii?oa?a iao ieeaeie aa?aioee, /oi iieoiaoaeue ?ann/eoaaony ni
naiei
aeieaii a i?aaeoniio?aiiua n?iee.
Yenii?oa? ioi?aaeyao oiaa? iieoiaoaeth aianoa n ioa?oci/iuie
aeieoiai-
oaie, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ii oa?yao eiio?ieue iaae oiaa?ii, a oaeaea
naia th?e-
aee/aneia i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia iaai. I?e yoii eiii?oa?, aeaaay
niaeanea
iieaoeoue oiaa?u a iaiai?aiiue n?ie a aoaeouai, iiaeao
?anii?yaeaoueny oi-
aa?aie ii naiaio oniio?aieth.
A ioee/ea io aaainiaiai ieaoaaea, iieaoa iinea iieo/aiey
oiaa?ia iaa-
nia/eaaao yenii?oa?o iaeiaiueooth noaiaiue aaciianiinoe,
eiii?oa?o aea ia-
iai?io - iaeaieueooth noaiaiue naiaiaeu.
Aeaiiue niinia ?an/aoia i?aaeiieaaaao aieueoia aeiaa?ea e
eiii?oa?o, ei-
oi?ia aicieeaao, eae i?aaeei, a i?ioeanna ?aaoey?iuo aeaeiauo
ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo oi?aiauie ia?oia?aie.
Neaaeothuea aeaa niiniaa ieaoaaea, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea
eniieuecaaaiea nia-
oeeaeueiuo aaieianeeo i?ioeaaeo?, - aeieoiaioa?iue aee?aaeeoea e
aeieoiaioa?-
iia eieanni. Yoe niiniau eiatho iniaia cia/aiea a ieaia
aaciianiinoe
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia, eae aa?aioee iieo/aiey ieaoaaea ca
oiaa?,
a oaeaea iieo/aiey oiaa?a.
4. Aeieoiaioa?iue aee?aaeeoea.
Aeiey aee?aaeeoeaiie oi?iu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoao
cia/eoaeueii ne?ii-
iaa ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie oi?iaie, iaeiaei, eiaiii aee?aaeeoea
iaeaieaa
iieii iaania/eaaao naiaa?aiaiiinoue iieo/aiey yenii?oiie au?o/ee,
oi
anoue iaeneiaeueii ioaa/aao eioa?anai yenii?oa?a.
Eniieueciaaiea aee?aaeeoeaia a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoao
?aaoee?oaony
niaoeeaeueiui aeieoiaioii - "Oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea e iau/ae
aeey aeieo-
iaioa?iuo aee?aaeeoeaia", eioi?ue ?ac?aaioai Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
Oi?aiaie Ia-
eaoie (ICC). Yoe i?aaeea ia?eiaee/anee aeiiieiythony e
eciaiythony enoiaey
ec oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee e ?an/aoia. A
ianoiyuaa
a?aiy aeaenoaoa ?aaeaeoeey I?aaee io 1993 a.
Aeieoiaioa?iue aee?aaeeoea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaiaaeiia
iaycaoaeuenoai
aaiea, aunoaaeyaiia ia iniiaaiee ii?o/aiey aai eeeaioa -
eiii?oa?a,
a iieueco yenii?oa?a. Aaie, auaeathuee iaycaoaeuenoai, aeieaeai
i?iecaanoe
ieaoaae yenii?oa?o eee iaania/eoue inouanoaeaiea ieaoaaea ae?oaei
aaieii.
(O?aooa - aeieoiaio, niaea?aeauee i?eeac i?iaeaaoea (yenii?oa?a)
iieoiaoaeth
(eiii?oa?o) i?iecaanoe ieaoaae ii?aaeaeaiiie noiiu a oeacaiiue
n?ie).
Iaycaoaeuenoai aaiea yaeyaony oneiaiui, oae eae aai ?aaeecaoeey
naycaia
n auiieiaieai yenii?oa?ii ii?aaeaeaiiiai o?aaiaaiey -
i?aaeuyaeaiey a
aaie i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aee?aaeeoeaii aeieoiaioia,
iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo auiieia-
iea anao oneiaee aee?aaeeoeaa.
Niaeanii Oieoeoee?iaaiiui i?aaeeai, a eaaeaeii aee?aaeeoeaa
aeieaeai auoue
/aoei iaiai?ai niinia aai eniieiaiey iooai: ieaoaaea ii
i?aaeuyaeaiee
aeieoiaioia; iooai ieaoaaea n ?ann?i/eie ii i?aaeuyaeaiee
aeieoiaioia;
iaaioeeaoeee (iieoiee) o?aoo aaiaoeoeea?a (iieo/aoaey ieaoaaea).
Ai anao eino?oeoeeyo a eiio?aeoa ii ioe?uoeth aee?aaeeoeaa eee
eciaia-
ieth aai oneiaee aeieaeai auoue oeacai /aoeee ia?a/aiue
aeieoiaioia, i?ioea
eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeony ieaoaae n aee?aaeeoeaa.
Io aaieoeoeea?a (yenii?oa?a) ii oneiaeyi aee?aaeeoeaa iiaeao
o?aaiaaoue-
ny i?aaeinoaaeaiea oaeeo aeieoiaioia:
1) Eiiia?/aneee n/ao. Iaycaoaeueiue e ninoaaeaieth aeieoiaio,
niaea?aea-
uee eioi?iaoeeth ia oneiaeyo aee?aaeeoeaa, i ii?yaeea ioa?ocee e
i naiii
oiaa?a.
2) O?ainii?oiua aeieoiaiou. Iie auienuaathony a?ociia?aaic/eeii
a oaei-
noiaa?aiea oiai, /oi oiaa? i?eiyo ei e ia?aaicea. A ea/anoaa
o?ain-
ii?oiuo aeieoiaioia aunooiatho: i?e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo ia?aaiceao
- aeaeac-
iiaei?iaeiay iaeeaaeiay; i?e aaeaia?aaiceao - aaeaiaeeaaeiay; i?e
aaoiaei-
?iaeiuo - aaoiaei?iaeiay iaeeaaeiay; i?e ii?neeo - eiiinaiaio.
3) Eiiia?/aneea aeieoiaiou. E eo /eneo ioiinyony aeieoiaiou,
aeathuea
ea/anoaaiioth e eiee/anoaaiioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo oiaa?a.
Eiiia?/aneeie
aeieoiaioaie yaeythony: niaoeeoeeaoeey, oiaeiai/iue eeno,
na?oeoeeao ea-
/anoaa, naeaeaoaeuenoai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, no?aoiaie iieen e
iaeioi?ua ae?o-
aea aeieoiaiou.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua aeaeu aee?aaeeoeaia, iai?eia?:
- iocuaiue e aaciocuaiue;
- iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiue e iaiiaeoaa?aeaeaiiue;
- ?aaieueaa?iue (aiciaiiaeyaiue);
- iie?uoue e iaiie?uoue.
Iocuaiue aee?aaeeoea iiaeao auoue eciaiai eee aiioee?iaai
aaieii - yie-
oaioii a ethaie iiiaio aac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai oaaaeiieaiey
aaiaoeoeea?a.
A nayce n yoei, a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoao i?eiaiyaony oieueei
aaciocuaiue
aee?aaeeoea, eioi?ue, niioaaonoaaiii, ia iiaeao auoue aiioee?iaai
eee ec-
iaiai aac niaeaney anao caeioa?aniaaiiuo noi?ii.
Iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea aee?aaeeoeaa iiae?acoiaaaao aeiiieieoaeueioth
aa?aioeth iea-
oaaea ni noi?iiu ae?oaiai aaiea, ia yaeythuaainy aaieii -
yieoaioii.
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ioe?uoea eiino?aiiuie aaieaie (iai?eia?, ec
Ain-
oi/iie Aa?iiu) aee?aaeeoeaia a iieueco ?inneeneeo oe?i, ia aeaao
aaiaoe-
oeea?ai iieiie aa?aioee ieaoaaea. Iiyoiio, oeaeaniia?acii
aeiaeaaoueny
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey oaeeo yenii?oiuo aee?aaeeoeaia o?aoueeie aaieaie
- e?oi-
iuie eiino?aiiuie aaieaie ei??aniiiaeaioaie.
A ?an/aoao ii eiii?oo iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea ii aee?aaeeoeaai
?inneeneeo aai-
eia ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo aaieia ia oieueei aeaeaoaeueii, ii e
iiae/an
iaecaaaeii, iineieueeo /anoi oieueei n iiiiuueth ia?aieeanniiai
ca?oaaaeii-
ai aaiea iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi aeiaa?ea ca?oaaaeiiai
yenii?oa?a e eiii?-
oa?o a ?innee e aai aaieo.
?aaieueaa?iue aee?aaeeoea eniieuecoaony a ?an/aoao ca
iinoiyiiua e?ao-
iua iinoaaee, inouanoaeyaiua iau/ii ii a?aoeeo, caoeene?iaaiiiio
a
eiio?aeoa. I?aaeoniao?eaaaony aoaiiaoe/aneia ainnoaiiaeaiea noiiu
ae-
e?aaeeoeaa /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie ii ia?a
eniieueciaaiey
eee ainnoaiiaeaiea aee?aaeeoeaa aei ia?aiia/aeueiie noiiu iinea
eaaeaeiai
eniieueciaaiey.
Iie?uoea aee?aaeeoeaa iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a e?aaeeoiaaiee n/aoa
eniieiyth-
uaai aaiea a aaiea - yieoaioa eee i?aaeinoaaeaiee eniieiythuaio
aaieo
i?aai aeaaaoiaaiey aaaeouaainy o iaai n/aoa aaiea - yieoaioa ia
noiio
aee?aaeeoeaa.
Aee?aaeeoeaiay oi?ia ?an/aoia iaeaieaa auaiaeia yenii?oa?o, oae
eae
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oaa?aeia e iaaeaaeiia iaania/aiea ieaoaaea.
Inouano-
aeaiea ieaoaaea ii aee?aaeeoeao ia naycaii n niaeaneai iieoiaoaey
ia
iieaoo oiaa?a. E?iia oiai, yenii?oa? eiaao aiciiaeiinoue
iieo/eoue iea-
oaae ii aee?aaeeoeao iaeneiaeueii auno?i, /anoi aei i?eauoey
oiaa?a
a ioieo iacia/aiey.
N oi/ee c?aiey eiii?oa?a aee?aaeeoea oaeiaai oai, /oi iiaeii
auoue oaa-
?aiiui, /oi iieaoeoue oiaa? iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao eeoue a oii
neo/aa, anee
i?aaeinoaaeaiiua yenii?oa?ii aeieoiaiou niaiaaeatho ai anao
ioiioaieyo n
oneiaeyie aee?aaeeoeaa.
I?e caeeth/aiee eiii?oiuo eiio?aeoia, i?aaeoniao?eaathueo
i?iaaaeaiea
?an/aoia ii aee?aaeeoeaai, aeey eiii?oa?a aaciianiaa
iaiaa?eaaoue a
eiio?aeoa ioe?uoea aee?aaeeoeaa oieueei ia noiio eiie?aoiie
iinoaaee,
e aeiaeaaoueny i?iaaaeaiey ieii/aoaeueiuo ?an/aoia aaieianeei
ia?aaiaeii
n iieaoie iinea iinoaaee iinea eiee/anoaaiiie e ea/anoaaiiie
i?eaiee
oiaa?a.
A oi aea a?aiy aee?aaeeoea n/eoaaony iaeaieaa neiaeiie oi?iie
?an/aoia
iniaaiii aeey yenii?oa?a, iineieueeo iieo/aiea ieaoaaea naycaii n
i?a-
aeeueiui ioi?ieaieai aeieoiaioia e naiaa?aiaiiui i?aaeinoaaeaieai
eo a
aaie. I?aaeuyaeyy aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey e ioi?ieaieth aeieoiaioia n
oi/ee
c?aiey niioaaonoaey eo oneiaeyi aee?aaeeoeaa, aaiee caueuatho
eioa?anu
eiii?oa?ia, oae eae aeaenoaotho ia iniiaaiee eo eino?oeoeee.
Iniiaiuie iaaeinoaoeaie aee?aaeeoeaiie oi?iu ?an/aoia aeey
eiio?aaaioia
yaeythony, ai-ia?auo, ii?aaeaeaiiay caaea?aeea i?iaaaa
aeieoiaioia /a?ac
aaiee e, ai-aoi?uo, aunieay noieiinoue aee?aaeeoeaa. Ca
i?iaaaeaiea iia-
?aoeee (ioe?uoea, aaeciaaiea, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea, i?eai e i?iaa?eo
aeieoiai-
oia ii aee?aaeeoeao) aaiee aceiatho eiienneth a caaeneiinoe io
noiiu ae-
e?aaeeoeaa. Iiyoiio i?e ioe?uoee aee?aaeeoeaa aai i?eeaciaeaoaeue
aeieaeai
/aoei oeacaoue, ca /ae n/ao niaeanii eiio?aeoo aeieaeiu auoue
iiea/aiu oa
eee eiua ?anoiaeu ii aee?aaeeoeao - ca n/ao i?eeaciaeaoaey eee ca
n/ao
aaiaoeoeea?a. Iau/ii a iaaeaeo?a?iaeiie oi?aiaea eniieuecoaony
i?aeoeea
?acaeaeaiey aaieianeeo ?anoiaeia iaaeaeo ia?oia?aie, eaaeaeue ec
eioi?uo
iiea/eaaao aaieianeea eiiennee ia oa??eoi?ee naiae no?aiu.
5. Aeieoiaioa?iia eieanni.
Eieanni iiaeii oi?iuaiii ii?aaeaeeoue eae ii?o/aiea yenii?oa?a
naiaio
aaieo iieo/eoue io eiii?oa?a /a?ac ae?oaie aaie ii?aaeaeaiioth
noiio eee
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea (a oi?ia aeoeaioa eiii?oa?ii o?aoou, auienaiiie
yenii?-
oa?ii ia iaai) oiai, /oi yoa noiia aoaeao auiea/aia a
onoaiiaeaiiua
n?iee.
I?eiaiaiea eieanniaie oi?iu ?an/aoia ?aaoee?aoony niaoeeaeueiui
aeieo-
iaioii - "Oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea ii eieanni", eioi?ue
?ac?aaioai
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie Oi?aiaie Iaeaoie (ICC). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
aeaenoaoao ?a-
aeaeoeey I?aaee 1978 a.
Niaeanii Oieoeoee?iaaiiui i?aaeeei, eieanni icia/aao iia?aoeeth
n aeieo-
iaioaie, inouanoaeyaioth aaieii ia iniiaaiee iieo/aiiuo
eino?oeoeee,
a oeaeyo:
- iieo/aiey aeoeaioa eee ieaoaaea;
- auaea/e aeieoiaioia i?ioea aeoeaioa eee ieaoaaea.
Aeieoiaiou, n eioi?uie i?iecaiaeyony iia?aoeee ii eieanni
?acaea-
eythony ia aeaa a?oiiu: oeiainiaua aeieoiaiou (ia?aaiaeiua e
i?inoua
aaenaey, /aee e ae?oaea aeieoiaiou, eniieuecoaiua aeey iieo/aiey
ieaoaaea
aeaiueaaie) e eiiia?/aneea aeieoiaiou.
?an/aou ca oiaa?u a oi?ia eieanni, niaeanii eiio?aeoo iiaoo
o?aai-
aaoue ioi?ieaiey neaaeothueo eiiia?/aneeo aeieoiaioia:
- n/ao-oaeoo?a, eioi?ay auienuaaaony yenii?oa?ii e niaea?aeeo
eioi?i-
aoeeth i oiaa?a;
- ioa?oci/iua aeieoiaiou;
- no?aoiaua iieenu;
- na?oeoeeaou, niaoeeoeeaoeee, naeaeaoaeuenoaa, ii?aaeaeythuea
eiee/anoai
e ea/anoai oiaa?a.
Oaeei ia?acii, eieanni eiiia?/aneeo aeieoiaioia, eiiaaea
nii?iaiaeaeaa-
iuo oeiainiauie aeieoiaioaie, eee eieanni oieueei eiiia?/aneeo
aeieoiai-
oia e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeieoiaioa?iia eieanni.
Eieanniaay oi?ia ?an/aoia a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie auaiaeia
yenii?oa?o
oai, /oi aaiee caueuatho aai i?aai ia oiaa? aei iiiaioa iieaou
aeieoiai-
oia eee aeoeaioa o?aoo (ienueiaiiiai niaeaney ia iieaoo o?aoou).
I?aai
ia oiaa? eiii?oa?o aeatho oiaa?i?anii?yaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou, ai
aeaaeaiea
eioi?uie ii anooiaao iinea eo iieaou (aeoeaioa o?aoo), anee
yenii?oa?
ia aeae aaieai ?anii?yaeaiey i auaea/a aeieoiaioia aac iieaou.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea aaciiaeiu aeaa aa?eaioa iieaou
eieanniauo
aeieoiaioia:
- eieanni n iaiaaeeaiiui ieaoaaeai (aeieoiaiou i?ioea
ieaoaaea);
- eieanni ia oneiaeyo ion?i/ee ieaoaaea (aeieoiaiou i?ioea
aeoeaioa).
A neo/aa eniieueciaaiey eieanni a ?an/aoao, yenii?oa?o
iaiaoiaeeii aei-
aeaaoueny, aaea yoi aiciiaeii, i?eiaiaiey eieanni n ieaoaaeai
i?ioea oa-
eaena oiieiiii/aiiiai aaiea, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaai aunoaaeaiea
aeieoiaioia ia
eieanni.
Eiii?oa?o aea i?e eieanniaie oi?ia ?an/aoia neaaeoao no?aieouey
e aa?e-
aioo iieaou aeieoiaioia i?ioea aeoeaioa n iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiie
ion?i/-
eie ieaoaaea.
Aei ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea ii eieanni eiii?oa? ai?aaa
iciaeiieoueny
a aaiea n eieanniauie aeieoiaioaie. Iaeiaei, yoe aeieoiaiou
inoathony a
?anii?yaeaiee aaiea aei iiiaioa eo iieaou (aeoeaioa o?aoo) e a
neo/aa
iaiieaou aica?auathony aaieo yenii?oa?a n oeacaieai i?e/ei
iaiieaou
(iaaeoeaioa). Oai ia iaiaa, yoi i?aeiouanoai ia anaaaea
?aaeecoaony ia
i?aeoeea. Oae, eiii?oa? iiaeao iieo/eoue oiaa? (iai?eia?, ii
iaeiiio ec
i?eaeiaeia eiiinaiaioa, auneaiiiio yenii?oa?ii aianoa n oiaa?ii)
e iiiaioo i?aaenoaaeaiey aio aeieoiaioia. Oiaaea iiauoaaony ?ene
ia-
iainiiaaiiie caaea?aeee ieaoaaea iieoiaoaeai.
Eieanniaay oi?ia ?a/naoia iniaaiii auaiaeia eiii?oa?o,
iineieueeo iia
iiae?acoiaaaao iieaoo aeaenoaeoaeueii iinoaaeaiiiai oiaa?a, a
?anoiaeu ii
i?iaaaeaieth eieanniaie iia?aoeee ioiineoaeueii iaaaeeee.
?an/aou a oi?ia eieanni iicaieytho aaieai inouanoaeyoue
eiio?ieue ca
naiaa?aiaiiinoueth inouanoaeaiey ieaoaaeae. oioy aaiee ia eiatho
?aaeue-
iuo ?u/aaia aicaeaenoaey ia eiii?oa?a n oeaeueth onei?aiey iieaou
eee ae-
oeaioa aeieoiaioia.
Iniiaiui iaaeinoaoeii eieanniaie oi?iu ?an/aoia yaeyaony
aeeeoaeueiinoue
i?iaaaa aeieoiaioia /a?ac aaiee e, niioaaonoaaiii, ia?eiaea eo
iieao,
eioi?ue iiaeao caieiaoue io ianeieueeeo iaaeaeue aei ianyoea e
aieaa. E?iia
oiai, eiii?oa? ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io iieaou i?aaenoaaeaiiuo
aeieoiaioia.
A yoii neo/aa yenii?oa? iiianao ?anoiaeu, naycaiiua n o?aiaieai
a?oca,
i?iaeaaeae aai o?aoueaio eeoeo eee o?ainii?oe?iaeie ia?aoii a
naith no?aio.
A yoie nayce, a ?an/aoao ii eieanni iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny
?acee/iua
niiniau onei?aiey e iaania/aiey ieaoaaeae. A ?an/aoao,
i?aaeoniao?eaa-
thueo ion?i/eo ieaoaaea, eieanni aeieoiaioia /anoi
nii?iaiaeaeaaony aunoaa-
eaieai ii i?inueaa eiii?oa?a aaieianeie aa?aioee ieaoaaea a
iieueco yen-
ii?oa?a, iaania/eaathuae ieaoaae a neo/aa iaiieaou eiii?oa?ii
aeieoiai-
oia a iaoneiaeaiiua n?iee. Yenii?oa?o neaaeoao no?aieoueny e
iieo/aieth
aaieianeie aa?aioee ieaoaaea io eiii?oa?a, a oi a?aiy eae aeey
eiii?oa?a
ia?auaiea a aaie ca aa?aioeae naycaii n aeiiieieoaeueiuie
o?oaeiinoyie.
Caeeth/aiea.
I?e i?iaaaeaiee yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee iaiaoiaeeii
iiiieoue, /oi
niaethaeaiea aaethoiuo eioa?ania noi?ii a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
caaeneo
io i?aaeeueiiai auai?a oi?i e oneiaee ?an/aoia,
i?aaeoniao?eaaaiuo eii-
o?aeoii.
Auai? oi?i e oneiaee ?an/aoia i?e i?iaaaeaiee aiaoiaoi?aiauo
iia?aoeee
iaiaoiaeeii ioeaieaaoue n oi/ee c?aiey aiciiaeiinoe iaania/aiey
?inneeneei
yenii?oa?ai e eiii?oa?ai iaeaieueoae iaaeaaeiinoe eniieiaiey
eiio?aeoia,
caeeth/aaiuo n eiino?aiiuie eiio?aaaioaie, ieieiecaoeee ?eneia e
?anoi-
aeia. I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue iieiaeaiey
aeaenoaothueo iaaei?aae-
oaeuenoaaiiuo oi?aiauo e ieaoaaeiuo niaeaoaiee, aioo?aiiea
i?aaeea
oiieiiii/aiiuo aaieia e niaea?aeaiea eiio?aeoia ii yenii?oo e
eiii?oo.
N oi/ee c?aiey oe?iu, yoe oeacaiey iicaieytho ?aaoee?iaaoue
ioiioaiey
n oi?aiaui ia?oia?ii a i?ioeanna aeinoeaeaiey iaeaieaa
i?eaieaiie,
a cia/eo iaeaieaa auaiaeiie noaiu aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai
acaeiiaeaenoaey.
A oi aea a?aiy, n oi/ee c?aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaeae,
?acaeoea noa?u
yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee e iauai aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie
iaiin?aae-
noaaiii aeeytho ia ianuuaiiinoue ?inneeneiai oiaa?iiai ?uiea e
i?eoie
eiino?aiiie aaethou a no?aio.
AEAEEIA?AOEss.
1. Aaieiaeneia aeaei. Iiae ?aae. Eieanieeiaa A.E., E?ieeaaoeeiai
E.I.,
Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, I.: 1995 - 480 N.
2. Aoiueei A.A. Aaethoii-e?aaeeoiua iia?aoeee e ?an/aou ii
aiaoiaoi?aiaui
eiio?aeoai. IOeYIO, N.-I.: 1995.
3. Aaethoiue ii?ooaeue. "Niieioye", iiae ?aae. Ieaoiiiaie A.Ae.,
?oaeia TH.A.,
I.: 1995 - 618 N.
4. Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue. Iau.?aae. Eoiie N.E., AICO
"AA*A",
I.: 1994 -336 N.
5. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey: oeiainiaua iia?aoeee, no?aoiaaiea e
ae?oaea
oneoae. Ia?aaiae/ iiae ?aae. Aieueaa?oea I.A., Ai?iiiaie A.A.,
Oi?aiai-ecaeaoaeueneia ath?i BHV, Eeaa: 1994 - 480 N.
6. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoii-e?aaeeoiua e oeiainiaua ioiioaiey.
Iiae ?aae. E?anaaeiie E.I., Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, I.: 1994 -
592 N.
7. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou ii eiiia?/aneei iia?aoeeyi.
*anoue 1: Aee?aaeeoea. Ia?aaiae iiae ?aae. Iinei A.I.,
AI "Eiinaeoaaiee?", I.: 1994 - 120 N.
8. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou ii eiiia?/aneei iia?aoeeyi.
*anoue 2: Eieanni.Ia?aaiae. Ia?aaiae iiae ?aae. Iinei A.I.,
AI "Eiinaeoaaiee?", I.: 1994 - 80 N.
9. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou ii eiiia?/aneei iia?aoeeyi.
*anoue 3: Ii?aaeaeaiea iioeiaeueiuo oi?i e oneiaee ?an/aoia.
Oeiiaua oneiaey ieaoaaeae ii yenii?oo e eiii?oo. Aa?aioee.
Ia?aaiae iiae ?aae. Iinei A.I., AI "Eiinaeoaaiee?", I.: 1994 -
96 N.
10. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey. O/aaiia iiniaea.
Iiae ?aae. Noi?oiiae/a A.I., I.: 1995 - 216 N.
11. Oaeaoiaa I.O., Oaeaoia A.I. Aaethoiua ?an/aou e aooaaeoa?neee
o/ao aaethoiuo iia?aoeee. AI "Eioae-Neioac", I.: 1995 - 640 N.
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