Existential psychotherapy
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1. A. Wheelis, “The Place of Action in Personality Change,” Psychiatry (1950) 13:135—48.
2. A. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis,” Journal of Psychoanalytic Association (1956) 4:285—303.
4. Б. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vol. I (New York: Basic Books, 1953), p. 41.
5. S. Freud, cited in R. May, Love and Will (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 183.
6. May, Love and Will, p. 183.
7, S. Freud, The Ego and the Id. vol. XIX in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1961, originally published in 1923), p. 50.
8. May, Love and Will, p. 198.
9. Т. Hobbes, cited in H. Arendt, Willing, vol. II in The Life of Mind (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), p. 23.
10. В. Spinoza, The Chief Works, ed. R. H. Elwes, vol. II (New York: Dover, 1951), p. 390.
11. May, Love and Will, pp. 197—98.
12. Aristotle, cited in Arendt, Willing, pp. 15—18.
13. Arendt, Willing, p. 32.
14. I. Kant, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 6.
15. L. Farber, The Ways of the Will (New York: Basic Books, 1966), p. 27.
16. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis”.
17. S. Arieti, The Will to Be Human (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972), p. 2.
18. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis”.
19. Arendt, Willing, p. 15.
20. A. Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation (Indian Hills, Col.: Falcon’s Wing Press, 1958).
21. F. Nietzsche, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 161.
22. Aristotle, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 16.
23. Arendt, Willing, p. 13; and May, Love and Will, p. 243.
24. W. James, Psychology (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1963), pp. 376—80.
25. E. Becker, Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973).
26. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality trans. J. Taft, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945).
27. Ibid., p. 111.
28. Ibid., p. 24.
29. Ibid., p. 28.
30. O. Rank, “The Training of the Will and Emotional Development,” Journal of Otto Rank Associates, (December 1967) 3:51—74.
31. Ibid., p. 68.
32. Ibid., p. 68.
33. Ibid., p. 69.
34. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 230.
35. Ibid., p. 7.
36. Ibid., p. 9.
37. Ibid., p. 12.
38. Ibid., p. 8.
39. Ibid., p. 11.
40. S. Tomkins, cited in R. May, Love and Will (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 194.
41. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis”.
42. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 16.
43. Ibid, p. 56.
44. L. Farber, The Ways of the Will (New York: Basic Books, 1966).
45. Ibid., p. 8.
46. Ibid., p. 15.
47. May, Love and Will, p. 197.
48. Ibid., p. 211.
49. Ibid., p. 243.
50. Ibid., p. 211.
51. S. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, vol. V in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1953; originally published in 1900), pp. 565—70.
52. Ibid., pp. 550—572.
53. May, Love and Will, p. 210.
54. Ibid., p. 211.
55. Ibid., p. 218.
56. Ibid.
57. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 12.
58. H. Arendt, Willing. p. 158.
59. E. Keen, cited in May, Love and Will, p. 268.
60. May, Love and Will, p. 165.
61. J. Nemiah, “Alexithymia and Psychosomatic Illness”, Journal of Continuing Education and Psychiatry (October 1978) pp. 25—38.
62. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published, 1895).
63. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 77—79.
64. S. Rose, “Intense Feeling Therapy”, in Emotional Flooding, ed. P. Olsen (New York: Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 80—96.
65. Т. Stampfl and D. Lewis, “Essentials of Implosive Therapy”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 6:496—503.
66. A. Lowen, Bioenergetics (N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975).
67. P. Olsen, Emotional Flooding, p. 77.
68. A. Janov, The Primal Scream (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1970).
69. J. P. Sartre, The Age of Reason (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), p. 144.
70. I. Yalom, Bloch, et al, “The Impact of a Weekend Group Experience on Individual Therapy”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1977) 34:399—415.
71. D. Hamburg, oral communication, 1968.
72. F. Alexander and T. French, Psychoanalytic Theory: Principles and Applications (New York: Ronald Press, 1946).
73. F. Perls, The Gestalt Approach and Eye-Witness to Therapy (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1973), p. 63.
74. Ibid., pp. 63—64.
75. Ibid., p. 68.
76. Ibid., pp. 73—74.
77. Ibid., p. 78.
78. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (Toronto, New York and London: Bantam Books, 1971), p. 1.
79. E. Polster and M. Polster, Gestalt Therapy Integrated (New York: Brunner Mazel, 1973), p. 229.
80. May, Love and Will, p. 216.
81. J. Bugental, “Intentionality and Ambivalence”, in William James: Unfinished Business, ed. R. MacLeod (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1969), pp. 93—98.
82. Ibid.
83. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 158.
84. A. Camus, The Fall and Exile in the Kingdom (New York: Modern Library, 1965), p. 63.
85. S. Beckett, En Attendant Godot (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1952); my translation.
86. W. James, Principles of Psychology (Greenwich, Conn.: Faweett, 1963), chap. 26, pp. 365—401.
87. R. Goulding, “New Directions in Transactional Analysis: Creating an Environment for Redecision and Change”, in Progress in Group and Family Therapy, eds. C. Sager and H. Kaplan (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972), pp. 105—34.
88. J. Dusay and C. Steiner, “Transactional Analysis in Groups”, in Comprehensive Group Therapy, eds. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1971), pp. 198—240.
89. Goulding, “New Directions”, pp. 110—112.
90. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
91. J. Gardner, Grendel (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), p. 115.
92. F. Estees, oral communication, 197'/.
93. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 310.
94. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis.”
95. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. I, p. 428.
96. E. Menaker, “Will and the Problem of Masochism”, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy (1969), 1:186—226.
97. B. Jones and H. Gerard, Foundations of Social Psychology (New York: John Wiley, 1967), pp. 186—226.
98. L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1957).
99. Jones and Gerard, Social Psychology, pp. 193—94.
100. L. Rhinehart. The Dice Man (New York: William Morrow, 1971).
101. J. Bugental, “Someone Needs to Worry: The Existential Anxiety of Responsibility and Decision”, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy (1967) 2:41—53.
102. R. White, “Motivation Reconsidered,” The Psychological Review (1959) 66:297—333.
103. К. Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950).
104. Ibid., p. 17.
105. H. Greenwald, Decision Therapy (New York: Peter Wyden, 1973), p. 154.
106. Farber, Ways of the Will, p. 450.
107. Greenwald, Decision Therapy, p. 22.
108. Ibid., p. 38.
109. May, Love and Will, pp. 236—37.
110. J. Frank, “Emotional Reaction of American Soldiers to an Unfamiliar Disease”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1967) 17:416—427.
111. M. Leiberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 365—67.
112. R. Nisbett and T. Wilson, “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Process”, Psychological Reviews (1977) 84:231—58.
113. I. Yalom, Group Psychotherapy. pp. 440—45.
114. S. Freud, “Constructions in Analysis”, vol. XXIII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published in 1937), p. 259.
115. Ibid., 266.
116. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 44.
117. M. Gatch and M. Temerlin, “Belief in Psychic Determinism and the Behavior of the Psychotherapist”, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, (1965) 5:16—35.
118. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 36.
119. E. Goffman, “The Moral Career of the Mental Patient”, Psychiatry (1959) 22:123—42.
120. С. Rycroft, Psychoanalysis Observed (London: Constable, 1966), p. 18.
К главе 8
1. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 57.
2. S. Freud, “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety”, vol. XX in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1959; originally published in 1929), pp. 119—23.
3. P. Mullahy, Psychoanalysis and Interpersonal Psychiatry: The Contribution of Harry Stack Sullivan (New York: Science House, 1970), p. 137.
4. С. Rogers, “The Loneliness of Contemporary Man as Seen in the Case of Ellen West”, in Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry (1961) 1:94—101.
5. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 80.
6. Rogers, “Loneliness of Contemporary Man”; F. Fromm-Reichman, “Loneliness”, Psychiatry (1959) 22:1—16; H. Leiderman, “Intervention”, Psychiatry Clinics [1969) 6:155—74; E. Josephson and M. Josephson, Man Alone (New York: Dell Books, 1962); J. Rubins, “On the Psychopathology of Loneliness”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1964) 24:153—65; D. Reisman, R. Denny, and N. Glaser, The Lonely Crowd (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950); G. Moustakas, Loneliness (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961); M. Wood, Paths of Loneliness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953); A. Wenkert, “Regaining Identity through Relatedness”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1961) 22:227—33; and W. Willig, “Discussion of A. Wenker paper”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1961) 22:236—39.
7. Т. Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 31.
8. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 284.
9. M. Abrams et al., eds., Everyman, in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. I (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962), pp. 281—303.
10. E. Fromm, The Art of Loving, (New York: Bantam Books, 1956), p. 7.
11. A. Camus, “La Mort dans l’ame”, in L’Envers et l’endroit (Paris: Librairie Gallimard, 1937), pp. 87—88; passage translated by Marilyn Yalom.
12. R, Frost, “Desert Places,” in Complete Poems of Robert Frost (New York: Henry Holt, 1949), p. 386.
13. К. Reinhardt, The Existential Revolt (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1952), p. 235.
14. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 233.
15. Ibid., p. 393.
16. H. Drefuss, “Commentary on Being and Time”, unpublished manuscript, 1977.
17. F. Nietzsche, cited in M. Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics (New York: Anchor Books, 1961), p. 29.
18. L. Fierman, ed., Effective Psychotherapy: The Contributions of Helmuth Kaiser (New York: Free Press, 1965), p. 126.
19. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 29.
20. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality, trans. J. Taft (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), p. 123.
21. J. Bugental, The Search for Authenticity (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965), p. 309.
22. M. Buber, Between Man and Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. II.
23. Ibid., p. 175.
24. M. Buber, I and Thou (New York: Charles Scribner, 1970), p. 69.
25. Ibid., pp. 76—79.
26. Buber, Between Man and Man, p. xx.
27. Buber, I and Thou. p. 54.
28. Ibid., p. 58.
29. Ibid., p. 62.
30. Buber, Between Man and Man, p. 22—23.
31. Ibid., p. 19.
32. Ibid., p. 23.
33. V. Frankl, “Encounter: The Concept and Its Vulgarization”, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis (1973) 1:73—83.
34. Buber, Between Man and Man, p. 19.
35. Ibid., pp. 13—14.
36. Buber, I and Thou, pp. 84—85.
37. Hillel, cited in Buber, I and Thou, p. 85 n.
38. M. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 1—2.
39. A. Maslow, Toward A Psychology of Being (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1968), pp. 21—22.
40. Ibid., p. 35.
41. Ibid., p. 36.
42. Ibid., pp. 42—43.
43. E. Fromm, Art of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963).
44. Ibid., p. 7.
45. Ibid.. p. 15.
46. Ibid., p. 17.
47. Ibid., p. 34.
48. Ibid., p. 18.
49. E. Fromm, Man for Himself (New York: Faweett World Library, 1969), pp. 68—122.
50. Fromm, Art of Loving, pp. 21—22.
51. Buber, I and Thou, p. 67.
52. Fromm, Art of Loving, p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 39.
54. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling/The Sickness unto Death, trans. W. Lowrie (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Anchor, Г954), p. 177.
55. L. Carroll, cited in J. Solomon, “Alice and the Red King”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1963) 44:64—73.
56. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Therapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 440—45.
57. S. Arieti, “Psychotherapy of Severe Depression”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1977) 134:864—68.
58. L. Fierman, ed., Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Helmuth Kaiser, op. cit, p. 131.
59. Ibid., p. 110.
60. К. Bach, Exit-Existentialism (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1973), p. 28.
61. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling I The Sickness unto Death, p. 175.
62. Fierman, Effective Psychotherapy, p. 120.
63. Fromm, Escape from Freedom, p. 158.
64. S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, vol. VI in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1960; originally published 1901), p. 158.
65. E. Greenspan, “Fantasies of Women Confronting Death”, Journal of Consulting Psychology (1975) 29:252—60.
66. V. Soloviev, cited in E. Becker, Angel in Armor (New York: George Braziller, 1969), p. 5.
67. S. Kierkegaard, Either/Or, vol. 1., trans. D. Swanson and L. Swanson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944), pp. 297—443.
68. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 29—30.
69. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1965), p. 77.
70. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), pp. 81—82.
К главе 9
1. В. Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London: Alien & Unwin, 1975), p. 209.
2. Ibid., p. 146.
3. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 78—83.
4. A. Whitehead, Religion in the Making (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 16.
5. E. Fromm, The Art Of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963), p. 94.
6. Moustakas, Loneliness (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 47.
7. A. Camus, cited in M. Charlesworth, The Existentialists and Jean-Paul Sartre (Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1975), p. 5.
8. R. Hobson, “Loneliness”, Journal of Analytic Psychology (1974) 19:71—89.
9. R. Bollendorf, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Northern Illinois University, 1976.
10. O. Will, oral communication, child psychiatry grand rounds, Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry, 1978.
11. L. Sherby, “The Use of Isolation in Ongoing Psychotherapy”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, (1975) 12:173—74.
12. I. Yalom, et al., “The Impact of a Weekend Group Experience on Individual Therapy”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1977) 34:399—415.
13. С. Truax and К. Mitchell, “Research on Certain Therapist Interpersonal Skills in Relation to Process and Outcome”, in Handbook of Psychotherapy, A. Bergin and S. Gar-field, eds. (New York: John Wiley, 1971), pp. 299—344; С. Rogers, “Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being”, Counseling Psychologist (1975) 5(2):2—10; C. Truax and R. Carkhuff. Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: Training and Practice (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); G. Barrett-Lennard, “Dimensions of Therapist Response as Causal Factors in Therapeuric Change”, Psychological Monographs 76, no. 43 (whole no. 562), 1962; E. Fieder, “A Comparison of Therapeutic Relationships in Psychoanalytic, Non-Directive and Adierian Therapy”, Journal of Consulting Psychology (1950) 14:436—45; A. Bergin and L. Jasper, “Correlates of Empathy in Psychotherapy: A Replication”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1969) 74:477—81; and A. Bergin and S. Solomon “Personality and Performance Correlates of Empathic Understanding in Psychotherapy”, in J. Hart and T. Tomlinson, eds., New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), pp. 223—36.
14. S. Standal and R. Corsini, eds., Critical Incidents in Psychotherapy (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1959).
15. Ibid., p. 3.
16. Ibid., p. 41.
17. Ibid., p. 67.
18. Ibid., p. 90.
19. Ibid., p. 158.
20. Ibid., p. 178.
21. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964, originally published in 1895).
22. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man, trans. M. Friedman and R. Smith (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 81.
23. Ibid., p. 82.
24. I. Yalom and G. Elkin, Every Day Gets a Little Closer: A Twice-Told Therapy (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
25. H. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, ed. L. Fierman (New York: Free Press, 1965), p. 152.
26. К. Fisher, “Ultimate Goals in. Therapy”, Journal of Existentialism: The International Quarterly of Existential Thought (1967) 7:215—32.
27. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), pp. 171—72.
28. С. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy (New York: Libra, 1965), p. 113.
29. Ibid., p. 121.
30. M. Buber, Knowledge of Man. p. 82.
31. M. Buber, I and Thou. p. 179.
32. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy p. 123.
33. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 158.
34. Buber, Knowledge of Man, pp. 166—84.
35. D. Rosenhan, “On Being Sane in Insane Places”, Science (1973) 179:250—58.
36. S. Freud, Observations on Transference-Love, vol. XII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1958; originally published in 1915), p. 169.
37. Ibid., p. 165.
38. S. Ferenezi, cited in S. Foulkes, “A Memorandum on Group Therapy”, British Military Memorandum, ADM, July 1945.
39. R. Greenson and M. Wexler, “The Non-Transference Relationship in the Psychoanalytic Situation”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1969) 50:27—39.
40. A. Freud, “The Widening Scope of Indications for Psychoanalysis”, discussion, Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association (1954) 2:607—20.
41. Greenson and Wexler, “Non-Transference Relationship”.
42. Ibid.
43. M. Buber, I and Thou, pp. 84—85.
К главе 10
1. Anonymous, cited in H. Cantril and C. Bumstead, Reflections on the Human Venture (New York: New York University Press, 1960), p. 308.
2. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Brief (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 12.
3. Ibid., p. 13.
4. Ibid., p. 14.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 20.
7. A. Camus, cited in A. Jaffe. The Myth of Meaning in the Work of C. J. Jung (London: Hodden &: Stoughton, 1970), title page.
8. С. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 130.
9. С. Jung, Collected Works: The Practice of Psychotherapy, vol. XVI (New York: Pantheon, Bollingen Series, 1966), p. 83.
10. V. Frankl, “The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1972) 32:85—89; V. Frankl, The Will to Meaning (New York: World, 1969), p. 90; and V. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), p. xi.
11. S. Maddi, “The Search for Meaning”, in The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation—1970, ed. W. Arnold and M. Page (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), pp. 137—86.
12. S. Maddi, “The Existential Neurosis”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 72:311—25.
13. В. Wolman, “Principles of International Psychotherapy” in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1975) 12:149—59.
14. N. Hobbs, “Sources of Gain in Psychotherapy”, American Psychologist (1962) 17:742—48.
15. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. P. Edwards, et al. (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1967), pp. 467—78.
16. В. Pascal, cited in V. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), p. 31.
17. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), pp. 186—87.
18. M. Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, vol. II (Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 634—36.
19. C. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 130.
20. С. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961), pp. 255—56.
21. G. Hegel, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 145.
22. R. Rilke, Ausgewahlte Werke, vol. I (Leipzig: Iminsel-Verlag, 1930), p. 28; translation by Marilyn Yalom.
23. Т. Mann, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 140.
24. Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper, 1959).
25. С. Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980).
26. A. Pope, The Selected Poetry of Pope, ed. M. Price (New York: New American Library, 1978), p. 133.
27. Т. Dobzhansky, The Biology of Ultimate Concern (New York: New American Library, 1967), p. 132.
28. P. Teilhard de Chardin, cited in Dobzhansky, Biology of Ultimate Concern, p. 137.
29. A. Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
30. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972).
31. A. Camus, The Stranger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946).
32. A. Camus, Myth of Sisyphus, p. 90.
33. A. Camus, The Plague (New York: Modern Library, 1948).
34. J. P. Sartre, cited in R. Hepburn, “Questions about the Meaning of Life”, Religious Studies (1965) 1:125—40.
35. J. P. Sartre, No Exit and Three Other Plays (New York: Vintage Books, 1955).
36. Ibid., p. 91.
37. Ibid., p. 92.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 94.
40. Ibid., p. 94.
41. Ibid., p. 105.
42. Ibid., p. 108.
43. Ibid., p. 121—122.
44. Ibid., p. 123.
45. Ibid., p. 124.
46. G. Allport, cited in V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 66.
47. С. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 146.
48. К. Jaspers, cited in Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 38.
49. W. Durant, On the Meaning of Life (New York: Ray Long and Richard R. Smith, 1932), pp. 128—29.
50. Ibid., p. 129.
51. I. Taylor, cited in S. Maddi, “The Strenuousness of the Creative Life”, in I. A. Taylor and J. W. Getzels, eds.. Perspectives in Creativity (Chicago: Aldine, 1975), pp. 173—90.
52. L. Beethoven, cited in M. Von Andics, Suicide and the Meaning of Life (London: William Hodge, 1947), p. 178.
53. A. Roe, “Changes in Scientific Activities with Age”, Science (1965) 150:313—18.
54. M. Crosby, oral communication, 1979.
55. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death? (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1976), pp. 37—38.
56. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance, 2nd ed. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Clencoe Press, 1975), pp. 9—10.
57. A. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962), p. 147.
58. M. Buber, “The Way of Man According to the Teachings of Hasidism”, in Religion from Tolstoy to Camus, ed. W. Kaufman (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961), pp. 425—41.
59. Ibid., p. 437.
60. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963), pp. 247—74.
61. G. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); R. Gould, “The Phases of Adult Life: A Study in Developmental Psychology”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1972) 129:521—31; and D. Levinson, The Seasons of A Man’s Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
62. Erikson, Childhood, p. 267.
63. G. Vaillant, Adaptation, p. 228.
64. Ibid., p. 232.
65. Ibid., p. 343.
66. N. Haan and J. Block, cited in G. Vaillant, op. cit., p. 330.
67. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York: Pocket Books, 1963).
68. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1971.
69. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 21.
70. V. Frankl, “Self-transcendence as a Human Phenomenon”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1966) 6:97—107.
71. С. Buhler, “The Human Course of Life in Its Goal Aspects”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, (1964) 4:1—17.
72. G. Allport, Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1955).
73. V. Frankl, Man’s Search, p. 166.
74. V. Frankl, “Self-transcendence”.
75. W. Frankena, Ethics (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1973) p. 86.
76. A. Watts, The Meaning of Happiness (New York: Perennial Library, Harper & Row, 1940), p. vi.
77. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, p. 154.
78. A. Ungersma, The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia, Pa.: Westminister Press, 1961), pp. 27f.
79. V. Frankl, “Self-transcendence”.
80. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, p. 155.
81. Ibid., p. 154.
82. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 70.
83. V. Frankl, cited in J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. 40.
84. Ibid., p. 44.
85. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 21.
86. S. Bloch et al., “Outcome in Psychotherapy Evaluated by Independent Judges”, British Journal of Psychiatry (1977) 131:410—14; and G. Bond, et al., “The Evaluation of the Target Problem’ Approach to Outcome Measures” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1979) 16(1): 48—54.
87. J. Gardner, doctoral dissertation. University of Chicago, 1977.
88. S. Freud, cited in Edwards, “Meaning and Value”, p. 477.
89. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 84.
90. J. Crumbaugh. “Frankl’s Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling”, Journal of Religion and Health (1971) 10:373—86.
91. Ing. Alois Habinger, cited in V. Frankl, “The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1972) 32:85—89.
92. Maddi, “Search for Meaning”; Maddi, “Existential Neurosis”; and S. Kobasa and S. Maddi, “Existential Personality Theory,” in Current Personality Theory, ed. R. Corsini (Itasca, III.: Peacock Books, 1979).
93. S. Maddi, oral communications, 1979.
94. S. Maddi, S. Kobasa, and M. Hoover, “The Alienation Test”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1979) 19(4): 73—76.
95. Maddi, “Search for Meaning.”
96. J. Pike, Beyond Anxiety (New York: Charles Scribner, 1953).
97. J. Crumbaugh and L. Maholick, “An Experimental Study in Existentialism: The Approach to Frankl’s Concept of Noogenic Neurosis”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1964) 20:200—207.
98. J. Braun and G. Dolmino, “The Purpose in Life Test,” in The Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook, ed. О. К. Buros (Highland Park, N.J.: Gryphon Press, 1978), p. 656.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. J. Battista and R. Almond, “The Development of Meaning in Life”, Psychiatry (1973) 36:409—27.
102. С. Garfield, “A Psychometric and Clinical Investigation of Frankl’s Concept of Existential Vacuum and of Anomie”, Psychiatry (1973) 36:396—408.
103. Braun and Domino, “Purpose in Life Test”.
104. Ibid.
105. J. Crumbaugh, “Cross-Validation of Purpose in Life Test”, Journal of Individual Psychology, (1968) 24:74—81.
106. M. Familetti, “A Comparison of the Meaning and Purpose in Life of Delinquent and Non-delinquent High School Boys”, United States International University, Dissertation Abstracts International Sept. 1975 vol. 36(3-A), 1825.
107. В. Padelford, “Relationship between Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life”, San Diego State University, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1974) 30(3):303—5.
108. Crumbaugh, “Cross-Validation”.
109. Ibid.
110. Crumbaugh, “Frankl’s Logotherapy”.
111. R. Jacobson, D. Ritter, and L. Mueller, “Purpose in Life and Personal Values among Adult Alcoholics”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1977) 33(1)314—16.
112. В. Sheffield and P. Pearson, “Purpose in Life in a Sample of British Psychiatric Outpatients”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1974) 30(4)459.
113. D. Sallee and J. Casciani, “Relationship between Sex Drive and Sexual Frustration and Purpose in Life”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1967) 32(2) 273—75.
114. J. Thomas and E. Weiner, “Psychological Differences among Groups of Critically Ill Hospitalized Patients, Noncritically III Hospitalized Patients and Well Controls”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1974) 42(2) 274—79.
115. J. Crandall and R. Rasmussen, “Purpose in Life as Related to Specific Values”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(3) 483—85.
116. Ibid.; and D. Soderstrom and E. Wright, “Religious Orientation and Meaning in Life”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1977) 33(1) 65—68.
117. J. McCarthy, “Death Anxiety, Intrinsicness of Religion and Purpose in Life among Nuns and Roman Catholic Female Undergraduates”, Dissertation Abstracts International (1975) vol. 35(11-B) 5646.
118. P. Pearson and B. Sheffield, “Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes in Psychiatric Patients”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(2) 330—32.
119. J. Crumbaugh, Sister Mary Raphael, and R. Shrader, “Frankl’s Will to Meaning in a Religious Order”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1970) 21(2) 206—7. 120. McCarthy, op. cit.; and J. Blazer, “The Relationship between Meaning in Life and Fear of Death”, Psychology (1973) 10(2) 33—34.
121. L. Doerries, “Purpose in Life and Social Participation”, Journal of Individual Psychology, (1970) 26(l):50—53; and R. Matteson, “Purpose in Life as Related to Involvement in Organized Groups and Certain Sociocultural Variables”, Dissertation Abstracts International (1975) vol. 35(8-BO) 4147—48.
122. Matteson, “Purpose in Life”.
123. A. Butler and L. Carr, “Purpose in Life through Social Action”, Journal of Social Psychology (1968) 74(2) 243—50.
124. D. Sharpe and L. Viney, “Weltanschauung and the Purpose in Life Test”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1973) 29(4) 489—91.
125. Matteson, “Purpose in Life”.
126. G. Sargent, “Motivation and Meaning: Frankl’s Logotherapy in the Work Situation”, Dissertation Abstracts international (1973) vol. 34(4-B), 1785.
127. Garfield, “Psychometric and Clinical Investigation”.
128. Padelford, “Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life”.
129. Crumbaugh, “Cross-Validation”.
130. Sheffield and Pearson, “Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes”.
131. Battista and Almond, “Development of Meaning”.
132. M. Carney and B. Sheffield, “The Effects of Pulse ЕСТ in Neurotic and Endogenous Depression”, British Journal of Psychiatry (1974) 125:91—94.
К главе 11
1. V. Frankl, “What Is Meant by Meaning”, Journal of Existentialism (1966) 7:21—28.
2. Ibid.
3. С. Kluckholm, “Values and Value-Orientation in the Theory of Action”, in Toward A General Theory of Action, ed. T. Parsons and E. Shils (Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 396.
4. Ibid., pp. 388—434.
5. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Brief (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 20.
6. Ibid., p. 185.
7. В. Russell, A Free Man’s Worship (Portland, Me.; T. B. Mosher, 1927).
8. E. Becker, Escape from Evil (New York; Free Press, 1975), p. 3.
9. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York: Pocket Books, 1963), p. 192.
10. D. Нume, cited in A. Flew, “Tolstoi and the Meaning of Life”, Ethics (1963) 73:110—18.
11. В. Wolman, “Principles of Interactional Psychotherapy”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1975) 12:149—59.
12. V. Frankl, Man’s Search, p. 176.
13. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 13.
14. D. Suzuki, “East and West”, in E. Fromm, D. Suzuki, and R. DeMartino, Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), pp. 1—10.
15. Matthew 6:26 (King James’ Version).
16. Luke 12:27 (King James’ Version).
17. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Glenсое Press, 1975), p. 143.
18. W. B. Yeats, cited in R. Hepburn, “Questions about the Meaning of Life”, Religious Studies (1965) 1:125—40.
19. Hepburn, “Questions”.
20. B. Rajneesh, cited in B. Gunther, Dying for Enlightenment (New York: Harper &: Row, 1979).
21. V. Frankl, “Fragments from the Logotherapeutic Treatment of Four Cases”, in Modern Psychotherapeutic Practice, ed. A. Burton (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1965), pp. 365—67.
22. Personal communication, 1970.
23. V. Frankl, Man’s Search, pp. 143—44.
24. Ibid., pp. 368—70.
25. Т. Zuehlke and J. Watkins, “The Use of Logotherapy with Dying Patients: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31:729—32.
26. С. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961), pp. 139—40.
27. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death (Englewood Cliffs, N. ].: Prentice-Hall, 1976), p. 81.
28. A. Ungersma, The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1961), p. 27f.; J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969); and J. Crumbaugh, Everything to Gain (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1973).
29. V. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 221—53.
30. M. Erickson, “The Use of Symptoms as an Integral Part of Hypnotherapy”, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (1965) 8:57—65; J. Haley, Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton Erickson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973); and P. Watzlawick, J. Beavin, and D. Jackson. Pragmatics of Human Communication (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967).
31. J. Crumbaugh, “Frankl’s Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling”, Journal of Religion and Health (1970) 10:373—86.
32. D. Follesdal, oral communication, 1979.
33. Т. Nagel, Mortal Questions (London: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 21.
34. К. Bach, Exit-Existentialism: A Philosophy of Self-Awareness (Belmont, Calif.: Wads-worth, 1973), p. 6.
35. A. Schopenhauer, cited in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. P. Edwards, et al. (New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. 468.
36. Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 22.
37. Bach, Exit-Existentialism, p. 7.
38. Hume, cited in Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 20.
39. Tolstoy, My Confession, p. 16.
40. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. D. Pears and B. McGuinness (London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 73.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Специи жизни и смерти в психотерапии. Предисловие Л.М. Кроля 5
1. Введение 7
Экзистенциальная терапия: динамическая психотерапия 9
Экзистенциальная ориентация: нечто чужое, но странно
знакомое 16
Экзистенциальная психотерапия: поле отношений 19
Экзистенциальная терапия и академическое сообщество 27
Часть I. СМЕРТЬ 34
2. Жизнь, смерть и тревога 35
Взаимозависимость жизни и смерти 35
Смерть и тревога 48
Невнимание к смерти в теории и практике психотерапии 63
Фрейд: тревога без смерти 69
3. Представление о смерти у детей 87
Всепроникающий характер озабоченности смертью
у детей 88
Концепция смерти: стадии развития 90
Тревога смерти и возникновение психопатологии 117
Просвещение детей на тему смерти 122
4. Смерть и психопатология 125
Тревога смерти: парадигма психопатологии 127
Исключительность 132
Конечный спаситель 145
К целостному представлению о психопатологии 159
Шизофрения и страх смерти 166
Экзистенциальная парадигма психопатологии: данные
исследований 172
5. Смерть и психотерапия 180
Смерть как пограничная ситуация 180
Сознавание смерти в повседневной психотерапии 186
Смерть как первичный источник тревоги 211
Проблемы психотерапии 230
Удовлетворение жизнью и тревога смерти:
в чем опора для терапевта? 234
Десенсибилизация к смерти 238
Часть II. СВОБОДА 242
6. Ответственность 245
Ответственность как экзистенциальная проблема 245
Избегание ответственности: клинические проявления 250
Принятие ответственности и психотерапия 259
Ответственность по-американски, или как взяться за свою
жизнь, самому собой управлять, позаботиться о собственной
персоне и преуспеть в управлении собой 285
Ответственность и психотерапия: данные исследований 295
Ограничения ответственности 303
Ответственность и экзистенциальная вина 312
7. Воля 324
Ответственность, воля и действие 324
К клиническому пониманию воли: Ранк, Фарбер, Мэй 332
Воля и клиническая практика 341
Желание 343
Решение — выбор 356
Прошлое против будущего в психотерапии 391
Часть III. ИЗОЛЯЦИЯ 398
8. Экзистенциальная изоляция 398
Что такое экзистенциальная изоляция? 400
Изоляция и отношения 409
Экзистенциальная изоляция и психопатология
межличностных отношений 422
9. Экзистенциальная изоляция и психотерапия 443
Ориентир в понимании межличностных отношений 443
Конфронтирование пациента с изоляцией 448
Встреча пациент-терапевт и изоляция 452
Часть IV. БЕССМЫСЛЕННОСТЬ 469
10. Кризис бессмысленности 469
Проблема смысла 472
Смысл жизни 473
Потеря смысла: значение в терапии 500
Клиническое исследование 509
11. Бессмысленность и психотерапия 517
Почему мы нуждаемся в смысле? 518
Психотерапевтические стратегии 527
Эпилог 542
Примечания 544