The grammar of contemporary English
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onouns, verb forms, which define the nouns. Under the ideas of the modifications of the things implied adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, serving adnouns.. Dougherty ideas were developed in the XX century (the theory of "three ranks" the Danish linguist Otto Espersona, which Ill discuss later).Hewitt, J. Beach, part of speech is also distinguished by two criteria. But they consider them separately from each other, creating two classifications.first classification according to the syntactic criterion: the parts of speech are divided into 3 groups.
The group noun (noun-group). It includes nouns, adjectives (also include articles), pronouns and prepositions.
A group of verbs (verb-group). Includes verbs, adverbs, prepositions.
Mixed group (miscellaneous group). Includes conjunctions, pronouns.authors explain the presence of a preposition in two groups so that it can bind both things and actions and things.second classification according to morphological criteria. Parts of speech are divided into variable (inflected) and immutable (uninflected)., Mr. Sweet assumed that it is necessary to allocate part of the speech, according to three criteria - form, function and value. The first criterion is applied to the English language he sees as the lead. He identifies modifiable (declinable) part of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, and immutable (indeclinable) part of speech: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections. Interjections, he also called particles.also distinguishes Sweet words on syntactic grounds:
Named the word (noun-words): nouns, pronouns nominal (noun-pronouns) (I, they), numerals (noun-numerals) (three of us), the infinitive and the gerund;
Adjective word (adjective-words): adjectives, adjectival pronoun (adjective-pronouns) (my book, that book), adjectival numeral (adjective-numerals) (three men), the sacrament;
A group of verbs: personal and impersonal (infinitive, gerund, participle) verb forms.English grammar of the XIX century. Traditional Diagramsthe English grammatical tradition of the XX century the most common is the Latin classification, consisting of 8 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective name, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition and interjection.less common are classification 7 (noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, Union) and 9 (a noun, article, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection).number of parts of speech depends largely on the ratio of benefits to the authors of grammatical articles and interjections. In many works, the article does not constitute a separate part of speech, and is regarded as a sort of adjective. Interjection, because it is used either as a word-sentence, either in isolation, often completely taken out of the scope of this classification.of classic, based on the principle of a unified classification of parts of speech, however, have made some improvements to it. As J. Kerma, his theory of classification of the vocabulary of the language is the most conservative. Kerma highlights the traditional eight parts of speech, and the article considers the composition of adjectives.traditional parts of speech circuits. A. Ashton, recognizing the division of words into eight parts of speech, all of them subdivided into 2 major groups: primary (primary) and secondary (secondary). It proceeds from the syntactic criterion. First group: part of speech that are used in a sentence as a function of subject and predicate, ie, substantiv (noun and pronoun) and a verb. Second group: an adjective (limits or defines substantiv) and adverb (limits or defines the verb). Ashton believes that the dialect was the basis for the formation of prepositions and conjunctions. At the same time, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and originally consisted of Cases of nouns and pronouns, and then turned into a separate part of speech. In his grammar (1915), it is based on logical and semantic criteria, divides all the words of another two types: conceptual (notional) and relational (relational). Conceptual word give the mind a clear understanding of a thing or an act or attribute of things. " To them the author includes nouns, quality adjectives and verbs. Relational expression is not known and do not describe things, but only indicate their relationship with other things (substantivized pronouns, pronominal adjectives and quantitative). Speech by the author are considered as part of the conceptual (wisely, brightly) and partly relational (now, thus) of the word. [6]. Pence and D. Emery, according to the semantic-syntactic criteria are divided into 4 groups of words:
Substantive (nouns and pronouns), "which referred to";
Adjectives and adverbs, "which determine";
Verbs, "claiming"
Prepositions, conjunctions, "which connect.". Rorabeyker distributes traditional eight parts of speech into 4 groups according to their functions in a sentence:
Approving the word (statement words): nouns, verbs, pronouns;
Defining (modifying) word (modifying words): adjectives, adverbs;
Joining words (connecting words): prepositions, conjunctions;
Independent of speech (independent words): interjections.. Grattan and P. Perry, divide words into two classes, taking into account the values and functions of the words: full words (full words), having an independent lexical meaning out of context, and formal speech (form-words). Recent virtually no independent lexical meaning. [3]
2. Part of speech classifications
The fundamental word classes in a language, distinguished according to the wordsity of the words syntactic, morphological, logical, and semantic properties. Autonomous parts of speech include the noun, verb, adjective, and adverb; functional parts of speech include the conjunction, preposition, particle, and article. Numerals, pronouns, and interjections are also traditionally considered parts of speech.can be classified according to the positions they occupy in a sentence. A part of speech will then include all words that can occupy identical syntactic positions in a sentence or that can perform identical syntactic functions. Of importance here is not only the set of syntactic functions, but also the degree to which each of the functions is characteristic of the particular part of speech. The functions are divided into primary and secondary according to specific morphological or syntactic restrictions. Thus, in Russian both the noun and the verb can function as subject (chelovek liubit, "man loves"; kurit-zdoroviu vredil, "to smoke is to harm ones health") or as predicate (Ivanov- uchitel, "Ivanov is a teacher"; derevo gorit, "the wood burns"). However, for the verb the predicate function is primary and the subject function is secondary, but for the noun the subject function is primary and the predicate function is secondary. For example, a verb can only be the subject with a nominal predicate, but a noun can be the subject with any predicate. A sentence with a verb subject can be transformed into a sentence with a noun subject (kurenie vredno dlia zdorovia, "smoking is harmful to ones health"), but the reverse is not true. A noun predicate requires a copulative verb in order to express tense and mood (Ivanov byll-byl by uchitelem, "Ivanov was/would .have been a teacher"), which is not true of a verb predicate. In Chinese both verb and adjective can function as an attributive, but in doing so the verb, unlike the adjective, requires the special adjectival suffix -t.scholars question the validity of considering pronouns and numerals separate parts of speech in most languages, since words of these classes ordinarily vary in their syntactic functions and from this point of view belong to different word classes. For this reason they are often considered subclasses of other parts of speech. (In Russian, for example, compare the noun numerals tri, "three," and chetyre, "four," with the adjectival numerals pervyi, "first," and vtoroi, "second.")part of speech has its own set of characteristic grammatical categories; trie set of categories embraces an absolute majority of the words of the particular part of speech. This serves as a morphological criterion for distinguishing parts of speech in inflected languages. In Russian, for example, number, case, and gender (as a word-classifying category) are characteristic of the noun, and degrees of comparison, number, case, and gender (as an inflectional category) are characteristic of the adjective. In Burmese, however, the adjective and verb are not contrasted in this way, since words corresponding to both adjectives and verbs in other languages have degrees of comparison.distribution of words by parts of speech is governed in all languages by certain semantic regularities that serve to differentiate the parts of speech semantically. In Russian the class of nouns includes words denoting objects (stol, "table"), qualities (krasnota, "redness"), and actions (khozhdenie, "walking"); however, the majority of nouns not denoting objects are derived, and the majority of nonderived nouns denote objects. This regularity imparts, to the class of nouns the general meaning of objectness. In the same way, the general meaning of action or state is established for the verb, of quality for the adjective, and of action or quality attribute for the adverb.system of parts of speech taught in modern school grammars stems from the works of the Alexandrian philologists, such as Dionysius Thrax and Apollonius Dyscolus, who distinguished nominis, verbs, participles, adverbs, articles, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions according to mixed morp