Regional variation of pronunciation in the south-west of England
Статья - Разное
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?u” in the closed syllableSouthern> [e]:
but [bet]
dust [dest]“ou” / ”ow”Easter> [av]:
low [lav]
owe [au]“oo”North-WesternWesternMiddle/Eastern> [?]:
good [g?d]
hood [h?d]
foot [f?t]
blood [bl?d]
stood [st?d]
bloom [bl?m]
broom [br?m]
moon [m?n]
loom [l?m]> []:
book [bk]
cook [kk]
crook [krk]
look [lk]
took [tk]
good [gd]
foot [ft]
stood [std]
> [ ]:
book [b k]
brook [br k]
crook [kr k]
look [l k]
took [t k]
good [g d]
foot [f t]
soot [s t]
flood [fl d]Eastern> [ ]:
book [b k]
brook [br k]
crook [kr k]
“i” in the open syllableSouth-westernSouthern> [e?]:
fly [fle?]
lie [le?]
thigh [?e?]> [e?]:
bide [be?d]
wide [we?d]
time [te?m]
Eastern> [ ?]:
fly [fl ?]
lie [l ?]“o” in the closed syllable followed by a consonant South-westernEastern> [a:]:
dog [da:g]
cross [kra:s]> [ ]:
cot [k t]
bottom [b tm]
dog [d g]
cross [kr s]Western> [a:]:
dog [da:g]
cross [kra:s]DevonshireSomersetshireWiltshire“o” + a nasal consonantNorth-westernWesternWestern> []: among [?m?], long [l?], wrong [wr?]“ol” + a consonantWesternWestern> [u?l]: gold [gv?ld], old [u?ld]“oa”Western> [ ]:
bone [b n]
broad [br d]
rope [r p]
load [l d]“oi”> [a?]:
choice [t?a?s]
join [da?n]
moil [ma?l]
point [pa?nt]
spoil [spa?l]
voice [va?s]“u” in the closed syllableSouthern> [e]:
but [bet]
dust [dest]“ou”/“ow”Easter> [av]:
low [lav]
owe [au]“oo”North-WesternWesternMiddle/Eastern> [?]:
good [g?d]
hood [h?d]
foot [f?t]
blood [bl?d]
stood [st?d]
bloom [bl?m]
broom [br?m]
moon [m?n]
loom [l?m]
root [r?t]
spoon [sp?n]> []:
book [bk]
cook [kk]
crook [krk]
look [lk]
took [tk]
good [gd]
foot [ft]
stood [std]
> [ ]:
book [b k]
brook [br k]
crook [kr k]
look [l k]
took [t k]
good [g d]
foot [f t]
soot [s t]
flood [fl d]Eastern> [ ]:
book [b k]
brook [br k]
crook [kr k]
look [l k]
“er”, “ir”, “ur”Southern> [a:]:
learn [la:n]
earth [a:?]
bird [ba:d]
birch [ba:t?]
merchant [ma:t??nt]
herb [ha:b]
work [wa:k]“or”> [a:]: fork [fa:k], horse [ha:s], horn [ha:n], short [?a:t], Morning [ma:n??], word [wa:d]“ew”EasternNorthern> [:]:
dew [d:]
few [f:]> [jav]:
dew [djau]
few [fjau]
new [njau]
2. Consonantism[w] in the beginning of the word or before “h”old [w l]
oak [w k]
hot [w t]
home [w m]
orchard [wurt??t]
hole [hwul]
hope [hwup]
open [wupen][w] is not pronounced:
week [ouk]
swick [su:k]“w” before “r”is not pronouncedWesternis not pronounced> [vr]:
wreck, wren, wrench, wrap, write, wrong
e.g. Ye vratch, yeve vrutten that avrang.
(= You wretch, youve written that all wrong.)“wh” at the beginning of a word is [w], [u:], [u?]in the middle of a word [w] is pronouncedboy [bwo], moist [mw ?st], toad [twud], cool [kwul], country [kw?ntr?]“f”, “th”, “s”, “sh” are voicedFriday [vr:d?], friends [vr?n], fleas [vle:z], and in the these words: foe, father, fair, fear, find, fish, foal, full, follow, filth, fist, fire, fond, fault, feast, force, forge, fool.
[?]: thought [ :t], thick [?k], thigh [a?], and in the words: from, freeze, fresh, free, friend, frost, frog, froth, flesh, fly flock, flood, fleece, fling, flower, fail.“t” at the beginning of the word before a vowelNothern> [t?]:
team [t?em],
tune [t?un],
Tuesday [t?uzde]
East D “t” in the middle of the word is voiced:
bottle [b dl],
kettle [kedl],
little [l?dl],
nettle [nedl],
bottom [b dm],
matter [med?],
cattle [k dl],
kittens [k?dnz]“t” in the middle of the word is voicedWesternbottle [b dl],
kettle [kedl],
little [l?dl],
nettle [nedl],
bottom [b dm],
matter [med?],
cattle [k dl],
kittens [k?dnz]The consonant [t] in (the French borrowings) hasnt become [t?] as it is in RP:picture [p?kt?r], nature [net?r], feature [f??t?r]the middle [t] sometimes disappears in the positions before “m…l”, “n…l”, “m…r” Westernbrimstone [br?msn]
empty [emp?]
The same happens to the middle [b]:
chamber > chimmer,
embers > emmers,
brambles > brimmelsbetween “l” and “r”; “r” and “l”; “n” and “r” a parasitic [d] has developedparlour [pa:ld?r], tailor [ta?ld?r], smaller [sm :ld?r], curls [ka:dlz], hurl [a:dl], marl [ma:dl], quarrel [kw :dl], world [wa:dl], corner [ka:nd?r]Westerna parasitic [d] appeared after [l, n, r]:
feel [fi:ld]
school [sku:ld]
idle [a?dld]
mile [ma?dl]
born [ba?nd]
soul [s :ld]
soon [zu:nd]
gown [gaund]
swoon [zaund]
wine [wa?nd]
miller [m?l?d]
scholar [sk l?d]the middle [d] in the word “needle” comes after [l]: [ni:ld]EasternIn the word “disturb” [b] is pronounced as [v] -
[dis, t?:v]the first [?] is pronounced as []thank [?k] and in other words: thatch, thaw, thigh, thin, thing, think, third, thistle, thong, thought, thousand, thumb, thunder, ThursdaySometimes [?] is pronounced as [t] at the end of the word:
lath [lat]WesternIn some words [s] at the beginning of the word is pronounced as [?]:
suet [?u?t].
The same happens when [s] is in the middle of the word:
first [fer?t]
breast [br??t]
next [n??t]North-West W: [s] is sometimes pronounced as []: sure [u?r]“sh”, “sk” at the end of the wordWestern> [s]:
cask [k s]
flask [fl s]
leash [li:s]
tusk [tus]
Sometimes instead of [k] [t?] is heard:
back [b t?]
wark [wa:t?]sometimes the initial letter or a syllable is apsentWesternEasternbelieve, deliver, desire, directly, disturb, eleven, enough, except, occasion, inquest, epidemicthe initial “cl”> [tl]: clad [tlad], clap, clay, claw, clean, cleave, clergy, clerk, clew, cliff, climb, cling, clip, cloak, close, clot, cloth, cloud, clout“gl” in the beginning of the word> [dl]: glad, glass, glisten, gloom, glove, glow[l] in the middle of the word isnt pronouncedWesternEasternAlready
shoulder [?a:d?r]the Middle/Eastern[l] is often > [ ]:
bill [b? ]
tool [tu ]
nibble [n?b ]
milk [m? k]
silk [s? k]
3. Grammar.
3.1 Nouns.
The definite article.
- There isnt the definite article before “same”: Tis sames I always told ee”.
- The of-phrase “the… of” is of ten used instead of the possessive pronoun (e.g. “the head of him “instead of” his head”)
The plural form of a noun.
- In many cases -s (es) can be added for several times:
e.g. steps [steps?z] (South Som.)
- in some cases [n] is heard at the end of the word:
e.g. keys [ki:n] (Wil.)
cows [kain] (Dev.)
bottles [botln] (South-W. Dev.)
primroses [pr?mr zn] (Dev.)
- but sometimes [s] is heard in the words ended with “-n”
e.g. oxen [ ksnz] (Western Som.)
rushes [r?ksnz] (Dev.)
- some nouns have the same form in the singular and in the plural:
e.g. chicken - chickens [t??k] (Som.)
pipe - pipes [pa?p] (Som.)
- sometimes the plural form of the noun is used insted of the singular form:
a house [auzn] (Southern Wil.)
3.2 Gender.
The full characteristic of Gender in South-Western English Id like to base on the part of the article by Paddock. Paddock uses the historical lebel “Wessex” to describe the countries of South-Western England.
3.2.1 Gender making in Wessex-type English.
“It is usually claimed that English nouns lost their grammatical gender duri