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He may have fallen.
He could have fallen.
- Perhaps they saw us. (could have) (might have)
- Perhaps he said that. I dont remember. (might have) (could have)
- Were lost. I think weve taken the wrong road. (must have)
- I wish you had seen it. It was wonderful. (should have)
- I ought to have known that would happen. (should have)
- Perhaps when I am fifty I wont remember it. (will have forgotten)
- It was possible for me to prevent that, but I didnt. (could have)
- You should have listened to her the first time. (ought to have)
- Make suitable sentences from the table below using can.
Learning English
Watching television
Visiting relatives
Winter sports
Going to the dentist
Meeting new people
TravellingcanSometimes
Often
Occasionallybeexciting.
boring.
interesting.
painful.
hard work.
dangerous.
good fun.Example: Travelling can often be boring.
- Complete these sentences using can, cant, could or couldnt.
Example: There was a woman with a big hat right in front of me. I couldnt see a thing.
- Im sorry, youre in my light. I __________ see what Im doing.
- It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we __________ hear very well.
- When she screams, you __________ hear her all over the house.
- She was phoning all the way from Singapore, but I __________ hear her very clearly.
- __________ you hear me at the back?
- Put your hands up if you __________ hear me.
- Rewrite these suggestions starting with the words given.
Example: Lets go to the theatre. / How about going to the theatre?
- We should get started as soon as possible. / It might be a good idea
- You could write and ask her yourself. / You might like to
- Why dont we take a winter holiday for a change? / What about
- Couldnt you just play at the end of the month? / You could
- We could take a week off in July. / Lets
- You could ask Bill to help. / What
- Why dont you ring and tell them youre coming? / You
- We could borrow the equipment from Peter. / Couldnt
- Why dont we keep quiet about that? / It might
- Add comments to these sentences using I wish.
Example: Im afraid your father cant come. / I wish he could.
They always come late. / I wish they wouldnt.
- He always complains about everything. /
- He never invites us round. /
- We cant go on holiday this year. /
- She wont listen to anything you say. /
- They cant help out Im afraid. /
- She never comes home at weekends. /
- Fill each gap with a correct modal verb.
- I really think you __________ see a doctor.
- Oh, look! Mr. Thomson __________ be here: theres his car.
- Why did you carry that heavy box? You __________ hurt yourself!
- - Where are my keys?
- I suppose I __________ them in the car.
- She had to wait 5 minutes for traffic to stop, but in the end __________ to cross the road.
- I took my umbrella, but it didnt rain, so I __________ taken it.
- Everyone understood. The teacher __________ to explain it again.
- He had an accident in his car. He __________ where he was going.
- - Did she do the exercise?
- No, she said she __________ understand it.
- He is very rich. He __________ work for a living.
- - Did you go to the concert?
- No. We __________ have gone but decided not to.
- - Did they find your house?
- Yes, it took them a long time but they __________ to find it.
- - Do you want me to wait for you?
- No, its okay. You __________ wait.
- His test is the best in class. He __________ (study) last night.
Unit 5Gerunds and infinitives
The gerund
The gerund is used:
- after prepositions.
After leaving school, I went to university.
The firemen rescued the lady by breaking down the door.
Is anyone here good at sewing?
She was accused of killing her husband.
Examples of prepositions frequently followed by the gerund are:
before after without by about at to of
- after certain verbs.
I enjoy staying in hotels.
I avoid working at the weekend.
Some of the most common verbs which are followed by the gerund are:
admit avoid deny enjoy finish
- as the subject or object of a sentence.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Smoking is bad for your health.
I find working in the garden very relaxing.
- after certain idiomatic expressions.
Its no use talking to him. He doesnt know anything.
This is an excellent book. Its worth buying.
Other idiomatic expressions are:
Theres no point in (waiting all day).
Its no good (pretending that you understand).
- after certain verbs which are followed by the preposition to.
Im looking forward to visiting you in July.
The infinitive
The infinitive is used:
- after certain verbs.
I cant afford to pay all my bills.
I hope to see you again soon.
Some of the most common verbs that are followed by the infinitive are:
agree appear attempt choose dare decide expect help learn manage need offer promise refuse seem
You should consult a good dictionary, for example the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, to see which structures are possible after a particular verb.
- after certain verbs followed by an object.
He advised me to listen carefully.
They invited her to have lunch with them.
Some of the most common verbs that are normally used with an object and an infinitive are:
allow encourage force order persuade remind teach tell warn
- after certain verbs which sometimes take an object and sometimes dont.
I want to find out the answer, (no object I find out.)
I want you to find out the answer, (you as object You find out.)
Id like to help you.
Id like you to give her a message.
NEVER I want that you . . .
Id like that you . . .
Other common verbs are:
ask expect
- after certain adjectives.
Its difficult to explain how to get there. Its possible to walk there.
- after make and let.
She made me do the exercise again, (active without to)
I was made to do the exercise again, (passive with to)
He let me borrow the car. (active - without to)
I was allowed to borrow the car. (Let, in the sense of allow, is not possible in the passive.)
- to express purpose.
I came here to team English.
I need more money to buy the things I want.
- after certain verbs followed by question words, e.g. what, where, who.
I didnt know what to do.
Can you tell me how to get there?
Show me where to put it.
Do you know where to buy it?
After these verbs and others with words meanings, it is possible to use how, what, where, when, whether etc.
ask consider explain wonder find out understand
Forms of the infinitive
- The continuous infinitive
The continuous infinitive is formed with to be + present participle.
It expresses activities in progress.
Id like to be lying in the sun right now.
He seemed to be having financial difficulties.
- The perfect infinitive
The perfect infinitive is formed with to have + past participle.
Id like to have seen his face when you told him.
He seems to have forgotten about the appointment.<