Lexical unit
Информация - Иностранные языки
Другие материалы по предмету Иностранные языки
8].- syntactic and logic principles are put into the base of semantic combining of compound words with like element. Under semantic combining we understand the ability of separate part of speech to join syntacticaly with like element by certain logic.classes of nouns which connect with like component have wide variety. As a rule it nouns:
-for denotation animal world
- for denotation of parts of body
-for denotation of mythic creature
-for denotation of different conditions of a person
-for denotation of natural phenomenon
-for denotation of artifactsforming compound words with like element not all the stems are the so active in word building process. It is possible to distinguish stems of nouns (animal-like, telescope-like, child-like, paper-like), adjectives in different degrees of comparison (good-looking, best-looking, finest-looking), adverbs (deadly-looking, kindly-looking, lovely-looking) [1; 9].
2. The peculiarities of usage of the unit like
2.1 Types of the right combinatory
the work of Soyko right combinatory of the word like is represented in eight structural types. That is like demonstrating extensible positions which are filled by the words of the class of nouns, pronouns, gerund, adverbs, adjectives, numerals, infinitive and prepositions [6; 9].to Table I in the first chapter it is possible to make such examples:+ N:
. He suddenly sat upright, holding her hair-brush like a weapon [17; 67].+ Pron:
. You're like me in that [6; 10].+ Ger:
. They had been at Flashbourne long enough for it to seem like coming home [6; 10].+ Adv:
. He'd hardly left when - well, it was like yesterday - the BBD and D drummer came in [6; 10].+ Adj:
….I can make it like new so you don't have to buy no new ones… [18; 36].+ Num:
. The end of this phase was not sharp, not a climax, like the first [17; 98].+ Inf:
….and listen to what Harry told her to do - like to keep herself out Fluke's place [6; 10].+ Prep:
. Does anyone ever know the outer fringe of another: What are you like in there [17; 234].
2.2 Correlates and exponent of degree
has researched that appearance of correlates and exponent of degree of congruence promote the reduction of meaning of unreality:looks exactly like you, Rita [6; 14].was so like the beast that gave him his name [6; 14].'ve never felt less like a mashine [6; 14].again, he wasn't treating me so much like a kid any more [6; 14].
2.3 The meaning of refinement
has explored that like has also the meaning of refinement. Refinement constructions serve as the purpose of additional information.a rule, noun or gerund follows after like:emptied it and dragged it back to the wreck, and we loaded it to the full with the most important equipment, like radio set, provisions, and water bottles [3; 41].things which should be new and modern, like hospitals and schools and factories, were grubby and old-fashioned [3; 41].
…just doing the things that had to be done every single day of the week, like brushing his teeth, or taking Beverly for a walk [3; 41].
2.4 Comparative, qualificatory and commenting-valuating meaning
to the work of Soyko there are three types of compound sentences according to the character of expressive relations: comparative, qualificatory meaning, commenting - valuating [6; 11].part with the clip like doesn't carry explanatory function to any component of the main clause. It relates with it in whole:set there talking like we had known each other foe years and years [3; 41].MEANINGmain clause has high level of autosemantics. Subordinate part is characterized by cease in developing of plot of the whole compound sentence.
…we'll sit on the stair landing like we did at the last ball and get Mammy Jincy to come tell our fortunes again [3; 41].brought it around to my mother so she could give her approval like the hostess sometimes does [3; 41].VALUATINGpart which is introduced by the clip like has explanatory meaning. It shows from whom the utterance goes. Subordinate parts together with input sentences don't have constant position. They can take initial, middle or finishing position:I said, after Christmas Ben would, every once in a while, talk about the time they'd be married and all the different things we'd do together [3; 42].place we were setting in was dark, like I said, and there was the roots from that old stump sticking up like arms [3; 42].
…Why didn't you go away like you said you would? [3; 42].
2.5 Nominations of compound words
Tolcheeva has investigated, there are three types of nomination where compound words with like element are used:
. nominations where the approximateness is connected with the characteristics of the object.has been some kind of fine-looking, all right, with that dynamite body and that gorgeous fall of red wary hair, but she was weak…weak somehow [6; 26].
. nominations where the approximateness is connected with the object and at the same time with its name (compound type).cried, and a mixture of doglike sounds came out of his fanged mouth [6; 26].
. nominations where the approximateness of direction doesn't connect with object but with subject.felt a knot tighten in his stomach as he saw two wraith-like figures emerge from the smoke [6; 26].
2.6 Classes of nouns which connect with like component
the work of Tolcheeva it is written that semantic classes of nouns which connect with like component have wide variety. As a rule it is nouns:
for denotation animal world: There was a federal, animal-like vitality about him. The hand he offered was large and warm, which reinforced her impression of a big man grown even bigger and more bear-like [1; 6].
for denotation of parts of body: As you can see here, the my electric arm is made of plastics and covered with a handlike glove [1; 6].
for denotation of mythic creature: A Belch Huggins chuckle was a low, troll-like sound (S. King). The yellow storm light lay on their skins, making their faces seem ghost-like, distant, shadowy [1; 6].
for denotation of different conditions of a person: Things stood out in a kind of dreamlike steely relief. She sat in a chair, in a trance-like state, her mind going over and over the moment at the telephone [1; 6].
for denotation of natural phenomenon: What stopped him was a realization, almost too lightninglike to be concious [1; 6].
for denotation of artifacts: It extended quite quickly, in a telescope-like motion, smaller extensions being born out of larger ones, and fast enough so that it stayed ahead of him as he ran [1; 6].
Conclusions
a simple sentence there are two lexical-semantic variants in the word like - comparative and contrast. The word like in the sense of refinement doesn't have synonymous parallels with comparative-contrastive like.the constructions the word like isn't independent part of the sentence. All structures like + X function as secondary part of the sentence: attributive or adverbial contest, and also is a nominal part of the predicate.contrastive like is characterized by intersection of four parts of speech: preposition, adjective, adverb and conjunction.prepositions the word like draws the possibility of combining with nouns, adjectives, pronouns, gerunds, numerals. There is also presence of case valence and duplex syntactic relations which are mostly in binomial word combinations which are formed according to the model pivotal word + like + dependent word.word like together with the input construction like prepositional phrase is characterized by the mobility of positions in the sentence. These prepositional phrases and constructions with the word like can have predicative, attributive and adverbial characteristics., the possibility of the word like to form the word form unlike and the combination much (more, less) + like doesn't allow to attribute it to preposition.adjectives the word like draw the presence of prefix in the structure of the word and also the possibility to form the degree of comparison., the word like is characterized by the right distribution which is not typical for adjectives.combinations Adj + N the article is used before the adjective, but in the combination like + N the article is used before the noun but not before like.adverbs the word like has possibility to follow after participle in the participle constructions, presence of prefix un in the structure of the word, possibility to form degree of comparison with the help of words much, more, less., there is a compatibility for the word like which adverbs don't have. As it is known, adverbs doesn't combine with nouns, but the construction like + N is very productive. Unlike adverbs which have unilateral connection, the word like has bilateral connection. Adverbs and adjectives are parts of sentences. The word like isn't part of sentence.conjunctions the word like draw the possibility of comparative phrase which refers to verbal predicate to be expanded into the subordinate clause.is impossible to attribute the comparative-contrastive like to any morphologic class because it has the character of morphologic syncretism.word like with the meaning of refinement doesn't have synonymic parallels with comparative-contrastive and functions as the word which introduces the enumeration. Here like has conjunctional function.of grammatical and semantical structure of composite sentences with the parts which are input with the clip like allows to affirm that they are grammatical and function in modern Engli