Culture of Turkey

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. It also changes in time. It is a joyful time of the year. The Musulman families visit each other these days, give presents to each other and visit the grave of their be loved. Ramazan Bayrami in 2009 it was on 19-22 September (19th is half-day). In 2010 it is going to be on 9-12 September (9th is half-day).Turkey, people celebrate the sr, it is the 10th day of the Muharram (1st) month. In the Gregorian calendar in 2008 it was on 19 January. According to Muslim customs when the Flood started to withdraw, Prophet Noah collected all foods, remained on the Ark and cooked pudding of it. It was named sr or тАЮNoahs pudding". To remember Prophet Noah and thanks giving to God, peoples of Anatolia and other Muslims made a habit to make and share this pudding among neighbours and friends. Sharing the pudding is a god way of strengthening the connection among people and unity independently from religion, belief and background.

IV. ARTS

. Painting

Romans decorated their villas with mosaic floors and exquisite wall frescoes portraying rituals, myths, landscapes, still-life and scenes of daily activities. Using the technique known as aerial perspective, in which colours and outlines of more distant objects are softened and blurred to achieve spatial effects, Roman artists created the illusion of reality. Certain stylization and artistic conventions are characteristic of these representations of the New Testament events.otherworldly presentation became characteristic of Byzantine art and the style came to be associated with the imperial Christian court of Constantinople, which survived from 330 AD until 1453. The Byzantine style is also seen on icons, conventionalized paintings on wooden panels of Christ, the Virgin, or the saints, made for veneration.

. Sculpture

fertility figures or mother goddesses modelled in terra-cotta found in Catalhoyuk (5500 BC) and Hacilar are among the earliest examples of sculpture in Anatolia.first statues were influenced by Egyptian sculpture, which in the 7th century BC already had a long tradition. Egyptian sculpture, however, showed little stylistic change over the centuries. Especially in the earliest phase, sculpture was carved in a severe (or formal) classical style. The male body became a broad-shouldered, trim-hipped athlete, often shown in arrested motion. The female figures were still severely draped; the earlier archaic smiles were sometimes softened in expression in the Classical period (5th-4th century BC).the death of Alexander the Great, his extensive empire was dissolved into many different kingdoms. This fragmentation was symbolic of the diversity and multiplicity of artistic tendencies in the Hellenistic period. The great centres of art were in the islands and in the cities of the eastern Mediterranean Alexandria, Antioch and Pergamum. The Hellenistic period (4-2 century BC) was a period of eclecticism. Art still served a religious function or to glorify athletes, but sculpture and painting were also used to decorate the homes of the rich.

. Music and dance

music and dance originates deeply from the history and traditions. Ottoman classics, mysterious Sufi songs, different folk music, jazz and pop had an effect on Turkish music. The result of these is a mixture of the ancient and the new styles. Today these styles and traditions are still being fostered. Visitors of Turkey can easily meet these styles.Mevlevi music is the music of Sufis. This music is based on instruments ney, ud and kanun. Their music is long and stands for complex compositions, called Ayin.fas?l music is similar to gipsy music. It is half classical music and played in concert halls. It uses traditional wind, percussion and stringed instruments. Fas?l music is mainly listened to and rarely danced to.one third of the Turkish population is alevi, their folk music is well-known. These songs are about mystical topics. They pray through this to Avlevi saints and to Ali.music affected Turkish music also. One of the biggest pop stars in Turkey is Sezen Aksu and the world famous Tarkan. Of course belly dance is famous in Turkey. It is still the favourite of tourists. Belly dance has lots of different styles; the Turkish belly dance is not as light as the Egyptian, it is rather strong and forceful. The traditional instruments can be divided into 3 groups: wind, percussion and stringed instruments. The main stringed instruments are Saz and Ud. Saz is a penance instrument with 3 strings, while Ud has 11 strings and there is a piece of leather on it to protect the strings. The wind instruments are Kaval and Ney. Both of them have ancient origins and both are made of wood. Ney is carved from cane, kaval is made of plum tree. Percussion instruments are Darbuka and Davul. These instruments have Arab origins.

. Literature

Turkish literature means both written and oral texts in Turkish. Early peaces were influenced by the Persian and Arab languages in the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman-Turkish language), later on the reformed Turkish language.Turkish literature is almost 1500 years old. The earliest known Turkish text was found in the Orkhon valley, Mongolia from the 8th century AD. The works from the 9th - 11th centuries were subsisting by oral traditions like the book of Dede Korkut and the epic, Manasz.appeared in the 11th century when the Seljuks settled in Anatolia. At the beginning, lots of motives, topics and genre were adopted from the Arab and Persian literature. The most well-known person of the Turkish literature today is Orhan Pamuk, who won a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006.

V. ARCHITECTURE

principal Islamic architectural types include among others: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. An especially recognizable Islamic architectural style emerged soon after Prophet Muhammad's time, developing from localized adaptations of Egyptian, Byzantine and Persian models. Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns.this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other significant features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and coronate. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable.Anatolia several hans (warehouses) and caravanserais (inns) were built in the Seljuk and Ottoman area to protect the caravans (travelers) on their way. Seljuks were built more than 100 hans to promote the trade. (The camel caravans went from China to the main trade centers, like Bursa. The most important goods were silk, spice and slaves.) Under the Ottoman area these hans and caravanserais became the part of the social system subsidized by the state. Today lots of them can be visited; some of them are converted into hotels or restaurants. The Sultanhan? caravanserai remained in the best condition. It was built between 1226 and 1229 in Central-Anatolia in Aksaray. The building was surrounded by stable, mosque and hamam. Traders could store their goods in covered halls.caravanserais were surrounded by thick walls. Entrance was only possible through the central door. A small mosque was in the middle of the courtyard. The mosque was built on arches. In the middle of the hall there was an octagonal lighthouse, through which the light could shine in.Architecture of most of the popular mosques in Turkey obtained influence from Byzantine, Persian and Syrian-Arab designs. Turkish architects implemented their own style of cupola domes. The most conspicuous buildings are in Istanbul those, which have been built in the Ottoman area. The architecture of the Turkish Ottoman Empire forms a distinctive whole, especially the great mosques by and in the style of Sinan, like the mid-16th century Suleiman Mosque. For almost 500 years Byzantine Architecture such as the church of Hagia-Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques such as the Shehzade Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, and the Rustem Pasha Mosque.these are mosques of sultans, palaces and klliyes (Muslim charitable institutions). The Ottoman architecture is characterized by strict hierarchy of scales and materials. For example only those mosques could have 2 or more minarets which were ordered by a member of the Ottoman family. Lots of architectures were imported from Greece or Armenia.mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious architecture, which until then consisted of simple buildings with extensive decorations, was transformed by the Ottomans through a dynamic architectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semi domes and columns. The mosque was transformed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of esthetic and technical balance, refined elegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.early Ottoman mosques had only 1 huge prayer room, which was covered by semicircular dome. Covered hall and minarets outside also belonged to the mosques.these were completed with arcaded courtyards. Usually the entrance hall is covered by 7 domes. Walls are filled with rubble stone.the occupation of Constantinople, the form of mosques went through lots of changes. Orthodox churches were often changed to mosques; the most famous of these is the Hagia Sophia. As an effect of these examples, higher mosques with one dome became widespread and the inner spaces were expanded also.architecturally interesting thing is about Hagia Sophia is that - according to the experts - it could resist a 7,5 magnitude earthquake. The Northern-Anatolian fault line is c