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Table The restrictedness of the expenditures of the 2003-2005 RF federal budgets and the draft budget for 2006, by the sections (S) and subsections (SS) of the functional>

In general, the effect from the application of the new>

as mentioned above, in accordance with these recommendations, some of defense expenditures were successfully shifted to other sections not dealing with defense, while, for example, the recommendation of the>

The analysis of the restrictedness of expenditures at the level of the federal budgetТs subsections has made it necessary to take into account the distinctions between the old>

NATIONAL SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY NATIONAL DEFENSE RF Armed Forces Federal budget as whole Internal Service Troops Internal Affairs Agencies 2003 2004 2005 Financial Years Figure 1. The development of the share of>

The expenditures assigned to such subsections of the functional>

Though it is clear that there can be no standards or patterns in the practice of placing budget expenditures on the secret list, and the only correct course in this matter is to strictly observe national interests, nevertheless, it can be quite interesting and instructive to compare the aforesaid practice with another one, based on different principles. Thus, according to our estimates, in the USA, between 6.and 6.7 percent of the PentagonТs 2003-2006 budgets are>

The intensive propaganda campaign, which accompanied the submission, by the government, of the draft 2006 federal budget for the consideration of the State Duma, as was to be expected, has drawn public attention away from those details that deal with the quality and transparency of the draft. The draft was submitted without the two annexes (# 16 and 17) concerning the distribution of federal subsidies and subventions. Moreover, according to the RF Clearing House, the draft lacked any projections regarding the transfers in the amount of 75 billion rubles; there were also violations of the requirements of 32 articles of the Budgetary Code. But the worst deficiency of the draft (from the point of view of the present study) was the absence of those annexes that would have made it possible to assess the structure and effectiveness of expenditures on the Armed Forces - they simply vanished from the draft (see Table 2).

Table Secrecy indices of the composition of the RF 2003-2005 federal budgets and the draft federal budget for the year Indices FB-2003 FB-2004 FB-2005 DFB-Number of secret annexes (and number of top secrets thereof) 13 (2) 11 (2) 9 (2) 9 (2) Data on numerical composition of Armed Forces (in secret - + + + annex) Distribution of allocations for equipping Armed Forces (in - + + + non-secret annex) Thus, despite the fact that the number of>

So far as there were no explanations concerning the reason for the aforesaid changes, it remains hidden from us as yet. It is known that in the past two years there were no substantial additions to the list of data constituting state secrets. It can be assumed that in an efficient state, if the heads of agen Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Washington, DC.

Finans (Finance). November 21-27. # 43. P. 17.

Finansovyi kontrolТ (Financial control). 2005. # 11. P. 17.

cies had permitted such a rise in the restrictedness of budgetary data, they would have had to publicly answer some very unpleasant questions.

For now, it can be rather confidently affirmed that such policy has been creating a number of serious obstacles to effective planning, managing, and organizing the interaction, for example, in the Russian defense complex, by increasing the information-related costs to a level that excludes the launching of self-maintaining mechanisms - it is likely that in this respect Russia has got caught in a specific institutional trap. It is still difficult to say what price in the percentage points of GDP growth Russia will have to pay for a one-percent rise in the restrictedness of her budget, but the existence of a negative feedback between these two factors is beyond doubt.

Moreover, a considerable part of Russian secrets are secrets only for Russian society, because the government regularly submits, to the OSCE and the UN, the corresponding data on military spending, as well as on the numerical strength of the Armed Forces.

By using secrecy to evade public and democratic control, both the politicians and the officials have converted state secrets into a specific type of rent, permitting them to successfully manipulate public opinion and to rise their personal and departmental status in the eyes of society.

Despite the objective necessity to preserve, in the foreseeable future, the institution of>

V. B. Zatsepin The strategy for developing public education and national projects In this overview, the place and role of the national project within the system of strategic documents designed to determine the priorities in the sphere of public education are discussed, alongside an estimation of the adequacy of the measures envisaged in the project for solving the actual problems associated with the development of this sphere, and the mechanisms suggested for its implementation are characterized.

During the discussion, at the meeting with members of the Government, top officials of the Federal Assembly and members of the State CouncilТs Presidium on September 5, 2005, of the key issues of state policy aimed at improving the populationТs living standards, President of Russia Vladimir Putin put forth the initiative of a national project in the sphere of public education, which represents one of those spheres that directly influence the societyТs well-being and the growth of its human potential.

It should be noted that the past two years saw a noticeable revival of the GovernmentТs activity aimed at developing strategic documents in the sphere of public education, which were to determine the priorities and targets of the State in its support and administering of public education as the most importance one among the resources needed for the formation of the new knowledge-based economy.

Thus, in December 2004, the RF Government approved The Priorities in the Development of Public Education ; in May 2005 - The Set of Measures Aimed at Developing the RF Education System for the period until the year 2010 was developed, coordinated and approved by the Government; in September 2005, The Federal Program for the Development of Public Education (FPDPE) in 2006 - was adopted.

However, the acuteness and chronic character of some of the socio-economic problems faced by the education sphere, no effect (contrary to expectation) resulting from the budget funds being poured into the implementation of the FPDPE, as well as the need to achieve breakthrough results in respect to the most important issues pertaining to the quality of education, all necessitated the emergence, at the federal level, of a special national project aimed at the sphere of education. In the opinion of the projectТs developers, it is expected to give a powerful impetus to the whole Russian education system.

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