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The comparison of the results of the RF subjects’ typology and conclusions of the study УPayment arrears in the Russia’s economy and regionsФ demonstrates that ad hoc>

Thus, it is apparent that УpoorФ and УdepressiveФ regions characterized by high shares of loss-making enterprises and low revenues of regional budgets may be seen as the Уcenters,Ф where originate non-monetary payments and debts, and from where payment arrears are transferred to other regions. Besides, these regions (and УshakyФ regions) demonstrate higher shares of offsets in the relations between the budget and taxpayers, what, as it was shown, results in increased indebtedness of budgets and forms chains of payment arrears related to enterprises supplying budgetary organizations. In relatively УrichФ regions, some payment arrears are probably of non-voluntary nature and depend on the degree of integration with other regions.

On the other hand, exactly УrichФ regions (both УconsumersФ and УinvestorsФ) became the major centers of distribution of financial flows and, therefore, caused the decrease in payment arrears occurring in 1999 through 2001 as export revenues increased and the monetization of the economy progressed.

Besides, from our point of view, the>

Investment in Regions

The results of typologization of RF subjects not only confirm>

In the course of analysis of regional aspects of investment activity it shall be taken into account that, first, regions – УinvestorsФ will demonstrate higher indicators of amount and dynamics of investment than regions – УconsumersФ comparable to them in terms of other regional economic indicators.

Second, it may be assumed that in Уconsumer,Ф Уshaky,Ф and УdepressiveФ regions the role played by investments of state-owned companies and from budget sources will be more important than in УinvestorФ regions, what is also due to a higher share of state property.

Third, in Уpoor investorФ regions the share of investment of enterprises of mixed (foreign) ownership will be higher, since internal funds of these regions are insufficient for investment.

Fourth, it may be assumed that in terms of sources the investment in regions – Уrich investorsФ will be approximately evenly distributed across internal and borrowed funds, since higher regional revenues permit both to invest at the expense of profits and to attract borrowed capital (higher monetization of such regions is an additional factor increasing the supply of financial resources).

Fifth, in fact, mainly companies from Уrich investorФ regions may borrow funds via the issuance of stocks, since their financial standing, investment activity, and institutional conditions under which they operate make their securities attractive to investors.

Sixth, in Уrich investorФ regions the investment in real estate is expected to be either evenly distributed between residential housing and production facilities construction, or be biased in favor of housing construction, while in Уpoor investorФ regions the investments in buildings and facilities of production purposes predominate.

Seventh, the amount and structure of investment in УconsumerФ regions will be primarily determined by the structure and degree of deterioration of fixed assets, while in УinvestorФ regions a considerable part of investment is allocated for creation of new capacities.

Economic Problems of Russia’s North

According to the results of typologization, 11 regions out of 19 RF subjects>

For instance, in УpoorФ and УdepressiveФ regions special attention shall be paid to programs of targeted social assistance, migration of people to УsouthernФ regions, and creation of incentives for investment (first of all, investment from outside of the region). As an example we may refer to projects УSakhalin 1, 2, 3Ф (the Sakhalin oblast belongs to the type of Уpoor investorsФ), however, the economic effect of their implementation is expected to become visible somewhat later.

At the same time, УrichФ regions (both УconsumersФ and УinvestorsФ) apparently dispose of internal resources and capacities to maintain the level of economic activity and living standards without massive additional inflow of financial resources. In case of these regions it is more feasible to pursue a policy aimed to stimulate investment activity at the expense of internal resources.

Economic and Political Problems

The distribution of RF subjects by the singled out types permits to find out the degree of social and political tension, and the regional attitudes to the federal authorities rather accurately.

The investment policy pursued in a region to a considerable degree determines the constituents’ attitude to the authorities. In regions УinvestorsФ the electorate’s attitude to the federal authorities is, in general, more loyal than in regions Уconsumers.Ф The activity of voters and the level of support of the authorities in УinvestingФ regions is much higher than in УconsumingФ regions. However, it shall be noted that the highest indicators of electoral behavior, however strange it may seem at the first glance, are observed in УdepressiveФ regions. As an example, we may refer to the Republic of Dagestan, where 81 per cent of constituents (of 84 per cent participating in the Presidential elections of year 2000) voted for V. Putin, what is the extreme value for the last elections.

The investment climate in regions depends not only on taxes and the current system of preferences for entrepreneurs. The observance and protection of ownership rights, inviolability of citizens’ personal freedoms, quality of the judicial system, absence of different УextremeФ restrictions, creation of a favorable environment for entrepreneurial activities, and non-interference of regional authorities in the financial and economic operations of economic agents (except cases directly defined by the law) facilitate the decrease in investment risks and improve the investment attractiveness of the region. At the same time, all aspects mentioned above facilitates the creation of new jobs, improvement of wellbeing of regional residents, and, as a consequence, a decline in social tensions. It is observed that the authorities less interfere in businesses and there are less strikes in УinvestingФ regions, while they are practically non-existent in Уrich investorФ regions.

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