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Another step, made as a reaction to the deficit, was a cut down of the list of medicines, provided to the socially supported groups, which was reduced by nearly 15 per cent from November 1, 2006. 74 items were excluded from that list, among them - medicines for treatment of HIM, AIDS and tuberculosis. These medicines will be supplied within the framework of prioritized national Project ФHealthФ and targeted federal program УPrevention and combat against diseases of social char acterФ. 436 items are left in the list, approved by the Ministry of Healthcare and So cial Development. It is planned to take under special control over prescriptions of nearly 78 medicines for treatment of diseases of blood, cancer, disseminated scle rosis, cardio vascular system. The general trend of those measures is quite justi fied. However, basing on the experience of medicinesТ provision before 2005, one can hardly predict, how the control functions will be performed. The above experi ence leads to conclusion, that the balance in the system of surplus medicines sup ply (i.e., a stable balance between its liabilities and their funding) will be reached through noticeable and irregular downgrading of the level of social security due to increased burden of expenses for medicines to some categories of socially unpro tected population.

4.5. The Situation in Science and Innovation Activity 4.5.1. The Main Directions of State Policy in In 2006, the main directions of state policy in the sphere of science and inno vations were as follows: further improvement of the mechanisms of target program financing, including the determination of new priority areas and critically important technologies; the formation of appropriate mechanisms and instruments for pro moting innovation activity (venture funds, technoparks, indirect regulation mecha nisms). Toward the yearТs end, the personnel problems faced by science once again became the focus of attention. At the same time, the rate of organizational transformations going on in the government sector of science became slower.

The governmentТs activity was mainly focused at the development, coordina tion and approval of the normative legal acts that addressed the sphere of science and the promotion of the innovation activity. Certain amendments were introduced to the Federal Law УOn science and the state policy aimed at science and tech nologiesФ, as well as to Part IV of the Civil Code, which had to do with the rights to the results of intellectual activity. In the course of last year, some 25 presidential RUSSIAN ECONOMY IN trends and outlooks decrees and decrees and ordinances of the Government were issued, which ad dressed the problems of regulation in the sphere of science and innovations. At the same time, the practical measures aimed at restructuring the government science sector and creating new organizational forms were implemented on a very moder ate scale, precisely because the institutional conditions were just evolving.

In the sphere of target program planning, the development of FORCYTE (or FORECAST) began. This computer simulation method is new for Russia and is ap plied for determining the most promising directions of scientific and technological development, in coordination with the existing socio economic conditions and the potential consequences of the implementation of new technologies. This method is now being applied in more than 30 countries across the globe and represents a process of selecting strategic areas of scientific and technological development at the national level, with due regard to the opinions voiced by the major subjects within a national innovation system. The method has been implemented with the highest degree of success in those countries where there exist well developed horizontal connections and long established interaction networks, supported at the government level. In Russia, the FORCYTE procedures, similarly to many other ini tiatives, were developed in accordance with the departmental principle. The Minis try of Public Education and Science, the Ministry for Communications and Informa tion and the RF Ministry of Industry and Energy (Minpromenergo) began to elaborate their own procedures for applying FORCYTE.

Simultaneously, the Ministry of Public Education and Science completed the revision of the list of priority directions and critical technologies that had been started in 2005. As a result, the previously existing 9 priority directions and 52 criti cal technologies were replaced by a set of 8 priority directions and 35 critical tech nologies47. As follows from the comparison of the new and old lists of priorities (Ta ble 16), they do, indeed, coincide in many points.

Certain directions were merged with others, and the direction УIndustrial technologiesФ was taken off the list, which, however, happened by no means be cause it had become less of a priority, but simply because it did not belong to the sphere of jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education and Science. Other de partments, such as the Minpromenergo, are developing their own priorities, includ ing those in the sphere of industrial technologies. The departmental priorities are not coordinated at the interdepartmental level, and generally there is no coordina tion involved in the process of the determination of priorities. At the same time, to the Ministry of Public Education and Science, in accordance with the RF Strategy In the Sphere Of the Development of Science and Innovations During the Period Until the Year 2015, the role of a top agency is, in fact, assigned - the agency that is to determine the countryТs priority directions for scientific and technological devel opment. Thus, the department based approach to the selection of new priority di rections has not been abolished. In this connection, our comparison of the ap Priority directions for the development of science, technologies and technical equipment in the Russian Federation and the List of critical technologies of the Russian Federation. Approved by the RF President as of 21 May 2006, Pr 842.

Section Social Sphere proaches to the selection of priority directions, critical technologies and the devel opment of the FORCYTE procedures led to the conclusion that the FORCYTE method had fallen victim to the Russian practices of department based forecasting and target setting even before the onset of its practical implementation.

Table Lists of Priority Directions for the Development of Science, Technologies and Technical Appliances in the RF 2002 list* 2006 list Information and telecommunications technologies and elec Information and telecommunications systems tronics New materials and chemical technologies Industry of nanosystems and materials Technologies of live systems Live systems Ecology and rational use of nature Rational use of nature Energy saving technologies Power engineering and energy saving Prospective armaments, military and special equipment Prospective armaments and military equipment New transport technologies Transport, aviation and astronautical systems Astronautical and aviation technologies - Industrial technologies - - Safety and antiterrorist measures * List of priority directions for the development of science, technologies and technical equipment in the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on 30 March 2002, Pr 577.

Source: RF Ministry of Public Education and Science.

4.5.2. Financing Priorities and Development of an Approach Based on Target Programs The year 2006 saw continuing growth of budget spending on research and development. This growth had begun in 2002, when УThe fundamental principles of the policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of the development of science and technologies during the period until the year 2010 and beyondФ were adopted, which determined the rate of annual growth of budget allocations to science. From that moment, when the annual size of budget funding is being determined, the ab solute indices stated in that document are taken as the baseline. The growth rate of budget allocations to science in real terms was lower (Table 17) than that indicated in the Fundamental Principles, but at the same time much higher than that in the countries with stable science complexes.

Table Dynamics of Growth of Expenditures in the Federal Budget Allocated to Civilian Science Indices 2002 2003 2004 2005 Approved budget, bn roubles 30.3 40.2 46.2 56.0 71.Budget in 2002 prices, bn roubles 30.3 35.9 37.0 40.3 47.Budget growth in real terms as % of previous year - 18.4 3.1 8.9 17.Source: RF Ministry of Finance and computations performed by the IET.

Our analysis of the structure of the research and development budget has shown that it remains conservative, especially from the point of view of the distribu tion of financing by department. The main recipients of the budget funding allo cated to research and development are, as before, the following state department RUSSIAN ECONOMY IN trends and outlooks (in the descending order): the RAS, the Federal Agency for Science and Innova tions (Rosnauka), the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Siberian Branch of the RAS, The Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), the Far Eastern Branch of the RAS, the Federal Agency for Education (Rosobrazovanie), the Urals Branch of the RAS. As seen from this sequence, these agencies mainly belong to the academic sector. Scientific funds received the amount of funding precisely cor responding to that they were entitled to under existing legislation: 6 % of the ag gregate expenditures allocated to civil science - to the RFBR, 1.5% - to the Fund for promoting the development of small size forms of enterprises in the sphere of science and technology, and 1 % - to the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund (RHSF).

Despite the declared reform of the academic sector in the sphere of science and the need for integrating science and education, the assignations earmarked under the subitem Уfundamental researchФ for the research organizations of the RAS are ten times bigger than the funding under the same item allocated through the Rosobrazovanie to higher educational establishments. It is planned that 77% of the funding under this item should go to six state academies, while all the higher educational establishments, including Moscow State University, will receive only 7.4%. While the funding is being distributed in this manner, it would not be easy to implement an equal integration in the sphere of research and development. From the point of view of the actual amounts of funding being allocated, the gap between academic scientific organizations, as those that carry out research, and higher educational establishments that are responsible for education is by no means go ing to become narrower.

Substantial budget funds were allocated in в 2006 through the system of fed eral target programs. Last year, the implementation of the Federal Target Scientific and Technological Program (FTSTP) УResearch and development along the priority directions of the development of science and technologies in the years 2002 - 2006Ф was completed. An analysis of its results made it possible to better adjust certain conditions and approaches, which found their reflection in the new Federal Target Program УResearch and development along the priority directions of the de velopment of scientific and technological complex of Russia in the years 2007 - 2012Ф48.

The first point that has been proved by the results of the FTSTPТs implementa tion is that, after all the initiatives had been put together within the framework of a single program, the implementation of some of them proved to be of little effect.

The program based approach is not the best possible one to be applied when new organizations are being created, or when there is a need to provide financing for the material base of research (e. g., centers for shared use of equipment - SSU). It would be more feasible, at least at the initial stage, to finance such projects by way of subventions, and not on the basis of contracts for research and development.

The second point is that developers have limited opportunities for attracting off budget funding; there were some instances when the requirements for co Approved by the GovernmentТs Decree No. 613 of 17 October 2006.

Section Social Sphere financing were not complied with, or the funding was attracted in volumes much smaller than those promised. This may in part be explained by the fact that financ ing was allocated to works in which the private sector had no interest. Accordingly, there has emerged the problem arising from the need for more precisely defined procedures and criteria for expertsТ selection of projects. Another possible reason may be that the terms of a state order are too vague, and thereby the State secures the right to diminish the volume of allocated funding in an event of a diminished budget financing allocated to the said purposes, which, in its turn, represents an obstacle from the point of view of a private co investor, for whom it would be diffi cult to plan the development works under such conditions. And finally, the third reason is the poorly determined rights to the results of those research and devel opment works to which state support has been allocated. The State, as a rule, in cludes in its contracts a clause whereby it may transfer intellectual property to third parties for its own needs. On the whole, everything that had to do with intellectual property was determined in the FTSTP rather vaguely. Besides, no funding was earmarked in those projects for the search of patents and the protection of intellec tual property.

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