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In the tractor and agrarian equipmentmanufacture, the reduction of manufacture of most products continued. At thesame time, the manufacture of the machines designed to fertilize the soil withthe mineral fertilizers grew by 27% compared with 1997; this may be explainedby the feeble tendency to the growth of use of the mineral fertilizers. Themanufacture of the small-size equipment, e.g., cultivators, has been growing aswell: this evidences the certain growth of the purchasing capacity of theagrarian producers.

Table 2.14

Dynamic of volume of manufacture of means ofproduction for agrarian economy

	1998 as % of 1997
Mineral fertilizers, thousandMT	97.5
Tractor and agrarian equipmentmanufacture	70.7
tractors, thousand	79.0
grain harvesters	44.9
equipment for applying mineralfertilizers	128.0
tractor cultivators	109.4

Source: Russian State Committee onstatistics (Goskomstat).

Food industry

In 1998, the inflow of investments in thefood industry continued: during the first half of the year, the investments inthis sector grew by 45% having exceeded this index over all the other sectorsof economy. Most likely, the greater share of the investments was directed tothe secondary processing which is less dependent upon the agriculturalfeedstock.

The financial and economic crisis entailedthe reduction of the import supplies and sharp growth of the Ruble prices onthe imported products. This situation favored the import substitution tendencyin the food industry. Tableа2.15 shows by month the rates of change inproduction of the main foods. It is easy to see that, in whole, these form thetwo groups: the ones whose production grew after August and the ones whoseproduction began reducing even more rapidly. The second group of the productsincludes the sugar, meat, and sausages. These are the ones whose productionused the imported feedstock. After the devaluation of the Ruble, the feedstockimport became problematic and the purchasing capacity of the population droppedfor these very groups (especially for the meat products).

Table 2.15

Rates of growth of production of main foodsin 1998 (monthly and yearly indexes as % of the relevant period of1997)

	July	August	September	October	November	December	Year
sugar	107	69.4	86.1	114.3	44.7	13.3	125.1
meat	95.3	91.4	90.3	89.6	81.9	71.1	86.5
sausage	85.2	83.3	73.7	75.9	83.5	80.8	86.7
bread and bakery	92	92.2	95.7	98.7	97.1	98	94.8
macaroni	99.6	92.5	178.6	159.2	156.5	158.4	121.4
margarine products	116.8	72	86.7	139.7	171.4	185.1	106.8
whole milk products	100.7	100.9	104.8	103.5	101	90.7	102.9
butter	92.4	90.6	93.5	82.8	82.3	85.6	93.7
cow and sheep milk cheese	96.6	101.4	105.4	113.5	102.3	85.2	103
flour	94.9	85.4	102.1	100.1	100.4	103.2	95.9
cereals	97.7	78.5	105.7	114	104	112.9	103.2
vegetable oil	110.1	133.6	178.4	144	106.6	109	112.1

Source: Data of the Russian State Committeeon statistics (Goskomstat) for the relevant period.

The recession in the bakery production wasnot stopped but slowed down. This may serve the indirect index characterizingthe dynamic of the incomes of the population: at the other equal conditions,the decrease of the real incomes of the population is accompanied by the growthof consumption of the bread. Since August, the recession in the whole groupslowed down; the most probable is that the production of bread was growing onthe background of cutback of the bakery production.

Such groups as the macaroni, margarineproducts, whole milk products, cheese, and cereals directly illustrate theimport substitution trend after the beginning of the crisis. The share of theimported products in this group had been high enough, and the devaluation ofthe Ruble improved the domestic competitiveness of the domesticproducers.

The vegetable oil production dynamic has amore complex nature; the sharp growth of production in August and September mayhave been due to the rush demand. The further evolution of the industry willdepend on the efficiency of the policy of the sunflower seeds export limitationintroduced at the beginning of this year.

General characteristic of situation in theRussian agrarian markets in 1998

In 1998, the evolution of the agrarian andfood market was influenced by both the remaining in the country macroeconomicinstability and the absence of the clear conception of the governmentalregulation of the agrarian and food complex.

The process of formation of thenon-traditional for the planned economy market structures and sales channels,dynamical at the beginning of the 1990's, slowed down sharply during the lasttwo years. Under the effect of the macroeconomic instability, the importance ofthe non-money forms of settlement, direct supplies, and shade turnover grewstrongly. This was, to a great extent, favored by the federal and regionalpolicy of the commodity crediting and the remaining effective practice offormation of the regional food funds.

The underdevelopment of the food marketsinfrastructure stimulated the process of formation of the vertically integratedlinks in the food supply chains, first of all, between the feedstock producersand processors. In particular, the shortage of the feedstock formed in the meatand milk sub-complexes conditioned the wish of certain enterprises of theprocessing branches to organize their own feedstock production bases and tomake the long-term contracts with the agrarian producers. An example is theCherkizovskyаAPK havinginvested in two state farms and a poultry farm in the Moscow region. At thesame time, there are numerous examples of the artificial amalgamation of theenterprises of different levels of the food chains; these have gotten, in thelast years, the name "financial-industrial groups. Such associations are oftencreated under the aegis of the regional administrations and are the attempts torestore to life, at the regional or micro levels, the centralized managementand control system.

In 1998, the reduction of the share of theproduce supplies to the traditional purveyors became even more obvious. Theespecially critical drop of the supplies to the purveyors is observed at themarkets of national importance (grain) or of the export oriented (sunflower)produce (see Tableа2.16).

Table 2.16

Specific share of supplies to purveyors inaggregate volume of sale by agrarian producers, %

	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998*
Grain	64	63	33	28	26	25	6
Sunflower	76	42	8	19	8	8	6
Potatoes	50	45	34	35	31	28	9
Livestock and poultry(weight before slaughter)	80	80	71	64	55	47	44
Milk	96	96	93	90	84	81	72

* 11 months
Source: Sale of agrarian produce by agrarianenterprises
Russian State Committee on statistics(Goskomstat), 1992-1997 and as of 1аDecemberа1998.

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