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Houghton Mifflin Company Boston Артур М. Шлезингер Циклы американской истории Перевод с английского Развина П. А. и Бухаровой Е. И. Заключительная статья

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Права человека и американская традиция

Опубликованное в: Foreign Affairs, «America and the World
1978", данное эссе было переделано и приведено в соответствие с
положением на сегодняшний день.

1. См.: Edward Peters, Torture (New York, 1985).
2 В эссе «Idler», цитируемом по: Irvin Ehrenpreis, «Human
Wishes», London Review of Books, 20 December 1984.

3. John Qumcy Adams, Fourth of July address, 1821.

4. Albert Gallatm, Peace with Mexico (New York, 1847), sect.VII.

5. Kossuth's speech at Concord, 11 May 1852, Old South Leaflets,
No.lll.p.15.

6. Congressional Globe. 31st Cong., 2d Sess., 7 January 1850, 113-

651

116. За эти в другие ссылки на дебаты в сенате я обязан Ри-
чарду Бейкеру и историческому отделу сената.

7. Ulysses S. Grant, first annual message, 6 Decrmber 1869.

8. Цитируемая фраза взята из резолюции, направленной комис-
сии сената по иностранным делам в 1891 г. См.: Congressional
Record, 51st Cong., 2d Sess., 14 February 1891, 141.

9. John Basset Moore, A Digest of International Law (Washington,
1906), VI, 360-361.

10. John F.Kennedy, Public Papers... 1961 (Washington, 1962), 1;
Public Papers... 1963 (Washington, 1964), 232, 697.

11. Section 116 (a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as
amended in 1974.

12. См. весьма информативную статью: Patrick Breslin, «Human
Rights: Rhetoric or Action?», Washington Post, 17 February

1977.

13. E.P.Spiro, «A Paradigm Shift in American Foreign Policy»,
Worldview, January-February 1977.

14. Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best? (New York. 1976), 140-141.

15. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith (New York, 1982), 144.

16. David Owen, Human Rights (New York, 1978), 2.

17. Address at the University of Georgia Law School, 20 April 1977.

18. «Trying to Right the Balance», Time, 9 October 1978.

19. В его: Harvard Commencement speech; Harvard Gazette, 8 June

1978.

20. Interview with Arbatov by Jonathan Power, Observer (London),
12 Novemder 1978.

21. New York Times, 26 June 1977.

22. Interview with Valery Giscard d'Estamg by Arnaud de
Borchgrave, Newsweek, 25 July 1977.

23. Fereydoun Hoveyda, «Not All Clocks for Human Rights Are the
Same», New York Times, 18 May 1977.

24. George F.Kennan, The Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of
American Foreign Policy (Boston, 1977), 43.

25. Elizabeth Drew, «Human Rights», New Yorker, 18 July 1977.

26. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Our Old Home (1863), в: Works
(Riverside ed.), VII, 49.

27. Ferdinand Mount, «Human Rights», Encounter, December 1980.

28. Marion Dbnhoff, «Weltpohtik mil Fanfarenstossen», Die eit, 4
March 1977.

29. Patricia Derian, «A Commitment Sustained», Worldview, July-
August 1978.

30. Raul S.Manglapus, «Human Rights Are Not a Western
Discovery», Worldview, October 1978.

31. Fox Butterfield, «Peking's Poster Warriors Are Not Just Paper
Tigers», New York Times, 26 Novemder 1978.

32. «Peking Wall Poster Plea to Carter», New York Post, 13 December
1978.

652

33. John F.Burns, «Writer's Congress in China Demands Artistic
Freedom», New York Times, 1 January 1985.

34. Carter, Keeping Faith, 578.

35. В ходе его вторых дебатов с Мондейлом, 21 октября 1984 г.

36. Reagan, message to Congress, 14 March 1986.

37. A.D.Sakharov, «The Human Rights Movement m the USSR and
Eastern Europe», Trialogue, Fall 1978.

38. Mount, «Human Rights».

39. Mihajlo Mihajlov, «Notes of a Survivor», New Leader, 31 July
1978.

40. «Dissent in Exile — Andrei Amalrik Talks to Michael Charlton»,
Listener. 14 October 1976.

41. Интервью в: Le Monde, перепечатанное в: New York Review of
Books, 4 October 1973.

42. Письмо в: The Times (London), 13 September 1973.

43. Последние отчеты см.: Hurst Hannum, ed., Guide to
International Human Rights Practice (Philadelphia, 1984); David
P.Forsythe, «The United Nations and Human Rights, 1945-
1985", Political Science Quarterly, Summer 1985.

Глава 6. Вызов Солженицына

Данное эссе было опубликовано под названием «The
Solzhenitsyn We Refuse to See» в: Washington Post, 25 June 1978, и
было перепечатано в: Ronald Berman, ed., Solzhenitsyn at Harvard
(Washington, 1979).

Глава 7. Америка и империя

В данной работе я опирался на свое эссе «The Missionary
Enterprise and Theories of Imperialism» в: The Missionary Enterprise
in China and America, ed. John K.Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.,
1974); также на свою рецензию на: William Appleman Williams,
The Roots of the Modern American Empire, в: Partisan Review, No. 4,
1970 (с ответом Уильямса и моей репликой в: Partisan Review, No. 1,
1971); а также на письмо в: New York Review of Books, 20 March
1980.

1. Richard Koebner and H.D.Schmidt, Imperialism: The Story and
Significance of a Political Word, 1840-1960 (Cambridge,
England, 1964), ch.I.

2. B: Bagehot's Historical Essays, ed. Norman St. John-Stevas (New
York, 1966), 447-452.

3. Joseph A.Schumpeter, «The Sociology of Imperialisms», в:
Imperialism and Social Classes (New York, 1951), 5.

4. Churchill to Roosevelt, 21 May 1944, в: Churchill and Roosevelt:
The Complete Correspondence, ed. W.F.Kimball (Princeton,
1984), III, 140.

5. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Сочинения, 2-е издание, т.9, с. 136, 225.

6. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Соч., т.6, с.292; т.4, с.468; т.37, с.74;
т.35, с.297.

653

7. Valeric Pakenham, The Noonday Sun (London, 1985), 10.

8. Charles A.Conant, «The Economic Basis of Imperialism», North
American Review, September 1898, в: Conant, The United States
m the Orient (Boston, 1900), 3, 9, 29.

9. Ленин В.И. Полное собрание сочинений, т.27, с.379.

10. Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin
America (New York, 1967), 9.

11. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Соч., т.23, с.759.

12. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Соч., т.37, с.74.

13. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of
Nations (abr. ed., New York, 1971), 111-112.

14. АПРА — APRA — Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana
(Американский народно-революционный альянс). Цитата
взята из: An interview with Victor Alba, New Leader, 26 April
1954.

15. J.K.Galbraith, The Nature of Mass Poverty (Cambridge, Mass.,
1979), 91. Слова Робинсон, которые я цитирую по Гэлбрейту,
см. в: Joan Robinson, Economic Philosophy (Garden City, N.Y.,
1964), 45.

16. Ср.: Conor Cruise O'Brien, «Contemporary Forms of
Imperialism», в: Readings in U.S. Imperialism, ed. K.T.Fann and
D.C.Hodges (Boston, 1971), 7, c: O'Brien, «The Fall of Africa»,
New Republic, 18 March 1985.

17. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London, 1967), 83.

18. E.H.Carr, The Bolshevic Revolution, 1917 — 1923 (London,
1961), III, 61, цитируемый в: Tony Smith, The Pattern of
Imperialism (Cambridge, England, 1981), 210.

19. Myrdal, Asian Drama, 109, 442-443.

20. Galbraith, Nature of Mass Poverty, 46.

21. Ibid., 89.

22. A.J.P.Taylor, «London Diary», New Statesman, 7 January 1956.
См. также его эссе «Economic Imperialism» в: Englishmen and
Others (London, 1956), 76-80.

23. Цитируется в: W.L.Langer «Farewell to Empire», Foreign
Affairs, October 1962, 118.

24. Schumpeter, Imperialism, 18, 25, 65.

25. Max Weber, «Structures of Power», в: From Max Weber: Essays
m Sociology, ed. H.H.Gerth and C.Wnght Mills (New York,
1946), 169.

26. D.K.Fieldhouse, «"Imperialism": An Historiographical
Revision», Economic History Review, December 1961, 204.

27. W.L.Langer, «Farewell to Empire», Foreign Affairs, October
1962, 120; Langer, «A Critique of Imperialism», Foreign Affairs,
October 1935, 113.

28. From Max Weber, 164.

29. Ronald Robinson, John Gallagher and Alice Denny, Africa and
the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism (London, 1968), 472.

30. AJ.P.Taylor, Englishmen and Others, 79.

654

31. A.K.Wemberg, Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist
Expansionism in American History (Baltimore, 1935).

32. American Historical Review, June 1978.

33. R.W.Van Alstyne, The Rising American Empire (New York,
1960), 1, 9.

34. Interview with W.A.Williams, в: Henry Abelove et al., eds ,
Visions of History (New York, 1984), 139.

35. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American
Diplomacy (2nd rev. and enlarged ed , New York, 1972), 15

36. Walter LaFeber, The New Empire (Ithaca, 1963), 7.

37. Цитируется по: J.H.Hutson, «Intellectual Foundations of Early
American Diplomacy», Diplomatic History, Winter 1977, 6, 8,
10.

38 A.O.Hirschman, «Rival Interpretations of Market Society»,
Journal of Economic Literature, December 1982, 1464.

39. Jefferson, «Report of the Secretary of State on the Privileges and
Restrictions on the Commerce of the United States in Foreign
Countries», 16 December 1793, в: The Record of American
Diplomacy, ed. R.J.Bartlett (New York, 1947), 74.

40. Emerson, «The Young American»

41. Redburn, ch.XXXIII.

42. James A.Field, Jr , America and the Mediterranean World, 1776
— 1882 (Prmceton, 1969), 26, 59, 137.

43. См.: Robert E.May, The Southern Dream of Caribbean Empire,
1854 — 1861 (Baton Rouge, 1973); Charles H Brown, Agents of
Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibusters (Chapel
Hill, 1980).

44. Член палаты представителей Джеймс Монро (штат Огайо),
цитируемый по: Paul S Holbo, «Economics, Emotion, and
Expansion: An Emerging Foreign Policy», b' The Gilded Age, ed
H.Wayne Morgan, (2nd ed., Syracuse, 1970), 202.

45. Field, America and the Mediterranean World, 313, 374.

46. Holbo, «Economics, Emotion, and Expansionism», 212.

47. Field, «American Imperialism», American Historical Review,
June 1978,658,667.

48. Adams to Hay, 2 November 1901, в: Letters of Henry Adams,
1892 — 1918. ed. W.C.Ford (Boston, 1938), 358.

49. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston, 1918),
ch.XVI.

50. Hugh McCulloch, Men and Measures of Half a Century (New
York, 1888), 508-512.

51. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Соч., т.22, с 347

52. Цитируется по: Holbo, «Economics, Emotion, and Expansion»,
203-204.

53. Цитируется по: David M.Pletcher, «1861 — 1898: Economic
Growth and Diplomatic Adjustment», в: Economics and World
Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789, ed
W.H.Becker and S.F.Wells, Jr. (New York, 1984), 126.

655

54. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington, 1975), II, 887.

55. W.H.Becker, «Foreign Markets for Iron and Steel. 1893 — 1913",
Pacific Historical Review, May 1975.

56. Цитируется по: Lloyd C.Gardner, A Covenant with Power:
America and World Order from Wilson to Reagan (New York,
1984), 6.

57. Cordell Hull, Memoirs (New York. 1948), I. 81.

58. Arthur M.Schlesmger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston,
1958), 254.

59. Harry Magdoff, «Comments:, в: Testing Theories of Economic
Imperialism, ed. S.J.Rosen and J.R.Kurth (Lexmgton, Mass.,
1974), 84.

60. Williams, Tragedy, 206.

61. Williams. Roots. 8.

62. Encyclopaedia Bntanmca; Or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
(Edinburgh, 177 1), II, 494.

63. Richard Koebner, Empire (Cambridge, England, 1961), 295.

64. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny, 103.
65 Williams, Roots, 146-147.

66. Ibid., 379.

67. Grover Cleveland, Presidential Problems (New York, 1904), 279-
280.

68. Howard K.Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to
World Power (1956; Collier paperback, 1962), 59-60.

69. Анализ сравнительной притянутости доказательств в:
LaFeber, The New Empire, см. в: Paul S.Holbo, «A View of The
New Empire», документе, представленном вниманию Органи-
зации американских историков 16 апреля 1971 г.

70 D.W.Brogan, The American Character (1956; Time Inc.
paperback, 1962), 220.

71. N.Gordon Levin, «The Open Door Thesis Reconsidered», Reviews
in American History, December 1974.

72. Williams, Roots, 483.

73. Akira Iriye, «Imperialism and Sincerity», Reviews in American
History, March 1973, 124-125.

74. Karl Popper, Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography
(London, 1976), 41-42.

75. William Appleman Williams, «America II», Partisan Review #

(1971), 73.
76 Williams, Roots, 32

77. A.T.Mahan, «Naval Strategy, Compared and Contrasted with the
Principles of Military Operations on Land», в: Mahan on Naval
Warfare, ed. Allan Westcott (Boston, 1918), 355.

78. Thomas E.Weisskopf, «Capitalism, Socialism, and the Sources of
Imperialism», в: Testing Theories of Economic Imperialism, ed.
Rosen and Kurth, 59, 70.

79. Williams, Roots, 150, 326-327.

656

80. New York, 1974.

81. Henry Cabot Lodge, «Our Blundering Foreign Policy», Forum,
March 1895. 9, 10, 17.

82. Beale, Roosevelt, 82.

83. Williams, «America II», 73.

84. Roosevelt to F.S.Ohver, 9 August 1906, в: Theodore Roosevelt,
Letters, ed. E.E.Monson (Cambridge, Mass., 1951 — 1954), Y,
352.

85. Lodge, «Our Blundering Foreign Policy», 15.

86. Beale, Roosevelt, 50-51.

87. Michael H.Hunt, Frontier Defense and the Open Door (New
Haven, 1973), 230.

88. Charles Beresford, The Break-Up of China (London, 1899), 443-
444, цитируется по: Marilyn Blatt Young, «American Expansion,
1870 — 1900: The Far East», в: Towards a New Past: Dissenting
Essays in American History, ed. B.J.Bernstein (New York, 1968),
190.

89. Charles Denby, China and Her People (Boston, 1906), II, 38,
цитируется по: Young, «American Expansion», 179.

90 Young, «American Expansion», 186.
91. Hunt, Frontier Defense, 67.

92 Paul A.Varg, «The Myth of the China Market, 1890 — 1914",
American Historical Review, February 1968, 749.

93. Beale, Roosevelt, 50, 80.

94. Lodge, «Our Blundering Foreign Policy», 17

95. D.G.Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy m the
Caribbean, 1900 - 1921 (Prmceton, 1964), 163.

96. Bryce Wood, The Making of the Good Neighbor Policy (New
York, 1961), 265, 300.

97. См.: Stephen C.Schlesmger and Stephen Kmzer, Bitter Fruit: The
Untold Story of the American Coup m Guatemala (New York,
1982).

98. Frank Mankiewicz and Kirby Jones, With Fidel (Chicago, 1975),
200-202; Jean Daniel, «Unofficial Envoy», New Repabhc,14
December 1963. См. также: Arthur M.Schlesmger, Jr., «The
Alliance for Progress: A Retrospective», в: Latin America: The
Search for a New International Role, ed. R.G.Hellman and
H.J.Rosenbaum (New York, 1975), 57-92.

99. Williams, Tragedy, 164, 165, 173, 190.

100. Myra Wilkms, «The Role of U.S.Busmess», в: Pearl Harbor as
History: Japanese-American Relations 1931 — 1941, ed. Dorothy
Borg and Shumpei Okamoto (New York, 1973), 346, 350.

101. Fidel Castro, There Must Be an Economic War of All the People,
speech of 28 December 1984 (Habana, 1965), 24.

102. Henry Adams, History of the United States During the
Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (New
York, 1889), I, 73.

657

103. Van Alstyne, Rising American Empire, 93; Wemberg, Manifest
Destiny, 103.

104. Frederick Merk, Albert Gallatin and the Oregon Problem
(Cambridge, Mass., 1951), 13.

105. J.W.Pratt, «The Ideology of American Expansion», в: Essays in
Honor of William E.Dodd, ed. Avery Craven (Chicago, 1935),
338-339.

106. J.O.Adams, Memoirs, ed. C.F.Adams (Philadelphia, 1874 —
1877), VI, 251.

107. Jefferson to Monroe, 24 October 1823, в: Jefferson, Writings, ed.
Merrill D.Peterson (Library of America, 1984), 1482; J.O.Adams,
Memoirs, VI, 70-74.

108. Wemberg, Manifest Destiny, 228-229

109. Adams, Memoirs, IV, 438.

110. Henry Adams, «The Session», North America Review, April 1869,
в: The Great Secession Winter of 1860-61 and Other Essays, ed.
George E.Hochfield (New York, 1958), 92.

11. Lodge, «Our Blundering Foreign Policy», 16.

12. James K.Polk, Diary, ed. M.M.Quaife (Chicago, 1910), III. 348.

13. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (New York, 1888), I,
400-401.

14. Beale, Roosevelt, 138, 165, 389.

15. Schumpeter, Imperialism, 73.

16. Ibid., 51.

17. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy m America, II, Third Book,
ch.XXII.

118. James L.Payne, «Marx's Heirs Belie the Pacifist Promise», Wall
Street Journal, 5 April 1985.

119. Milovan Djilas,- «The Militarization of the Soviet Bloc», Wall
Street Journal, 30 May 1984.

120. Цитируется по: John Vinocur, New York Times, 9 January 1983.

121. Richard Faber, The Vision and the Need: Late Victorian
Imperialist Aims (London, 1966), 106-107.

122. Fidel Castro, To Pay Tribute to the Empire or to Pay Tribute to the
Homeland, dialogue with delegates to the Trade Union
Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Workers, 18 July
1985 (Habana, 1985), 26-27

123. Jean-Francois Revel, Without Marx or Jesus (Garden City, N.Y ,
1971), 139.

124. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism (New York, 1967), 49, 37,
42.

125. Fanon, Dying Colonialism, 131; Fanon, Wretched of the Earth,
34, 36; Fanon, Toward the African Revolution (New York, 1967),
31, 38; Dying Colonialism, 62-63.

126. См.: Roland Oliver, «Initiatives and Resistance», Times Literary
Supplement, 9 August 1985.

127. См. в особенности: Ronald Robinson, «Non-European
Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of

658

Collaboration», в: Studies in the Theory of Imperialism, ed. Roger
Owen and Bob Sutchffe (London, 1972), перепечатано в:
Imperialism: The Robinson and Gallagher Controversy, ed.
W.R.Louis (New York, 1976); а также в: D.K.Fieldhouse,
Economics and Empire, 1830 — 1914 (London, 1973).

128. Louis, ed., Imperialism, 147.

129. P.F.Lambert, «The »All-Mexico" Movement", в: The Mexican
War: Changing Interpretations, ed. O.B.Faulk and J.A.Stout, Jr.
(Chicago, 1973), 171.

130. Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States m
Central America (New York, 1983), 33.

131. Hugh Thomas, Cuba; Or the Pursuit of Freedom (London, 1971),
100, 208-217, 250.

132. Hunt, Frontier Defense, 246-249.

133. Geir Lundestad, «Empire by Invitation? The United States and
Western Europe, 1945 — 1952», Society for the History of
American Foreign Relations, Newsletter, September 1984.

134. Speech at West Point, 13 Juny 1916, Woodrow Wilson, Public
Papers, ed. Ray Stannard Baker and W.E.Dodd (New York, 1925
— 1927), IV, 203.

Глава 8. Истоки «холодной войны»

Первая часть была опубликована в: Foreign Affairs, October
1967, под названием «Origins of the Cold War».

В этой книге она дана в неизменном виде. Вторая часть основана
на: «The Cold War Revisited», New York Review of Books, 25 October
1979.

1. «The Tragic Element in Modern International Conflict» — лекция
первоначально опубликована в: Review of Politics, April 1950,
и ее можно найти в: Herbert Butterfield, History and Human
Relations (London, 1951).

2. John Lewis Gaddis, «The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on
the Origins of the Cold War», Diplomatic History, Summer 1983.

3. Pieter Geyl, Napoleon: For and Against (1949; Peregrine
paperback, 1965), 18.

4. Каждый, кто изучает историю «холодной войны», должен быть
признателен замечательному отчету в книге: W.H.McNeill,
America, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict,
1941-1946 (New York, 1953), и блестящей и незаменимой се-
рии одного и того же автора: Herbert Feis: Churchill, Roosevelt,
Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought
(Princeton, 1957); Between war and Peace: The Potsdam
Conference (Princeton, 1960); The Atomic Bomb and the End of
World War II (Princeton, 1966). К числу полезных исследова-
ний недавнего времени относятся: Andre Fontaine, Histoire de
la Guerre Froide (2 v., Paris, 1965, 1967); N.A. Graebner, Cold
War Diplomacy. 1945-1960 (Princeton, 1962); L.J.Halle, The
Cold War as History (London, 1967); M.F.Herz, Beginnings of
the Cold War (Bloomington, Ind., 1966); W.L. Neumann, After

659

Victory: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin and the Making of the Peace
(New York, 1967).

5. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American
Diplomacy (2nd rev. ed., New York, 1972), 229.

6. William Appleman Williams, «Demystifying Cold War
Orthodoxy», Science and Society, Fall 1975, 349.

7. Williams, Tragedy, 159.

8. Geir Lundestad, The American Non-Policy Eastern Europe, 1943-
1947: Universalism in an Area Not of Essential Interest to the
United States (Oslo, 1978), 61.

9. К.П.Вошенков. СССР в борьбе за мир. Международные кон-
ференции 1944-1974. Москва, 1975, с.78; цитируется в:
Svatava Rakova, «U.S.Central European Policy», Historica XXII
(Prague, 1983), 145.

10. Williams, Tragedy, 231.

11. Barton J.Bernstein, «Walter Lippmann and the Early Cold War»,
в: Cold War Critics, ed. T.G.Paterson (Chicago, 1971), 30, 45.

12. Lynn E.Davis, The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict
over Eastern Europe (Princeton, 1974), 311, 389.

13 Lundestad, American Non-Policy, 40-41, 43, 317-318, 416, 4 19-
420, 424, 429.

14 James F.Byrnes, «Neighboring Nations in One World»,
Department of State Bulletin, 4 November 1945.

15 Eduard Mark, «Charles E.Bohlen and the Acceptable Limits of
Soviet Hegemony in Eastern Europe: A Memorandum of 18
October 1945", Diplomatic History, Spring 1979, 207-209; cm.
также: Mark, «American Policy toward Eastern Europe and the
Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1946: An Alternative
Interpretation", Journal of American History, September 1981.

16 W.A.Harnman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and
Stalin 1941-1946 (New York, 1975), 414, 315

17. Mark, «American Policy», 331-332.

18. Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War: The World and United States
Foreign Policy, 1943-1945 (New York, 1968), 338.

19 Alfred E.Eckes, Jr., «Open Door Expansionism Reconsidered: The
World War II Experience», Journal of American History, March
1973, 912, 916-917.

20. Richard N.Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: The Origins and
the Prospects of the International Economic Order (1956;
expanded ed., New York, 1969), 375.

21. Henry W.Berger, «Senator Taft Dissents from Military
Escalation», в: Paterson, ed., Cold War Critics, 176, 181.

22. Joseph P.Kennedy, «An American Policy for Americans», before
the Student Legal Forum, Charlottesville, Va , 12 December
1950.

23. William Appleman Williams, «Our Invested Interests», Nation,
7 May 1977.

24. Williams, Tragedy, 219-220.
660

25. «Remarks of Ambassador A.F.Dobrynm», Congressional Record,
19 June 1985 (daily ed.).

26. Valentm Berezhkov, History in the Making: Memoirs of World
War II Diplomacy (Moscow, 1983), 308.

27. N.V.Sivachev and N.N.Yakovlev, Russia and the United States
(Chicago — London, 1979), p.259.

28. Earl Browder, War or Peace with Russia (New York, 1947), 104-
105.

29. At Madison Square Garden, 12 September 1946.

30. Henry A.Wallace, Toward World Peace (New York, 1948), 67,
40-41.

31. Martin Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the
Grand Alliance (New York, 1975), 6.

32. Robert A.Dallek, Franklin D.Roosevelt and American Foreign
Policy, 1932 — 1945 (New York, 1979), 534, 507. Очевидно,
что со времени написания эссе в 1967 г. я изменил свою соб-
ственную точку зрения относительно степени преданности
Рузвельта вильсонианству.

32 Daniel Yergm, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and
the National Security State (Boston, 1977), 68.

34 John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical
Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New
York, 1982), 13.

35 Herbert E.Meyer, «A Trendy Cold War Fairy Tale», Fortune,
November 1977; Carolyn Eisenberg, «Reflections on a Toothless
Revisionism», Diplomatic History, Summer 1978.

36 Daniel F.Hamngton, «Kennan, Bohlen, and the Riga Axioms»,
Diplomatic History, Fall 1978, 426, 432, 434.

37. Bohlen and Kennan, Memoranda of 14 April 1949, minutes of
meeting of 15 April 1949, в: Foreign Relations of the United
States: 1949 (Washington, 1976), I, 271-283

38. Yergm, Shattered Peace. 8, 413

39. Adam Ulam, The Rivals (New York, 1971), 96-101.

40. См.: Nancy B.Tucker, Patterns m the Dust (New York, 1983).

41. См.: Michael S.Sherry, Preparing for the Next Way American
Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941-45 (New Haven, 1977); Perry
McCoy Smith, The Air Force Plans for Peace, 1943-1945
(Baltimore, 1970); Vincent Davis, Postwar Defense Policy and the
U.S. Navy, 1943-1946 (Chapel Hill, 1966); M P.Leffler, «The
American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of
the Cold War, 1945-48", American Historical Review, April
1984.

42. Williams, Tragedy, 283.

43. N.V.Sivachev and N.N.Yakovlev, Op.cit., p.247, 240, 249, 255,
269.

44. Мастны Войтех. Путь России к холодной войне. Дипломатия,
войны и политика стран коммунизма, 1941-1945. Москва,
Прогресс, 1980, с. 12, 13, 215, 217, 271.

45. Там же, с.292.

661

46. Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941-1945 (New York, 1964),
938.

47. Steven G.Neal, «A Comrade's Last Harrumph», Philadelphia
Inquirer, 5 August 1973.

48. Fernando Claudin, The Communist Movement from Comintern
to Commform (London, 1975), 620, 388-389, 426-432, 576,
587-589, 32.

49. D.C.Watt, «Rethinking the Cold War», Political Quarterly,
October-December 1978.

50. Herbert Butterfield, «Morality and an International Order», в:
The Aberystwith Papers: International Politics, 1919-1969, ed.
Brian Porter (Oxford, 1972), 353-354.

51. Terry H.Anderson, The United States, Great Britain and the Cold
War, 1944-1947 (Columbia, Mo., 1981), 80.

52. Victor Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, 1941-1947 (London,
1982), 413.

53. Ibid., 241.

54. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevm: Foreign Secretary 1945-1951
(London, 1983), 216.

55. James F.Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947), 79.

56. John W.Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, The Semblance
of Peace: The Political Settlement After the Second World War
(London, 1972), 424.

57. Peter G.Boyle, «The British Foreign Office View of Soviet-
American Relations, 1945-46", Diplomatic History, Summer
1979, 311, 313, 314.

58. Ibid., 311.

59. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, 259, 434.

60. Ibid., 411-442, 454-455.

61 Anderson, The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War,

209, 211.

62. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, 454-455.
63 Robert G.Kaiser, Cold Winter, Cold War (New York, 1974), 177

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