Реферат: Криминалистическое исследование огнестрельных повреждений.


1





Iaeaaeaiea





Aaaaeaieano?.2Aeaaa 1. Iaiano?aeueiua iia?aaeaeaieyno?.31.1 ?o/iia
iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeeano?.31.2 Ioeaaua ?aiaiey i?e auno?aeao n iaaeeceie
aeenoaioeeeno?.51.3 Iia?aaeaeaiey i?e auno?aeao n aeeceie
aeenoaioeeeno?.101.4 Iia?aaeaeaiey ae?iaiauie e ea?oa/iuie
nia?yaeaieno?.13Aeaaa 2. Iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiee iaiano?aeueiuo
iia?aaeaeaieeno?.152.1 Iauea iieiaeaieyno?.152.2 Enneaaeiaaiea
o?oiano?.162.3 Iniaaiiinoe noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineie yenia?oecu aeeauo eeoe
n iaiano?aeueiuie iia?aaeaeaieyieno?.172.4 Noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineay
yenia?oeca neaaeia auaoeo iaiano?aeueiuo
?aiaieeno?.19Caeeth/aieano?.20Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?uno?.22















































Aaaaeaiea



Enoi?ey i?eiaiaiey iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey ia/eiaaony n XIV aaea, eiaaea
iii auei aia?aua eniieueciaaii a n?aaeaiee i?e E?ane (1346a.). Iiia/aeo
iii i?aaeiacia/aeinue eneeth/eoaeueii aeey aaaeaiey aiaauo aeaenoaee.
Iicaeiaa iiyaeeinue ioioie/uea, nii?oeaiia e neaiaeueiia i?oaeea. A
iineaaeiaa a?aiy iaiano?aeueiue i?eioeei noae eniieueciaaoueny a
?acee/iuo i?oaeeyo o?oaea. Ianiio?y ia ii?aaeae?iiua ia?aie/aiey,
iaeioi?ay /anoue ianaeaiey iieo/aao aeinooi e iaiano?aeueiiio i?oaeeth,
/oi nicaea?o i?aaeiinueee aeey aai eniieueciaaiey a i?ioeaii?aaiuo
oeaeyo. Iaeaaeay aieueoie iiuiinoueth, ?o/iia iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea
i?aaenoaaeyao ia?iiioth iianiinoue aeey aeecie e caei?iauey ethaeae.
Iaiano?aeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey i?aeoe/anee ethaie eieaeecaoeee niiniaiu
iiaea/ue ca niaie nia?oaeueiue enoiae. I?eiaiaiey iiiaica?yaeiiai
aaoiiaoe/aneiai i?oaeey ia?aaeei e aeaaee ethaeae a ei?ioeee i?iiaaeooie
a?aiaie. An? yoi nicaea?o ianiiiaiioth iauanoaaiioth iianiinoue
i?ienoanoaee naycaiiuo n i?eiaiaieai ?o/iiai iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey, e
neoaeeo iiaiaeii aeey i?iaaaeaiey i?aaeoniio?aiiiai caeiiii
?anneaaeiaaiey.

Auno?ioa/iinoue eioeeaeaioia, a eioi?uo eniieuecothony iaiano?aeueiia
i?oaeea, aeaaea i?e iaee/ee naeaeaoaeae, ia iicaieyao a aieueoeinoaa
neo/aaa ainnoaiiaeoue enoeiioth ea?oeio i?ienoaaeoaai aac iiiiue
niaoeeaeenoa. Aio ii/aio iacia/aiea noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineie yenia?oecu
iaiano?aeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui nouanoaaiiui
aeaenoaeai, a ?acoeueoaou yenia?oiuo enneaaeiaaiee ia?aaeei n/eoatho
iaeiei ec ?aoathueo enoi/ieeia aeieacaoaeuenoa i?e i?iaaaeaiee iiaeiaiuo
?anneaaeiaaiee.



Aeaaa 1. Iaiano?aeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey



1.2 ?o/iia iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea



Iaiano?aeueiui iacuaatho i?oaeea, a eioi?ii eniieuecoaony yia?aey
ii?ioiauo aacia. Iii iiae?acaeaeyaony ia a?oeeea?eeneia e no?aeeiaia.
Iineaaeiaa aeaeeony ia a?oiiiaia e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia, eee ?o/iia.

A noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineie i?aeoeea ano?a/athony iaiano?aeueiua
iia?aaeaeaiey a iniiaiii io auno?aeia ec ?o/iiai i?oaeey. Ii iacia/aieth
aai aeaeyo ia aiaaia, nii?oeaiia, ioioie/uea e naiiaeaeueiia. Eiiaaea e
iaiano?aeueiiio i?oaeeth ioiinyo noa?oiaia, no?ieoaeueiia iiioaaeiia e
neaiaeueiua ienoieaou, oioy iie ii nooe aeaea i?oaeeai ia yaeythony.

E aiaaiio i?oaeeth ioiinyo aeioiaee, ea?aaeiu, aaoiiaou-ea?aaeiu,
ienoieaou-ioeai?ou, ienoieaou, ?aaieueaa?u. Iie eiatho aeioiia?aciua
ia?acu a eaiaea noaiea, aeaaiaea?y eioi?ui ioey i?eia?aoaao
a?auaoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea, noaaeeece?othuaa a? iie?o. ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo
i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie iieyie ia?acia a ioa/anoaaiiuo ia?acoeao i?oaeey
iacuaatho eaeea?ii.

Ii eaeea?o i?oaeea oneiaii iiae?acaeaeyaony ia iaeieaeeaa?iia (5-6 ii),
n?aaeiaai eaeea?a (7-9 ii) e e?oiiieaeeaa?iia (aieaa 10).

A caaeneiinoue io aeeeiu noaiea i?oaeea auaaao ei?ioeinoaieueiui
(ienoieaou, ?aaieueaa?u), n?aaeianoaieueiui (aaoiiaou, ea?aaeiu) e
aeeeiiinoaieueiui (aeioiaee, ea?aaeiu). *ai aeeeiiaa eaiae noaiea
i?oaeey e aieueoa ca?yae ii?ioa a iao?iia, oai aieueoa ia/aeueiay
nei?inoue ioee e, niioaaonoaaiii, a? eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey.

Aiaaia i?oaeea iiae?acaeaeyaony ia aaoiiaoe/aneia e iaaaoiiaoe/aneia. A
aaoiiaoe/aneii, ia?aca?yaeaiea a i?ioeanna no?aeueau inouanoaeyaony n
iiiiuueth yia?aee ii?ioiauo aacia. Aieueoeinoai ia?acoeia yoiai i?oaeey
eiaao ia aeoeueiii n?aca aeiiieieoaeueiia ono?ienoai, eioi?ia ieacuaaao
aeeyiea ia i?ioeann aua?anuaaiey ec eaiaea noaiea i?iaeoeoia auno?aea e
oa?aeoa? ioeiaeaiey ia iiaa?oiinoe ii?aaeaaiiai iauaeoa.

Ia/aeueiay nei?inoue iie?oa ioee, auno?aeyiiie ec aiaaiai i?oaeey,
eieaaeaony io 300 i/n aei 1000 i/n.

Nii?oeaiia i?oaeea i?aaeiacia/aii aeey o?aie?iaee no?aeeia e aeey
nii?oeaiuo ni?aaiiaaiee. A yoo a?oiio aoiaeyo, aeaaiui ia?acii, ia?aciua
aeioiaee, ienoieaou e ?aaieueaa?u eaeea?a 5,6 ii.

Ioioie/uea i?oaeea auaaao ae?iaiaui aeaaeeinoaieueiui (aeey no?aeueau
ae?iaueth eee niaoeeaeueiuie ioeyie); ioeaaui (ia?aciui - ooooea?u,
ioioie/uee aeioiaee e ea?aaeiu) e eiiaeie?iaaiiuie (?oaeuey n
aeaoiy-/aou?ueiy aeaaeeeie e ia?aciuie noaieaie).

Aeaaeeinoaieueiua ioioie/uee ?oaeuey eiatho eaeea? io 10 aei 32. A
ioee/ea io ia?aciiai i?oaeey eo eaeea? ii?aaeaeyaony /eneii oa?iia?aciuo
ioeue, ecaioaaeeaaaiuo ec iaeiiai ooioa naeioea, anee eo aeeaiao? aoaeao
niioaaonoaiaaoue aioo?aiiaio aeeaiao?o noaiea ?oaeuey. Iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiu ?oaeuey 12-ai e 16-ai eaeea?ia. Aieueoay /anoue
nia?aiaiiiai aeaaeeinoaieueiiai ioioie/ueaai i?oaeey eiaao noaeaiea
aeoeueiie /anoe noaiea (/ie), iiauoathuaa eo/iinoue aiy i?e no?aeueaa
ae?iaueth.

Naiiaeaeueiia i?oaeea /aua anaai i?aaenoaaeyao ?acee/iua naiiiaeu,
ecaioaaeeaaaiua ec iaoaeee/aneeo o?oa n yeaiaioa?iuie i?eniiniaeaieyie
aeey i?iecaiaenoaa auno?aea. Ano?a/aaony naiiaeaeueii ecaioiaeaiiia
i?oaeea, iioiaeaa ia aiaaia, ?ann/eoaiiia ia eniieueciaaiea noaiaea?oiuo
iao?iiia, /aua anaai nii?oeaiuo, eaeea?a 5,6 ii, eae iaeaieaa
aeinooiiuo.

Yia?aey ii?ioiauo aacia eniieuecoaony oaeaea a niaoeeaeueiuo
ono?ienoaao, i?eai?ao e eino?oiaioao (noa?oiaua ienoieaou, ?aeaoieoeu,
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiua ienoieaou NII e ae?.), iia?aaeaeaiey,
aicieeathuea i?e auno?aeao ec yoeo ono?ienoa, iaeaaeatho naienoaaie
iaiano?aeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee.

A ea/anoaa aiai?eiania e ioa/anoaaiiiio ?o/iiio iaiano?aeueiiio i?oaeeth
eniieuecothony noaiaea?oiua iao?iiu: 7,62 ii aeioiai/iua e
i?iiaaeooi/iua (ia?acoea 1943 a.), 5,45 ii aaoiiaoiua, 5,45 ii e 9 ii
ienoieaoiua, 5,6 nii?oeaiua, a oaeaea ioioie/uee.



1.2 Ioeaaua iia?aaeaeaiey i?e auno?aeao n iaaeeceie aeenoaioeee.



Ia iaaeeceie aeenoaioeee a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ia?acothony neaiciua,
neaiua e eanaoaeueiua ioeaaua ?aiaiey.

Neaiciua ioeaaua ?aiaiey

Aoiaeiia iaiano?aeueiia ioaa?noea. Oeie/iay aoiaeiay iaiano?aeueiay ?aia
eiaao iaaieueoea ?acia?u, e?oaeoth oi?io, a oeaio?a - aeaoaeo eiaee,
ia?iaiua, eiiaaea e?anoiia?acii i?eiiaeiyoua e?ay, n ei?ioeeie
?aaeeaeueiuie ?ac?uaaie iiaa?oiinoe eiaee, ia auoiaeyueie ca i?aaeaeu
iiynea inaaeiaiey, ie?oaeathuaai aeaoaeo. Ia?aaeei iiynie inaaeiaiey
i?ee?uo o?aoaieueiuie eineooaie ionei?iiiai yieaea?iena. Ia?oaeiue
aeeaiao? iiynea inaaeiaiey i?eia?ii ?aaai eaeea?o iaiano?aeueiiai
nia?yaea eee i?aauoaao aai. Iiaa?oiinoue iiynea inaaeiaiey ia?aaeei
caa?yciaia iaoaeeii a?yciiaaoi-na?iai oeaaoa. Ionthaea e ae?oaea
iacaaiey: iiynie caa?yciaiey, iiynie iaoe?aiey. I?e nio?aiaiee
o?aoaieueiuo eineooia ionei?iiiai yieaea?iena a?yciiaaoi-na?ua ianeiaiey
?aniieaaathony iiae iei.

Iaeiaei oaeoth oeie/ioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo eiatho aeaeaei ia ana aoiaeiua
ioeaaua iia?aaeaeaiey.

E?oaeay oi?ia ?aiu ia?acoaony i?e oaea?a aieiaiie /anoueth ioee iiae
i?yiui oaeii e iiaa?oiinoe /anoe oaea. Oaeea oneiaey nicaeathony i?e
oaea?a ii ioiineoaeueii ieineiio o/anoeo iiaa?oiinoe oaea. Anee
iiaa?oiinoue eiioaeoa ene?eaeaia (cae?oaeaia, eiaao aunooiu) eee ioey
iiaeoiaeeo e oaeo iiae oaeii, oi aicieeatho ?aiu iaaeueiie oi?iu.
I?iaeieueiue ?acia? oaeie ?aiu oai aieueoa, /ai ino?aa oaie ano?a/e
iaiano?aeueiiai nia?yaea n iiaa?oiinoueth oaea. I?e i/aiue ino?uo oaeao
ioey ia i?iieeaao a oaei, ?aiaiea ia?aie/eaaaony iiaa?oiinoiui
iia?aaeaeaieai eiaee e i?eeaaathueo oeaiae, ia?acoaony eanaoaeueiia
?aiaiea. Anee ioey, iaeaaeay iaaieueoie eeiaoe/aneie yia?aeae,
ieacuaaao eeeiiaeaeiia aeaenoaea, oi iia niiniaia aucaaoue oieueei
eeiaeiua eee ca?cae/aoua ?ac?uaa eiaee. I?eaaae?iiua ?aciua oneiaey
ia?aciaaiey aoiaeiie ?aiu aianoa n eciaiaieai oi?iu aoaeoo i?eaiaeeoue
e niioaaonoaothuei eciaiaieyi ?acia?ia ?aiu.

Aoiaeiay ioeaaay ?aia ioee/aaony naiaia?aciui iia?aaeaeaieai aiein
Yeaeeei E.I. 1963. Oa?aeoa? iia?aaeaeaiey aiein ?acee/ai a i?iaeoeee
ioaeaeueiuo o/anoeia ?aiu e naycai n iai?aaeaieai eo ?inoa. Aieinu, ?ino
eioi?uo iai?aaeai a noi?iio ?aiu, iaaenatho iaae iae e ia?uaathony ia
iaeioi?ii ?annoiyiee io e?a?a aeaoaeoa eiaee. O i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai e?ay
aieinu ia eciaiaiu, oae eae a iiiaio aicieeiiaaiey iia?aaeaeaiey iie
iaoiaeeeenue aia ciiu eiioaeoa ioee. Eiioeu iia?aaeae?iiuo aiein
?aciicaeaiu, ?acaeaeaiu ia ioaeaeueiua oyaee n aeiiieieoaeueiuie oiieeie
aieieiaie e iaiiieiatho iao?ei/eo. Ia iiaa?oiinoe eiioeia iia?aaeae?iiuo
aiein eiiaaea caiaoai /a?iiaaoue nieioiie eee i?a?uaenoue iae?o.



Auoiaeiia iaiano?aeueiia ioaa?noea

Auoiaeiua iaiano?aeueiua ?aiu eiatho aa?eaaaeueioth oi?io, ?acia?u e
oa?aeoa? e?a?a. Ei iau/ii ianaienoaaiiu aeaoaeo eiaee, iiynee inaaeiaiey
e iaoaeeecaoeee.

Auoiaeiua iaiano?aeueiua ioaa?noey /aua anaai eiatho iai?aaeeueioth
aaiiao?e/aneoth oi?io (caacae/aoay n eo/aie ?aciie aeeeiu, uaeaaeaeiay,
aeoaiia?aciay e ae?.) A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iia iiaeao auoue e?oaeie eee
iaaeueiie.

?acia?u auoiaeiie ?aiu eieaaethony a aieueoeo i?aaeaeao e caaenyo io
aaee/eiu yia?aee ioee, nio?aieaoaeny iinea ia?aciaaiey ?aiaaiai eaiaea,
iaee/ey aoi?e/iuo aioo?aiieo nia?yaeia e eo aiciiaeiiai o/anoey a
ia?aciaaiee auoiaeiie ?aiu, oa?aeoa?a ?aiaaie aaeeenoeee e, i?aaeaea
anaai, noaiaie iaonoie/eainoe aeaeaeaiey nia?yaea a oaea. I?e ii?aaeaiee
oieueei iyaeeo oeaiae ino?ieiia/iie ioeae n?aaeiae eee ioiineoaeueii
aieueoie iannu, eiathuae cia/eoaeueioth eeiaoe/aneoth yia?aeth e
onoie/eainoue i?e aeaeaeaieyo a oeaiyo, ?acia?u auoiaeiiai ioaa?noey
iaeiaiueoea. Aunieinei?inoiua ia onoie/eaua a iie?oa e i?e aeaeaeaiee a
oaea iaeieaeeaa?iua ioee i?e ii?aaeaiee ieioiuo oeaiae n o?aaiaioaoeeae
ioee eee ia?aciaaieai aoi?e/iuo einoiuo nia?yaeia i?eaiaeyo e
aicieeiiaaieth ?ai ia?iiiuo ?acia?ia, eiiaaea n iaoe?iuie aeaoaeoaie
oeaiae. Iau/ii iaeiiio aoiaeiiio iaiano?aeueiiio ioaa?noeth
niioaaonoaoao iaeia auoiaeiay ?aia. Aianoa n oai i?e iaeiii aoiaeiii
ioaa?noee iiaoo auoue iaia?oaeaiu 2,3 e aieaa auoiaeiuo ioaa?noey. Iie
ia?acothony ca n/?o aeaenoaey o?aaiaioia aeaiiioe?iaaiiie ioee
(iaiei/ee, na?aea/ieea, eo /anoae) eee einiuo ineieeia. Aeaoaeo eiaee o
auoiaeiie iaiano?aeueiie ?aiu iiaeao ia?aciaaoueny a oii neo/aa, anee,
i?ieaey oiieoth /anoue oaea eee oieueei iyaeea oeaie, ioey nio?aieea
cia/eoaeueioth /anoue eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee e niiniaiinoue ieacaoue
i?iaeaiia aeaenoaea.

Iiynie inaaeiaiey o auoiaeiie ?aiu aicieeaao a neo/aa, anee a iiiaio
ia?aciaaiey ?aiu iiaa?oiinoue o/anoea oaea iaeanoueth auoiaeiie ?aiu
i?eaeaoa e ieioiie i?aa?aaea, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oaea?o e?a?a auoiaeiie
?aiu i iiaa?oiinoue i?aa?aaeu. Aeey ia?aciaaiey inaaeiaiey e?a?a
auoiaeiie ?aiu aeinoaoi/ii auaaao oaeie i?aa?aaeu, eae iiyniie ?aiaiue.
Anee iaeanoue auoiaeiie ?aiu ieioii i?eaeaoa e aanueia oa??aeie
i?aa?aaea, oi ioey, oaea?yynue i noaio, oa?yao /anoue iaoaeea, eioi?ue a
aeaea aeaaeii na?iai i?aiea aie?oa e?a?a auoiaeiie ?aiu e iiaeao auoue
iaia?oaeai niaoeeaeueiuie eaai?aoi?iuie iaoiaeaie.

Neaiua ioeaaua ?aiaiey.

Neaiui iacuaatho ioeaaia ?aiaiea, i?e eioi?ii iaiano?aeueiue ca?yae
inoaeny a oaea. Neaiua ?aiaiey iau/ii i?e/eiythony ioeyie, eiathueie
iaaieueooth eeiaoe/aneoth yia?aeth aneaaenoaea iaeie ia/aeueiie nei?inoe
ioee, iaonoie/eaiai iie?oa ioee, eiino?oeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoae ioee,
i?eaiaeyueo e a? auno?iio ?ac?ooaieth a oeaiyo, aieueoiai ?annoiyiey aei
ii?aaeaaiiai iauaeoa, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ioee n
i?aa?aaeie, ii?aaeaiea a oaea aieueoiai ianneaa ieioiuo e iyaeeo oeaiae,
aioo?aiiaai ?eeioaoa ioee, iai?eia? a iieinoe /a?aia. Ia?aae ecaea/aieai
iaiano?aeueiiai nia?yaea aai eieaeecaoeey onoaiaaeeaaaony
?aioaaiia?aoe/anee. Iaiano?aeueiue nia?yae neaaeoao ecaeaeaoue n
inoi?iaeiinoueth e iai?aaeoue ia niaoeeaeueiia e?eieiaeenoe/aneia
enneaaeiaaiea aeey onoaiiaeaiey eiie?aoiiai yecaiiey?a i?oaeey, ec
eioi?iai ii aue auno?aeyi. I?e ionoonoaee iaaeeoeeineeo iieacaiee e
ecaea/aieth iaiano?aeueiiai nia?yaea ec oaea aeeaiai /aeiaaea
auiieiyaony ?aioaaiianeay nu?iea a aeaoo i?iaeoeeyo ii ioiioaieth e
iaoiaeyuaeny a oaea ioea: i?ioeeue iiia?a/iiai na/aiey e aieiaie
i?ioeeue. Yoe i?iaeoeee iicaieytho ninoaaeoue i?aaenoaaeaiea i oi?ia e
?acia?ao iaoiaeyuaainy a oaea /aeiaaea iaiano?aeueiiai nia?yaea.

Eanaoaeueiua ?aiaiey.

Eanaoaeueiua ioeaaua ?aiaiey ia?acothony a oii neo/aa, anee ioey ia
i?iieeaao a oaei e ia?acoao ioe?uoue ?aiaaie eaiae a aeaea oaeeei?iiie
?aiu eee nnaaeeiu. A oeie/iii neo/aa aoiaeiie eiiaoe ?aiu cae?oae?i, n
aeaoaeoii e iaeeeie ?aaeeaeueiuie ?ac?uaaie eiaee, ia auoiaeyuaai ca
i?aaeaeu iieoeieueoeaaeaeiiai inaaeiaiey. Iaeaieueoay aeoaeia ?aiu - o
a? aoiaeiiai eiioea. Iauay oi?ia ?aiu eiaao aeae aeaeiaa,
enoii/athuaainy e auoiaeiiio eiioeo.

Oi?ia eanaoaeueiuo ?ai iiaeao auoue i?iaeieaiaaoie, yeeeinieaeiie,
?iiaiaeaeiie. I?e i?iieeiiaaiee ioee ia anth oieuo eiaee e?ay ?aiu
?anoiaeyony. *ai aeoaaea iia?aaeaeaiea, oai aieueoa ceyao ?aia. A
iaeaieueoae noaiaie ceytho ?aiu, iai?aaeaiea eioi?uo ?aniieaaaaony
ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii iai?aaeaieth yeanoe/aneeo aieieii eiaee.

I?e eanaoaeueiuo ?aiaieyo ioey iiaeao i?iieeaoue ia ?acioth aeoaeio e,
e?iia eiaee, iia?aaeaeaoue einoue. Oaeea ?aiaiey ioee/athony iaee/eai
iiaa?oiinoiiai einoiiai aeaoaeoa, aeaeiaiaaoie oi?iu, iaoaeeecaoeeae e
cae?oae?iiie oi?iie aoiaeiiai eiioea. Ia aeia ae?eiaa iiaoo auoue
iaia?oaeaiu i?iaeieueiua i?yiieeiaeiua ia?aeeaeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey,
ia?aciaaiiua neaaeaie io iieae ia?acia ia ioea. ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo yoeie
iia?aaeaeaieyie iiaeao oeacaoue ia aeae i?eiai?iiiai i?oaeey.













1.3 Iia?aaeaeaiey i?e auno?aea n aeeceie aeenoaioeee.



Neaaeu aeeceiai auno?aea

Oaeoi?u aeeceiai auno?aea iiaoo ieacuaaoue iaoaie/aneia, oaiia?aoo?iia e
oeie/aneia aeaenoaea. Aicieeathuea i?e yoii iia?aaeaeaiey e ioeiaeaiey
iacuaatho neaaeaie aeeceiai auno?aea.

Oaeeie neaaeaie yaeythony:



1. Iia?aaeaeaiey io iaoaie/aneiai aeaenoaey ii?ioiauo aacia e aicaeooa
ec eaiaea noaiea:

a) aeaoaeo a oeaiyo iaeaaeaeu e oaea, ?ac?uau iaeaaeaeu e eiaeiuo
iie?iaia, ?ac?uau e ?anneiaiey oeaiae ii oiaeo ?aiaaiai eaiaea;

a) inaaeiaiea e iineaaeothuay ia?aaiaioaoeey eiaee;

a) io?uau e ?aaeeaeueiia i?eaeaaeeaaiea ai?na oeaiae iaeaaeaeu;

a) ioia/aoie aeoeueiiai eiioea i?oaeey.



2. Iia?aaeaeaiey io oaiia?aoo?iiai aeaenoaey aacia, eiiioe e ii?ioiauo
/anoeoe:

a) iiaeaiea ai?na oeaiae e aiein oaea;

a) iaeiae;

a) iaai?aiea oeaiae iaeaaeaeu;



3. Iia?aaeaeaiey io oeie/aneiai aeaenoaey aacia:

a) ia?aciaaiea CO-Hb, ea?aieneieiaeiaeia, Mt-Hb;

a) iaanoeaa/eaaiea oeaiae iaeaaeaeu;



4. Ioeiaeaiea e aiaae?aiea eiiioe a oeaie iaeaaeaeu, eiaeiua iie?iau,
noaiee ?aiaaiai eaiaea.



5. Ioeiaeaiea e aiaae?aiea /anoeoe ii?ioiauo c??ai e iaoaeee/aneeo
/anoeoe a oeaie iaeaaeaeu, eiaeiua iie?iau, noaiee ?aiaaiai eaiaea;
neaaeu oaea?a yoeo /anoeoe a aeaea iaeeeo nnaaeei ia eiaea e i?ina/ee ia
oeaiyo iaeaaeaeu.



6. Ioeiaeaiea a?uca ?oaeaeiie niacee ia iaeaaeaea eee eiaeiuo iie?iaao.



Ia ?aciuo ?annoiyieyo io aeoeueiiai n?aca i?oaeey aeaenoaea oaeoi?ia
aeeceiai auno?aea ?acee/ii. A nayce n yoei a i?aaeaeao aeeceie
aeenoaioeee ?acee/atho auno?ae a oii?, ciio i?aeiouanoaaiiiai
iaoaie/aneiai aeaenoaey ii?ioiauo aacia (ia?aay ciia), ciio aeaenoaey
eiiioe, ii?ioiauo c??ai e iaoaeee/aneeo /anoae (aoi?ay ciia) e ciio
aeaenoaey ii?ioiauo c??ai e iaoaeee/aneeo /anoae (o?aouey ciia).
A?aieoeu iaaeaeo yoeie ciiaie iinyo oneiaiue oa?aeoa?, iie iaiythony a
caaeneiinoe io aeaea i?oaeey, ninoiyiey aiai?eiania, a oaeaea naienoa
ii?aaeaaiiai iauaeoa.

A ia?aie ciia i?ienoiaeeo aicaeaenoaea anao oaeoi?ia aeeceiai auno?aea
ia ii?aaeaaiue iauaeo, iaeiaei, iniiaiui yaeyaony iaoaie/aneia aeaenoaea
ii?ioiauo aacia. Ia?yaeo n iei i?ienoiaeeo ioeiaeaiea eiiioe, ii?ioiauo
c??ai e iaoaeee/aneeo /anoeoe, i?iyaeyaony oaeaea oa?ie/aneia e
oeie/aneia aeaenoaea eiiiiiaioia aeeceiai auno?aea. I?ioyae?iiinoue
ia?aie ciiu iaaaeeea, aeey ?acee/iuo ia?acoeia i?oaeey iia eieaaeaony a
i?aaeaeao io oii?a aei 1-5 ni.

Naiia iiuiia ?o/iia iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea -7,62-iiaeioiaea - aea?o
?ac?uau eiaee ia ?annoiyiee aei 5 ni, iaeaaeaeu - aei 8-10 ni, a 5,45-ii
oei?i/aiiue aaoiiao AE74 - aei 15-30 ni. Iieaaiia A.E. 1986

Ai aoi?ie ciia aeeceiai auno?aea iniiaiia iia?aaeaeaiea i?e/eiyao
iaiano?aeueiue nia?yae; oieueei a naiii ia/aea yoie ciiu ii?ioiaua aacu
iiaoo ieacaoue ia eiaeo iacia/eoaeueiia ooeaathuaa aeaenoaea a aeaea ia
?acei au?aaeaiiuo aioo?eeiaeiuo e iiaeeiaeiuo e?iaieceeyiee e
iiaa?oiinoiuo iia?aaeaeaiee yieaea?iena. Ia ai?nenouo oeaiyo iaeaaeaeu
io ?anoaeaiey aacia a noi?iiu ai?n aie?oa aoiaeiiai ioaa?noey i?eieiaao
aaa?iia?aciia ?aniieiaeaiea. A ?acoeueoaoa oeie/aneiai aeaenoaey aacia
iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue /anoe/iia iaanoeaa/eaaiea oeaiae iaeaaeaeu.

A o?aoueae ciia aeeceiai auno?aea, e?iia iaiano?aeueiiai nia?yaea,
ieacuaatho aeaenoaey oieueei ii?ioiaua c??ia e iaoaeee/aneea /anoeoeu.
Oaeia ni/aoaiea iia?aaeaeathueo oaeoi?ia iaaethaeaaony i?e auno?aeao ec
aiaaiai iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey ia ?annoiyiee io 20 aei 200 ni, e aeey
ioioie/ueaai i?oaeey - aei 300 ni.

Aoiaeiay ?aia ia eiaea i?e auno?aea a oii? iiaeao eiaoue ?acee/ioth
oi?io: ca?cae/aooth, e?anoiia?acioth, X - ia?acioth eiiaaea oaeiaaooth
eee eeiaeioth - a ?acoeueoaoa ?ac?uaiiai aeaenoaey ii?ioiauo aacia, a
oaeaea e?oaeoth eee iai?aaeeueii-e?oaeoth aac iaae?uaia eee n
aaeeie/iuie ?aaeeaeueiuie iaae?uaaie i?e i?iaeaiii aeaenoaee. E?ay ?aiu,
ca eneeth/aieai ?ac?uaia, ia?iaiua, e?iaiiiaeo?/iua, ?aciicaeaiu,
ioneiaiu io iiaeeaaeaueo oeaiae e iie?uou ecioo?e eiiioueth. I?e
niiinoaaeaiee e?a?a ?ac?uaia a oeaio?a ?aiu ii?aaeaeyaony aeaoaeo eiaee
ca n/?o iaaieueoeo cae?oae?iiuo auaiie auaatho enoii/aiu, io/aai oeaio?
?aiu caiaaeaao.

1.4 Iia?aaeaeaiey ae?iaiauie e ea?oa/iuie nia?yaeaie.



Ae?iaiaua e ea?oa/iua nia?yaeu iau/ii i?eiaiythony aeey no?aeueau ec
ioioie/ueeo aeaaeeinoaieueiuo ?oaeae, ec ia?acia yoiai i?oaeey, ec
naiiaeaeueiuo ienoieaoia.

?ac?uau ii e?ayi ioaa?noey ca n/?o aeaenoaey ii?ioiauo aacia, eae ia
iaeaaeaea, oae e ia oaea, aeiaea i?e auno?aea a oii? eee ii/oe a oii?,
ano?a/athony ioiineoaeueii ?aaeei, oae eae aeaaeaiea aacia o aeoeueiiai
n?aca ioioie/ueeo ?oaeae iau/ii iaaieueoia. ?ac?uau ia?acothony aeaaiui
ia?acii a neo/ayo i?eiaiaiey oneeaiiiai ii?ioiaiai ca?yaea, i?e
auno?aeao iiae ino?ui oaeii e a oao iaeanoyo oaea, aaea aeecei e eiaea
i?eeaaaao einoue. Iiaoo ?ac?uaaoueny oaeaea oiieea oeaie iaeaaeaeu.

I?e auno?aea a oii? ec aeaonoaieueiiai i?oaeey o aoiaeiiai ioaa?noey ia
iaeaaeaea e eiaea iiaeao ia?aciaaoueny ioia/aoie aoi?iai, "ia
no?aeyaoaai", noaiea. Ia eiaea ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eieueoeaaeaeioth
nnaaeeio eeai iiaa?oiinoioth ?aio oaeie aea oi?iu, nii?eeanathuothny n
iaeiei ec e?a?a aoiaeiie ?aiu.

Oa?aeoa? ?aiaiey a oeaeii i?e nieioiii aeaenoaee ae?iaiaiai eee
ea?oa/iiai nia?yaea ia ?aciua /anoe oaea iiaeao auoue ?acee/iui. Ia
ooeiaeua e a?ae?ao iau/ii aicieeatho eeai neaiua, eeai /anoe/ii neaiciua
?aiu, a i?e eanaoaeueiii i?ioiaeaeaiee nia?yaea /anoi eanaoaeueii -
neaiua ?aiu. Oaeie oa?aeoa? ?aiaiee iaoneiaeai auno?ui ?annuiaieai
ae?iae a oeaiyo oaea: ia?aaeiea ae?iaeiu, oaea?yynue i oaei, ?acei
caiaaeeytho nai? aeaeaeaiea, a iaoiaeyueony ncaaee nineaeuecuaatho n
ia?aaeieo a noi?iiu. ?annuiaiea nia?yaea, aeaaea aei iiiaaeaiey a oaei,
iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue iuae, ianeieueei ionoaaoee oi ae?iae i?e
i?ioiaeaeaiee /ieiaiai noaeaiey a noaiea, a caoai aueaoaaoee aianoi n
ii?ioiauie aacaie n aieueoie nei?inoueth. Aeiaiiyy nia?yae, oaeie iuae
iaiineo oaea? ii caaeiei ae?iaeiai, io/aai iie iaoueathony ia ia?aaeiea
e eciaiytho iai?aaeaiea naiaai iie?oa. Aianoa n ae?iaueth iuae aoiaeeo a
ia?acothuothny ?aio e niinianoaoao oi?ie?iaaiea ?aiaaiai eaiaea. Eiiaaea
ii inoaaeyao naie neaae o iaeiiai ec e?a?a aoiaeiiai ioaa?noey a aeaea
aieaa oe?ieiai inaaeiaiey yoiai e?ay.

A nayce n ?annuiaieai ae?iae a oaea ?aiaaie eaiae a naiae ia/aeueiie
/anoe ieacuaaaony ianeieueei oe?a aoiaeiiai ioaa?noey ia eiaea, a caoai
ii ?acaaoaeyaony a noi?iiu ia iiiaeanoai aieaa oceeo e aieueoae /anoueth
neaiuo eaiaeia. Aei i?ioeaiiieiaeiie noi?iiu oaea aeioiaeeo eeoue
iaaieueoay /anoue ae?iae, niiniaiay i?iaeoue eiaeo. Yoe ae?iaeiu
ia?acotho caeanue iaeii eee ianeieueei auoiaeiuo ioaa?noee ?acee/iie
oi?iu e ?acia?ia. Aieueoeinoai auoiaeiuo ioaa?noee io ioaeaeueiuo
ae?iaei eiaao uaeaaeaeioth eee oaeiaaooth oi?io e iiynie inaaeiaiey ii
e?ayi, anee e yoie iaeanoue oaea i?eeaaaea iaeaaeaea. Ia?aaeei
?annuiaaoayny a oaea ae?iaue, iniaaiii iaeeay e n?aaeiyy, ia niiniaia
i?iaeoue eiaeo e ia?aciaaoue auoiaeiua ioaa?noey, iiyoiio iia
iieiinoueth inoa?ony a oaea. Eeoue e?oiiay ae?iaue e ea?oa/ue iaeaaeaao
aieueoae i?iaeaiie niiniaiinoueth, iiyoiio iiaoo ia?aciauaaoue ia
ooeiaeua /anoe/ii neaiciua ?aiu. I?e yoii iuaee e ae?oaea
aeiiieieoaeueiua aeaoaeue, eae i?aaeei, inoathony a ?aiaaii eaiaea.

Neaiciua ?aiu aac cano?yaoaai a oaea oioy au ianeieueeeo ae?iaei
ano?a/athony e?aeia ?aaeei e iaaethaeathony aeaaiui ia?acii i?e ?aiaieyo
eenoe, i?aaeiea/uey, iyaeeo oeaiae iea/a, aieaie. Oae aea ?aaeee e
eanaoaeueiua ?aiu ia ooeiaeua aac cano?aaaiey /anoe ae?iaei a oaea.









Aeaaa 2 Iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey iaiano?aeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee.



2.1 Iauea iieiaeaiey.



I?e noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineii enneaaeiaaiee iaiano?aeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee
i?eiaiytho naiua ?aciiia?aciua iaoiaeu; io iaoo?iuo iaaethaeaiee e
iienaiee aei aini?iecaaaeaiey neiaeiuo i?ioeannia oi?ie?iaaiey ?aiu n
iiiiuueth aiaeiaiauo e oeeo?iauo YAI. Cia/aiea ioaeaeueii acyoiai
iaoiaea aeaeaei ia iaeiicia/ii. I?aeoe/anee eaaeaeue iaoiae iiaeao auoue
ioa?aeoa?eciaai ni neaaeothueo iiceoeee;

1) iauee, /anoiue eee iniaaiiue;

2) aaaeouee (aeaaiue, ?aoathuee caaea/o) eee aniiiiaaoaeueiue
(iiaeaioiaeoaeueiue);

3) iniiaiie eee aeiiieieoaeueiue;

4) iienaoaeueiue, aiaeeoe/aneee eee neioaoe/aneee;

5) eeeie/aneee, ii?oieiae/aneee eee eaai?aoi?iue;

6) onoa?aaoee, nia?aiaiiue eee ia?niaeoeaiue;

7) ea/anoaaiiue eee eiee/anoaaiiue;

8) iaeiiiauaeoiue eee iiiaiiauaeoiue e ae?.



Iai?eia?, naeoeeiiiia enneaaeiaaiea i?e NIY iaiano?aeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee
iiaeao auoue ioa?aeoa?eciaaii eae iaoiae niaoeeaeueiue, iniiaiie,
ii?oieiae/aneee, nia?aiaiiue, ea/anoaaiiue, iaeiiiauaeoiue e o.ae.

Oa?aeoa?enoeea iaeiiai e oiai aea iaoiaea iiaeao iaiyoueny a caaeneiinoe
io aai oeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey; aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oiiia?aoee ioeiaeaiee
iaoaeeia iaoiae oeaaoiuo ioia/aoeia aoaeao iniiaiui, aaaeouei, a aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey aeaea iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey aeiiieieoaeueiui,
aniiiiaaoaeueiui.



2.2 Enneaaeiaaiea o?oia.



A neo/aa iaiano?aeueiiai ?aiaiey, aucaaaoaai nia?oue iino?aaeaaoaai ia
ianoa i?ienoanoaey, ia?aui enneaaeiaaieai n i?eiaiaieai niaoeeaeueiuo
iaaeeoeeineeo iiciaiee yaeyaony iniio? a?a/ii niaoeeaeenoii o?oia
iiaeaoaai ia ianoa aai iaia?oaeaiey. Yoio iniio? yaeyaony /anoueth
aaaeiiai neaaenoaaiiiai ia?ii?eyoey - iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey,
i?iecaiaeeiiai neaaeiaaoaeai n o/anoeai ianeieueeeo ?acee/iuo
niaoeeaeenoia e n niaethaeaieai onoaiiaeaiiuo i?ioeannoaeueiuo ii?i.

A i?ioeanna iniio?a o?oia a?a/ aeieaeai iaia?oaeeoue ia oaea iiaeaoaai e
aai iaeaaeaea iaiano?aeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey, iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea a
iaeanoe iia?aaeaeaiee neaaeia aeeceiai auno?aea, ioeiaeaiey /anoeoe
i?aa?aaeu, niioaaonoaea iia?aaeaeaiee ia iaeaaeaea e oaea, iiii/ue
neaaeiaaoaeth iienaoue iaia?oaeaiiua iia?aaeaeaiey a i?ioieiea iniio?a.
Iiiyoii, /oi a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee, a eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeony iniio?,
iieiioa auyaeaiey e oi/iinoue iienaiey iia?aaeaeaiee iiaoo auoue
?acee/iuie.

A i?ioeanna iniio?a o?oia i/aiue aaaeii iaa?aaaoue iia?aaeaeaiey, eae ia
oaea, oae e ia iaeaaeaea io aiciiaeiuo aeiiieieoaeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee e
caa?yciaiee a?oioii, e?iaueth, oaeueeii io ia?/aoie e o.i. Ii ieii/aiee
iniio?a e iienaiey eaaeaeiai iia?aaeaeaiey ia iaeaaeaea neaaeoao
i?ee?uoue iaeanoue yoiai iia?aaeaeaiey eoneii /enoie iaoa?ee eee /enou
eenoii aoiaae e i?eoeoue aai ieoeaie eee i?eeieioue aoeaaeaie. Yoi
iicaieeo a ecaanoiie ia?a caueoeoue iia?aaeaeaiea, iniaaiii aoiaeiia, io
iineaaeothueo caa?yciaiee e iaoe?aiey a i?ioeanna aeaeueiaeoaai iniio?a
e i?e o?ainii?oe?iaea. Iniio? iaeaaeaeu e iniaaiii niyoea a? n o?oia
iaaei i?iecaiaeeoue inoi?iaeii, /oi au iaia?oaeeoue e ia iioa?youe
nia?yaeu, iaoiaeyueany iaaeaeo neeaaeeaie eee neiyie iaeaaeaeu.

Ii ieii/aiee iniio?a o?oia, anee iicaieyao ianoaiiaea ianoa
i?ienoanoaey, anth iaeaaeaeo n iaiano?aeueiuie iia?aaeaeaieyie eee, ii
e?aeiae ia?a, aa?oiea i?aaeiaou a? n aoiaeiuie iia?aaeaeaieyie neaaeoao
inoi?iaeii niyoue n o?oia, aeeo?aoii neiaeeoue, /oiau ianoa ia?aaeaia ia
i?ioiaeeee /a?ac iia?aaeaeaiey, a iaeanoue iineaaeieo, eae oeacaii auoa,
auea au iaycaoaeueii caueuaia. Yoa iaeaaeaea neaaeiaaoaeai iai?aaeyaony
aianoa n o?oiii a ii?a eee a oeceei-oaoie/aneia ioaeaeaiea
noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineie eaai?aoi?ee aeey aeaeueiaeoaai niaoeeaeueiiai
enneaaeiaaiey.



2.3 Iniaaiiinoe noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineie yenia?oecu aeeauo eeoe n
iaiano?aeueiuie iia?aaeaeaieyie.



I?e NIY aeeauo ethaeae n iaiano?aeueiuie iia?aaeaeaieyie iaeiie ec
aeaaiuo caaea/, ia?yaeo n ii?aaeaeaieai noaiaie oyaeanoe iia?aaeaeaiey,
yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea niioaaonoaey eee ianiioaaonoaea iauaeoeaiuo
aeaiiuo i iia?aaeaeaiee ?anneaaeoaiui aa?neyi. Yoi iniaaiii aaaeii a
neo/ayo iiaeic?aiey ia neioeyoeeth iaiaaeaiey, ia /eaiia?aaeeoaeuenoai e
a ?yaea ae?oaeo neo/aaa i?eiaiaiey iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey.

?aoaiea yoeo aii?inia cia/eoaeueii cao?oaeiyaony, i?aaeaea anaai, oai,
/oi noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineee yenia?o iniao?eaaao iino?aaeaaoaai e
iia?aaeaeaiey ia i?i eeoue nionoy ianeieueei aeiae eee iaaeaeue, a
eiiaaea ianyoeaa iinea ?aiaiey. Ca yoi a?aiy iia?aaeaeaiea, eae i?aaeei,
iiaeaa?aaeinue oe?o?ae/aneie ia?aaioea e i?ioeanno caaeeaeaiey, a
aaaeiua ia?ae/iua i?eciaee e iniaaiiinoe en/acee. Iiii/ue aeaeo iiaoo
iieiioeaiiay iaaeeoeeineay aeieoiaioaoeey, nio?ai?iiua e
i?aaeinoaaeaiiua yenia?oo enna/?iiua i?e oe?o?ae/aneie ia?aaioea eiaeiua
?aiu, a oaeaea i?aaeeueii nio?ai?iiay iaeaaeaea iino?aaeaaoaai.

Iaaeeoeeineea aeieoiaiou iino?aaeaaoaai aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu
yenia?oo oieueei a iiaeeeiieeao e ni anaie i?eeiaeaieyie. Ec ieo yenia?o
auienuaaao a nai? caeeth/aiea naaaeaiuey i i?ienoiaeaeaiee ?aiaiey,
iienaiea anao iaia?oaeaiiuo ?ai e ae?oaeo iia?aaeaeaiee, aeaiiua i
oe?o?ae/aneie ia?aaioea ?ai e iai an?i iaia?oaeaiiii a oiaea iia?aoeee,
iniaaiii ia ecaea/?iiii nia?yaea e ae?oaeo eii?iaeiuo oaeao, aeaiiua
?aioaaiia?aoee e ae?oaeo niaoeeaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee, i iaaeeeaiaioiciii
ea/aiee, i oa/aiee caaeeaeaiey e ae?.

E?iia iaaeeoeeineeo aeieoiaioia, yenia?o eco/aao e ae?oaea iaoa?eaeu
aeaea: i?ioieie iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey, iieacaiey naeaeaoaeae,
iiaeic?aaaaiiai e ae?., auae?aao ec ieo iaiaoiaeeiua aeey caeeth/aiey
naaaeaiuey.

Ianeaaeiaaiea iino?aaeaaoaai yenia?o iau/ii i?iaiaeeo a noaoeeiia?a
ea/aaiiai o/?aaeaeaiey eeai a aiaoeaoi?iii ioaeaeaiee Ath?i NIY. Iii
anaaaea ia/eiaaony n ii?ina, auyniaiey aiaiianoe/aneeo aeaiiuo a
ioiioaiee ianoiyoaeuenoa ?aiaiey, ieacaiey iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue e aeaeia
ia iiiaio ianeaaeiaaiey. AEaeaoaeueii, /oiau yenia?o i?e ii?ina auyniee
e caienae neaaeothuea aeaiiua: eiaaea, aaea e a eaeie iaeanoe
iino?aaeaaoee aue ?aiai; /ai ?aiai, ec eaeiai i?oaeey e eoi i?ieca?e
auno?ae; ia eaeii i?eaeeceoaeueii ?annoiyiee i?iecaaae?i auno?ae; /oi
aeaeae a iiiaio ?aiaiey, eaeiai i?e yoii auei iieiaeaiea oaea e aai
iia?aaeae?iiie /anoe, /oi auei iaaeaoi ia yoie /anoe oaea; eiaaea, eai e
aaea auea ieacaia ia?aay e iineaaeothuay iaaeeoeeineay iiiiuue, a /?i
iia caeeth/aeanue.





2.4 Noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineay yenia?oeca neaaeia auaoeo ?aiaiee



I?aaiai neaaenoaey e noaeo a ?yaea neo/aaa iaiaoiaeeii auynieoue
i?ienoiaeaeaiea e aeaaiinoue ?oaoeia ia eiaea iaeioi?uo eeoe a nayce n
iiaeic?aieai ia nie?uoea eie enoeiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiea ?oaoea. Iauay
iaoiaeeea yoie yenia?oecu oaeay aea, eae iienaiiay auoa i?e
iaiano?aeueiuo ?aiaieyo, ii i?iecaiaeeony iia, eae i?aaeei, eiienneiiii
n o/anoeai iiuoiuo niaoeeaeenoia (oe?o?aa-o?aaiaoieiaa, ?aioaaiieiaa).

Aeey onoaiiaeaiey iaiano?aeueiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey ?oaoeia o
ianeaaeoaiiai enneaaeotho:

1) oi?io, ?acia?u, ae?oaea naienoaa e iniaaiiinoe yoeo ?oaoeia;

2) oa?aeoa? einoiuo eciaiaiee, anee auea iia?aaeaeaia einoue;

3) iaee/ea a oaea iaiano?aeueiiai ca?yaea eee aai /anoae a neo/aa
neaiuo, /anoe/ii neaiciuo e eanaoaeueii - neaiuo ?aiaiee, anee yoe
nia?yaeu ia auee oaea?aiu i?e oe?o?ae/aneie ia?aaioea ?ai. Ouaoaeueiia
?aioaaiia?aoe/aneia enneaaeiaaiea iia?aaeae?iiuo /anoae oaea i?e yoii
yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui.



Oi?iu e ?acia?u ?oaoeia ia ianoa iaiano?aeueiuo ?ai caaenyo, i?aaeaea
anaai, io ia?aiia/aeueiuo oi?i e ?acia?ia yoeo ?ai, a oaeaea io
oa?aeoa?a e iau?ia eo oe?o?ae/aneie ia?aaioee, au?aaeaiiinoe
iineaaeothuaai i?ioeanna iaaiiaiey i?e caaeeaeaiee.

A ?acoeueoaoa enneaaeiaaiey ?oaoeia e ae?oaeo neaaeia auaoaai ?aiaiey
yenia?oeca iiaeao a eaoaai?e/iie oi?ia iiaeoaa?aeeoue eee eneeth/eoue
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey iaiano?aeueiiai ?aiaiey i?e ieo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
e a oi a?aiy, eae ?anneacae ianeaaeoaiue.



Caeeth/aiea



Aiciiaeiinoe NIY iaiano?aeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee nouanoaaiii ?anoe?eeenue.
Yoi eanaaony anao noi?ii enneaaeiaaiey yoie i?iaeaiu, a ianoa n oai ai
iiiaeo iniiaiuo a? ?acaeaeao anoue aaaeiua ia?ao?iiua caaea/e.

Eiia/iie oeaeueth enneaaeiaaiee yaeyaony ?ac?aaioea yenia?oiuo
e?eoa?eaa, eaeaioeoeoee?othueo ?aiyuee nia?yae, iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea e
oneiaey auno?aea. Aaaeiui yoaiii ia iooe e aeinoeaeaieth yoie oeaee
yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea caeiiiia?iinoae oi?ie?iaaiey iaiano?aeueiuo
iia?aaeaeaiee a caaeneiinoe io aeeyiey eiino?oeoeaiuo e aeeiaie/aneeo
naienoa i?oaeey e iaiano?aeueiiai nia?yaea, a oaeaea oneiaee
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e naienoa ii?aaeaaiie /anoe oaea. Caeanue ?a/ue
eae?o i iaoaiecia oi?ie?iaaiey iaiano?aeueiiai iia?aaeaeaiey i?e
aicaeaenoaee ia oieueei ?aiyuaai nia?yaea, ii e ?yaea ae?oaeo
iia?aaeaeathueo oaeoi?ia auno?aea. ?aoaiea caaea/ yoiai o?iaiy
enneaaeiaaiee ia iooe iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai iaaethaeaiey a ?aieao
yenia?eiaioa i?ioeanna aicaeaenoaey ia aeieiae/aneea oeaie e i?aaiu
iia?aaeaeathueo oaeoi?ia auno?aea eeai iiin?aaeiaaii - eco/aieai
no?oeoo?iuo eciaiaiee a ciia ii?aaeaiey i?e enneaaeiaaiee i?aeoe/aneiai
yenia?oiiai iaoa?eaea.

Onoaiiaeaiea caeiiiia?iinoae oi?ie?iaaiey iaiano?aeueiie ?aiu aeieaeii
iineoaeeoue iniiaie aeey auyaeaiey oaeeo ii?oieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae
iaiano?aeueiiai iia?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ua iauaeoeaii io?aaeatho
eiino?oeoeaiua iniaaiiinoe i?eiai?iiiai i?oaeey, aa?eaiou oneiaee
auno?aea. I?e yenia?oeca aeeauo ethaeae, iieo/eaoeo neaiua ?aiaiey,
naienoaa ii?aaeathuaai nia?yaea iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu ioo?i aiaeeca
aai ecia?aaeaiee ia ?aioaaiia?aiiao. Aiieia anoanoaaiiie yaeyaony
?ac?aaioea oaeeo iaoiaee/aneeo i?e?iia, eioi?ua iicaieeee au iauaeoeaii,
auno?i e yeiiiie/ii auyaeyoue ia ?aioaaiia?aiiao ii?oieiae/aneea
i?eciaee, oa?aeoa?ecothuea iaiano?aeueiue nia?yae, i?oaeea e oneiaea
auno?aea.







































Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u



1. Aethi I.I., Oeoeei E.A. Ioioie/uea i?oaeea - I., 1987

2. Aa?naeyioe E.I., Aa?auaei I.O. Iaiano?aeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey
aiein//Noae. - iaae. yenia?o. - 1981.-?4

3. Iie/aiia A.E., Aaae?ei E.I., Iiiia A.E. Ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau
?ac?aaioee i?iaeai iaiano?aeueiie o?aaiu//Noae.-iaae. yenia?o.-1983.-?2

4. Yeaeeei E.I. Iaiano?aeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey. - Oaoeaio,1963.

5. Iaeneiaiei A.I. I iaoaiecia iaiano?aeueiuo //Aanoe oe?. - 1958-?1

6. Iie/aiia A.E., Iiiia A.E., Eaeiueia E.I. Iaiano?aeueiua
iia?aaeaeaiey e eo noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineay yenia?oeca - Eaieia?aae 1990.

7. E?theia A.I. Noaeaaiay iaaeeoeeia -I.,1990





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