Диплом: Некоторые вопросы практики вексельного обращения
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O?aeueneay Ainoaea?noaaiiay th?eaee/aneay aeaaeaiey
oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie oaeoeueoao
eaoaae?a oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa:
Oaia: Iaeioi?ua aii?inu i?aeoeee aaenaeueiiai ia?auaiey
Eniieieoaeue:
nooaeaio 5 eo?na
( a?oiia 518 )
Aaoeoia ?onoai
?aoayeaae/
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
*a?iooei Aeaenaiae?
Aeaenaiae?iae/
EEAOA?EIAO?A
1996 a.
IEAI
AAAAeAIEA...............................................................
................ N.3
AUAeA*A E OI?IA AAENAEss.............................................
N.4
EIAeINNAIAIO............................................................
......... N.12
AEOeAIO.................................................................
................... N.20
AAAEUe..................................................................
..................... N.26
N?IE
IEAOAAEA................................................................
..... N.28
I
IEAOAAEA................................................................
............. N.30
ENE A NEO*AA IAAEOeAIOA EEE IAIEAOAAEA........... N.33
I
IIN?AAeIE*ANOAA.........................................................
... N.38
I IIIAEANOAAIIINOE YECAIIEss?IA E I EIIEssO N.41
IA
ECIAIAIEssO.............................................................
........ N.44
I
AeAAIINOE...............................................................
.............. N.44
IAUEA IINOAIIAEAIEss ...................................................
N.45
I I?INOII
AAENAEA.............................................................
N.46
CAEETH*AIEA.............................................................
............... N.46
AAAAeAIEA.
Aaenaeue a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeyaony iaeiie ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
oeaiiuo aoiaa, /oi iauyniyaony eueaioiui i?aaiaui ?aaeeiii
?aaoee?iaaiey, iaoneiaeaiiui iaaeinoaoi/iie ?ac?aaioaiiinoueth yoiai
einoeoooa a iaeiaiaii e a?aaeaeaineii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. E?iia oiai,
iaoaaoea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa eae neaaenoaea iaieaoaaeae ii nouanoao
i?aa?aoeee aai a aeaiaaeiue no??iaao.
Aeey aaieia yoi n?aaenoai i?eaea/aiey ?ano?nia, oniaoii caiaiythuaa
aaeaeo naiae aeaeinoe, oieaa?naeueiinoe e iaae?aeiinoe, iaania/eaaaiie
eiaeinnaiaioaie aieaa iaoaeiaiua ec-ca iaiaoiaeeiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aaeno?aoeee iaeeaaoeee e aeaiiceoiua ( naa?aaaoaeueiua ) na?oeoeeaou.
Yoei e iauyniyaony i?aeoe/anee iieiia ionoonoaea ia?aaiaeiuo aaenaeae,
oae eae ia?aaiaeioth iaeeaaoeeth i?aaenoaaeoue naaa o?oaeii.
A iineaaeiea ianeieueei eao ia aaenaeueiii ?uiea iaaethaeaaony
no?aieoaeueiue ?ino /enea o/anoieeia, oaaee/aiea iau?iia aaenaeueiie
iannu, ?anoe?aiea niaeo?a i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo i?ioanneiiaeueiuie
o/anoieeaie oneoa. E niaeaeaieth, o?iaaiue i?aaiaie i?i?aaioee iaeioi?uo
aii?inia ia anaaaea ioaa/aao iio?aaiinoyi e eioa?anai eiio?aaaioia, /oi
ii?iaeaeaao iiiai/eneaiiua o?oaeiinoe. Io/anoe yoi iauyniyaony
iaaeinoaoi/iie ?ac?aaioaiiinoueth niioaaonoaothuae i?aaiaie aacu,
io/anoe - ioeaeaie naieo o/anoieeia aaenaeueiiai ia?auaiey i?e
i?eiaiaiee nouanoaothueo ii?i.
?anniio?aieth iaeioi?uo aii?inia, iieacaaoeony iia aeooaeueiuie, e
iinayuaia yoa aeeieiiiay ?aaioa.
I?e ?anniio?aiee aii?inia i?aaeii/oaiea aoaeao ioaeaaaoueny aiaeeeneiio
( ioeoeeaeueiiio ) oaenoo Aaeeiiia?aciiai caeiia. Yoi ieeiei ia?acii ia
aeieaeii ?anoeaieaaoueny eae i?aiaa?aaeaiea e ioa/anoaaiiiio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa ec-ca iaoi/iinoae ia?aaiaea,
iniaaiiinoae ycuea e iaoeeiiaeueiiai oieeiaaiey iu, aeaaea eiay aaeeiue
caeii, iieo/ei ia aai aaca iiiaeanoai iainiaeaiiuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo
aaenaeueiuo caeiiia, ae?oa ae?oao i?ioeai?a/aueo. Yoi ia iiaeao
niioaaonoaiaaoue naiie oeaee nicaeaiey AEaiaaneeo aaenaeueiuo
eiiaaioeee. Aiciiaeiu i?iaeaiu n iiiuoeaie i?yiiai i?eiaiaiey iieiaeaiee
aiaeeeneiai aa?eaioa oaenoa caeiia, ii anee i?ioeai?a/ee n ?inneeneei
ioeoeeaeueiui aa?eaioii oaenoa caeiia iao, oi iiiuoee iaeoe ioaaou ia
nii?iua aii?inu a oaenoa aiaeeeneii, eae iia eaaeaony, aieaa
oeaeaniia?aciu. A aeaiiii aea neo/aa iieiaeaiea ineiaeiyaony ia nianai
ei??aeoiui ia?aaiaeii i?eaeiaeueiiai oaenoa i?e aieaa /ai iieoaaeiaie
aeaaiinoe ? iaoo?aeecaoeee ? Aaeeiiia?aciiai caeiia, /oi i?ecia?ony a
n?aaea i?aeoeeia aaenaeueiiai ia?auaiey *oia/aiei A. Ioaeai
iaoeeiiaeueiue ioiaee? aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ii?iu // Yeiiiieea e
aeeciue, 1996, ? 49, N. 19 .
AUAeA*A E OI?IA AAENAEss
1. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue aeieaeai niaea?aeaoue: Ii?iaoeaiua aeou
i?eaiaeyony ii aaca ?Eiinoeueoaio-Iethn?
1) iaeiaiiaaiea "aaenaeue", aeeth/aiiia a naiue oaeno aeieoiaioa e
au?aaeaiiia ia oii ycuea, ia eioi?ii yoio aeieoiaio ninoaaeai;
2) i?inoia e ie/ai ia iaoneiaeaiiia i?aaeeiaeaiea oieaoeoue
ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio;
3) iaeiaiiaaiea oiai, eoi aeieaeai ieaoeoue (ieaoaeueueea);
4) oeacaiea n?iea ieaoaaea;
5) oeacaiea ianoa, a eioi?ii aeieaeai auoue niaa?oai ieaoaae;
6) iaeiaiiaaiea oiai, eiio eee i?eeaco eiai ieaoaae aeieaeai auoue
niaa?oai;
7) oeacaiea aeaou e ianoa ninoaaeaiey aaenaey;
8) iiaeienue oiai, eoi auaeaao aaenaeue (aaenaeaaeaoaey).
Aaenaeue aeieaeai niaea?aeaoue :
? unconditional order to pay a determinate sum of money ? Aiaeeeneee
oaeno caeiia i?eaiaeeony ii ecaeaieth International Trade Law. West
Publishing Co.,USA, 1993
, oi anoue aaconeiaiia ?anii?yaeaiea oieaoeoue ii?aaeae?iioth noiio
aeaiaa. Oaeie ia?aaiae nieiaao aii?inu i iiiaioa aicieeiiaaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa o?annaoa ( iii ii?aaeae?iii nouanoaoao ia iiiaio
ninoaaeaiey aaenaey, iiaeiaii iaycaoaeuenoao ieaoaeueueea ii /aeo - e
yoi ieeiei ia?acii ia ia?ooaao i?eioeeia ?aaiii?aaey noauaeoia
i?aaiioiioaiee ), e i aaconeiaii aeaiaaeiii i?aaeiaoa aaenaeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa.
?name of the person who is to pay ( drawee ) ? - ? eiy oiai, eoi
aeieaeai ieaoeoue ( o?annaoa ) ? : ?is to pay ? (aeieaeai ieaoeoue )
iaeiicia/ii oeacuaaao ia iaycaiiinoue o?annaoa (ia?aae o?annaioii )
niaa?oeoue ieao?ae. E niaeaeaieth, noi?iiieee ooaa?aeaeaiey i
aicieeiiaaiee iaycaoaeuenoaa o?annaoa n iiiaioa aeoeaioa i?ioiaeyo ieii
aiaeiae/ii ia?aaaae?iiiai a Iieiaeaiee. Nei?aa n iiiaioa aeoeaioa
o?annaoa naycuaaao iaycaoaeuenoai ia?aae aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai.
Iaycaoaeuenoai aaenaeaaeaoaey nouanoaoao n iiiaioa ninoaaeaiey aaenaey
e caeeth/aaony a oii /oiau aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iieo/ee a ii?aaeae?iiii
ianoa io ii?aaeae?iiiai eeoea ii?aaeae?iioth noiio aeaiaa.
Aicieeaao 2 i?aaiioiioaiey :
1) iaaeaeo aaenaeaaeaoaeai e ieaoaeueueeii, eioi?ue iaycai niaa?oeoue
aeaenoaey ( ieao?ae) a iieueco o?aoueaai eeoea ;
2) iaaeaeo aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai e aaenaeaaeaoaeai eioi?ue aeieaeai
iaania/eoue e ian?o ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca eniieiaiea yoiai iaycaoaeuenoaa
- aeaenoaey o?aoueaai eeoea. Iaycaoaeuenoai o?annaoa ia?aae
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai aicieeaao n iiiaioa aeoeaioa. Ia?aaiaeiie aaenaeue
eae oeaiiay aoiaaa oaeinoiaa?yao i?aai aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey iieo/eoue
ieao?ae a ii?aaeae?iiii ianoa io ii?aaeae?iiiai eeoea. Iaycaoaeuenoai
naycuaaao aaenaeaaeaoaey, a iinea aeoeaioa e o?annaoa. A ioee/ea io /aea
( aeiieoeeee?iaaiiiai i?inoiai aaenaey ) aicieeatho i?aaiioiioaiey
iaaeaeo o?annaoii e aoiaaiaea?aeaoaeai.
AEaiaaneay eiiaaioeey ? 359 Aaeia A.A. Aaenaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
?innee. I.,1996,N.435
a no. 6 niaea?aeeo eioa?aniia iieiaeaiea :
? Aii?in i oii, i?eia?aoaao ee aea?aeaoaeue ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey i?aai
o?aaiaaiey, ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai auaeai aeieoiaio, ?aoaaony ii ianoo
ninoaaeaiey aeieoiaioa.? Oi anoue caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeoniao?eaaao
aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey aieaa i?inoie, iaaeaee auoaoeacaiiay,
th?eaee/aneie eiino?oeoeee, a eioi?ie aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue e ieaoaeueuee
a naieo i?aaao e iaycaiiinoyo aei aeoeaioa aoaeoo naycaiu
iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a ia /a?ac aaenaeaaeaoaey. Aaaaeaiea niioaaonoaothuaai
iieiaeaiey a iaoeeiiaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai niyei au iiiai aii?inia.
O?aca ? iaycothnue oieaoeoue ii ianoiyuaio aaenaeth....?, iiiau?iiay ia
aaenaea, aeaeaao ie/oiaeiuie i?eienee i any/aneeo nii?iaiaeeoaeueiuo
ienueiao, ia?aie/aiee e?oaa aiciiaeiuo i?aaeuyaeoaeae e o.ae., eioi?uie
eciaeeoao nia?aiaiiay ?inneeneay i?aeoeea, anee iie ia iaiai?aiu eae
oneiaey inouanoaeaiey ieaoaaea. E i?eia?o, caueuaoueny io
aeia?iniaanoiiai aea?aeaoaey iiaeii eeoue iin?aaenoaii aeeth/aiey
iaiai?ee oeia ? iaycothnue oieaoeoue ii ianoiyuaio aaenaeth i?e oneiaee
i?aaeinoaaeaiey nii?iaiaeeoaeueiiai ienueia ? ii yoi naeaeaao aoiaao
ie/oiaeiie eae aaenaeue. A oi aea a?aiy aaenaeueiia iaycaoaeuenoai ia
yaeyaony aaniethoii aaconeiaiui, oae eae iiae?acoiaaaaiui oneiaeai aai
inouanoaeaiey aoaeao i?aaeuyaeaiea a iaaeeaaeauai ianoa, a iaaeeaaeauee
n?ie. Caeiiiaeaoaeue, aiai?y i aaconeiaiinoe, oaeei ia?acii no?iai
iaiaa?eaaao e iaeneiaeueii nie?auaao /enei oaeeo oneiaee.
E niaeaeaieth, ia i?aeoe/aneii o?iaia i?iaeaia ?aoaiey ia eiaao, oae eae
aieueoay /anoue oaeeo aaenaeaaeaoaeae yaeyaony aieaa eee iaiaa e?oiiuie
i?iiuoeaiiuie iiino?aie, oniao noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa n eioi?uie e
iieo/aiea aaenaeueiuo noii aieaa /ai niiieoaeueiu, a oi?iu?iiiai
ii?yaeea acuneaiey aaenaeueiuo aeieaia aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao.
Ie/aai ia aiai?eony ia iaycaoaeueiinoe auaea/e aaenaeae ia niaoeaeaieao,
/oi aeaeaao aiciiaeiui auaea/o aaenaeae ia ethaie aoiaaa. I?aaaea, ca
ia?ooaiea eino?oeoeee e oeacia, yoi cai?auathueo, iiaoo auoue iaeiaeaiu
acuneaiey. Ii aaenaey inoaioony aeaenoaeoaeueiuie, oae eae
en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue iaaeinoaoeia aaenaey, aai ii?i/aueo, oaeiai
iniiaaiey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aaenaey ia ciaao.
2. Aeieoiaio, a eioi?ii ionoonoaoao eaeia-eeai ec iaicia/aiee,
oeacaiiuo a i?aaeoanoaothuae noaouea, ia eiaao neeu ia?aaiaeiiai
aaenaey, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, ii?aaeaeaiiuo a neaaeothueo ieaea
aacaoeao:
Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, n?ie ieaoaaea ii eioi?iio ia oeacai,
?anniao?eaaaony eae iiaeeaaeauee iieaoa ii i?aaeuyaeaiee.
I?e ionoonoaee iniaiai oeacaiey ianoi, iaicia/aiiia ?yaeii n
iaeiaiiaaieai ieaoaeueueea, n/eoaaony ianoii ieaoaaea e aianoa n oai
ianoii aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea.
Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, a eioi?ii ia oeacaii ianoi aai
ninoaaeaiey, i?eciaaony iiaeienaiiui a ianoa, iaicia/aiiii ?yaeii n
iaeiaiiaaieai aaenaeaaeaoaey.
? is invalid as a bill of exchange ? iaaeaenoaeoaeai a ea/anoaa
ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey. Yoi eanaaony e iaaeicaiieiaiiuo aaenaeae. Oaeay
aoiaaa noaiiaeony aaenaeai n iiiaioa aeicaiieiaiey. ?Iaaeiaaenaeue?
iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeai eae ?anii?yaeeoaeueiia ienueii,
aeieacaoaeuenoai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a caeia e o.ae.
3. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao auoue auaeai i?eeaco naiiai
aaenaeaaeaoaey.
Ii iiaeao auoue auaeai ia naiiai aaenaeaaeaoaey.
Ii iiaeao auoue auaeai ca n/ao o?aoueaai eeoea.
Noaouey aea?o aiciiaeiinoue o?annaioo iaea/ue a aaenaeueioth oi?io aai
ioiioaiey n aeieaeieeii, ioo?i aunoaaeaiey ia iaai aaenaey n oeacaieai
naay a ea/anoaa ?aieoaioa ( yoi iiauneoue aa?iyoiinoue aeoeaioa aaenaey,
/oi a naith i/a?aaeue iiauneo aai eeeaeaeiinoue ), a oaeaea ioi?ieoue
naith caaeieaeaiiinoue ia?aae e?aaeeoi?ii ioo?i aunoaaeaiey aaenaey ia
naay, o.a. oaeoe/anee auienaoue i?inoie aaenaeue. Iineaaeiaa, i?aaaea,
aea?o ii?aaeae?iiua i?aeiouanoaa ii n?aaiaieth n i?inoui aaenaeai, a
/anoiinoe, a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea iaaiciiaeii ia?aie/aiea (? ia ?aiaa ?)
n?iea aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey aaenaeae n?ieii ieaoaaea ?ai noieueei-oi
a?aiaie io i?aaeuyaeaiey?, a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea yoi iiaeii naeaeaoue,
aini?aoea i?aaeuyaeaiea aaenaey e aeoeaioo ?aiaa ii?aaeae?iiiai n?iea.
4. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao iiaeeaaeaoue iieaoa a ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa o?aoueaai eeoea eee a oii aea ianoa, aaea iaoiaeeony
ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea, eee a eaeii-eeai ae?oaii ianoa.
Auienaa i?inoie aaenaeue n ianoii ieaoaaea, ioee/iui io ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea, iu iieo/ei ia?aoiaeiue aa?eaio aaenaey
iaaeaeo i?inoui e ia?aaiaeiui. Oaeoe/anee ieaoeo ii aaenaeth o?aouea
eeoei, ii i?aaiioiioaiee iaaeaeo iei e aea?aeaoaeai aaenaey ia
aicieeaao. Yoi o?aouea eeoei iau/ii yaeyaony niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui
oeiainiaui o/?aaeaeaieai e iiea/eaaao aaenaey ec ?aiaa ca?aca?ae?iaaiiuo
a i?i iaycaiiui ii aaenaeth eeoeii aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa.
5. A ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa n?ieii ii
i?aaeuyaeaiee eee ai noieueei-oi a?aiaie io i?aaeuyaeaiey,
aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao iaoneiaeoue, /oi ia aaenaeueioth noiio
aoaeoo ia/eneyoueny i?ioeaiou. Ai anyeii ae?oaii ia?aaiaeiii
aaenaea oaeia oneiaea n/eoaaony iaiaienaiiui.
I?ioeaioiay noaaea aeieaeia auoue oeacaia a aaenaea; i?e
ionoonoaee oaeiai oeacaiey oneiaea n/eoaaony iaiaienaiiui.
I?ioeaiou ia/eneythony ni aeiy ninoaaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, anee
ia oeacaia ae?oaay aeaoa.
I/aaeaeii no?aieaiea caeiiiaeaoaey ?aoeeiiaeece?iaaoue an? ianeieueei
yoi aiiaua aiciiaeii. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anee ecaanoii, eaeoth aaee/eio
ninoaaeo ?acia? i?ioeaioia e n?ieo ieaoaaea ( eiie?aoiue aeaiue ), oi
i?iua aeeth/eoue yoo ii?aaeae?iioth noiio a noiio aaenaey. Anee aea
i?ioeaiou an? - oaee oeacaiu, oi, aeaeeii o?annaio i?inoi ioeany e
niioaaonoaothuaa oneiaea i?inoi ia i?eieiaaony ai aieiaiea.
I?ioeaioiay noaaea ia aeieaeia auoue oeacaia ioo?i nnueee ia eaeoth-eeai
noaaeo ( e i?eia?o, Oeaio?iaaiea ?o ). Iieaaath /oi neaaeoao
i?eaea?aeeaaoueny aoeaaeueiiai oieeiaaiey, oi anoue oeacuaaoue
eiie?aoioth noaaeo. Eia/a aaenaeue oa?yao oa?aeoa?ioth aeey iaai
naiiaeinoaoi/iinoue. Aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aa ec oaeiai aaenaey
iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao i?aaeinoaaeyoue aeiiieieoaeueiua aeieoiaiou, /oi naii
ii naaa yaeyaony iioaioeeaeueiui enoi/ieeii ?aciiaeanee e nii?ia.
6. Anee noiia ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey iaicia/aia e i?iienueth e
oeeo?aie, oi a neo/aa ?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo yoeie iaicia/aieyie aaenaeue
eiaao neeo ia noiio, iaicia/aiioth i?iienueth.
Anee a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea noiia iaicia/aia ianeieueei ?ac, eeai
i?iienueth, eeai oeeo?aie, oi a neo/aa ?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo yoeie
iaicia/aieyie aaenaeue eiaao neeo eeoue ia iaiueooth noiio.
A neo/aa iaee/ey ia aaenaea ?acee/iuo oeacaiee noiiu i?iienueth e
oeeo?aie iiaeeaaeeo oieaoa iaeiaiueoay ec iaienaiiuo i?iienueth.
Anee aea o?aeoiaaoue /. 2 yoie noaouee eae iaiaoiaeeiinoue auai?a ec
anaaiciiaeiuo noii ia aaenaea iaeiaiueoae, oi oa?yaony niune /. 1,
onoaiaaeeaathuae i?ei?eoao ? i?iieniie ? noiiu. Nei?aa caeiiiaeaoaeue
eiaao a aeaeo iaiaoiaeeiinoue auai?a iaeiaiueoae ec ? i?iieniuo ?, a
anee eo iao, oi iaeiaiueoae ec ? oeeo?iauo ? aaenaeueiuo noii.
7. Anee ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea eiathony iiaeiene eeoe, ia
niiniaiuo iaycuaaoueny ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth, iiaeiene iiaeeiaeiua
eee iiaeiene auiuoeaiiuo eeoe, eee aea iiaeiene, eioi?ua ii
anyeiio eiiio iniiaaieth ia iiaoo iaycuaaoue oao eeoe, eioi?ua eo
iinoaaeee, eee io eiaie eioi?uo ii iiaeienai, oi iiaeiene ae?oaeo eeoe
ana aea ia oa?ytho neeu.
Iacaaeneiinoue i?aa aea?aeaoaey aaenaey io i?aa i?aaeoanoaaiieeia (
ii?i/eo aea?aeaoaey eeoue nianoaaiiay aeiiaiinoue ) yaeyaony iaeiei ec
oaiiiaiia aaenaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa. Iiiuoeo iauyniaiey yoiai oai?ey
ieeoeaoai?aiey aeaeaao /a?ac ? iaeeaeaiea ? aaenaey, oi anoue o?annaio
iineaaeiei ?in/a?eii ia?a nicaea?o iiaiai noauaeoa i?aaa - Aaenaeue.
Aea?aeaoaeue aaenaey yaeyaony eeoue aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai. Iaeia ec naiuo
e?ani/iuo aiaaeiaiai?iuo noai.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, yoi aea?o aeiiieieoaeueiua aa?aioee aea?aeaoaeyi
aaenaey, oae eae iiaeiene aaaeenoia iaycuaatho eo aeaaea a neo/aa anee
iaycaoaeuenoai, eie iaania/eaaaiia, iaaeaenoaeoaeueii ii iniiaaieth
iaiieiiii/iinoe, iaaeaaniiniaiinoe eeoea e o.i.
8. Eaaeaeue, eoi iiaeienae ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue a ea/anoaa
i?aaenoaaeoaey eeoea, io eiaie eioi?iai ii ia aue oiieiiii/ai
aeaenoaiaaoue, nai iaycai ii aaenaeth e, anee ii oieaoee, eiaao oa aea
i?aaa, eioi?ua eiae au oio, eoi aue oeacai a ea/anoaa
i?aaenoaaeyaiiai. A oaeii aea iieiaeaiee iaoiaeeony i?aaenoaaeoaeue,
eioi?ue i?aaunee naie iieiiii/ey.
A i?aeoeea ano?a/athony neo/ae iaaeia?iniaanoiiai iiaaaeaiey eeoe,
oeacaiiuo a aaenaea a ea/anoaa iaycaiiuo eee eeoe, iaaeia?iniaanoii
i?eieiathueo iaycaoaeuenoaa yeiau io eiaie ae?oaiai eeoea, eioi?ia oaeeo
iieiiii/ee aio ia aeaaaei.
A oaeeo neo/ayo iiaeii nnueaoueny ia /.2 i.1 no. 185 AE ?O (
i/aaeaeiinoue iieiiii/iinoe ec ianoaiiaee ) eee aea i?aaeuyaeyoue
o?aaiaaiey e eeoeai, i?aauneaoei naie iieiiii/ey. I?iaeaia ineiaeiyaony
ionoonoaeai aiciiaeiinoe i?eiaiaiey a ?innee aeey iiaeienaiey aaenaeae
iaoaie/aneeo iiaeienae, a ioee/ea io NOA. A ?acoeueoaoa aaenaey aeieaeiu
auoue iiaeienaiu ia?aui eeoeii, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa nouanoaoao aieaa
aunieay aa?iyoiinoue oiai /oi eeoei, iiaeienuaathuaa aaenaeue io eiaie
i?aaiecaoeee, ia yoi ia oiieiiii/aii.
Aieaa oiai, iiaaeea ec caeiia ? I aooaaeoa?neii o/?oa ? ( /.3 i. 3 no.
7 ) aiai?eo i oii /oi ? Aac iiaeiene aeaaiiai aooaaeoa?a aeaiaaeiua e
?an/?oiua aeieoiaiou, oeiainiaua e e?aaeeoiua iaycaoaeuenoaa n/eoathony
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie e ia aeieaeiu i?eieiaoueny e eniieiaieth.? Oi anoue
a niioaaonoaee n iae aooaaeoa? aeieaeai iiae no?aoii
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iiaeienuaaoue aaenaey, aaaee, aeoeaiou e
eiaeinnaiaiou.
Ii-aeaeeiiio , oeaeaniia?acii o?aaiaaoue iiaeiene aeaaiiai aooaaeoa?a ,
ii n ae?oaie noi?iiu aeiiieieoaeueiia o?aaiaaiea e i?inoie ienueiaiiie
oi?ia naeaeee , onoaiaaeeaaaiia a niioaaonoaee n /.3 i.1 no.160 AE ?O ia
aeieaeii aeaenoaiaaoue a ioiioaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai caeiia a
niioaaonoaee n i.4 no.15 Eiinoeoooeee ?O.
9. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue ioaa/aao ca aeoeaio e ca ieaoaae.
Ii iiaeao neiaeeoue n naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeoeaio; anyeia
oneiaea, ii eioi?iio ii neaaaao n naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ieaoaae,
n/eoaaony iaiaienaiiui.
Oneiaea ?aac ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aeoeaio ...? Aaeia A.A.,Oeac.ni/., N.
114ioeeaaeuaaao iiiaio aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeuyaeaiey aaenaey
aaenaeaaeaoaeth a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna a neo/aa iaaeoeaioa aaenaey aei
n?iea ieaoaaea.
10. Anee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, ia caiieiaiiue e iiiaioo auaea/e, aue
caiieiai a i?ioeai?a/ee n ninoiyaoeieny niaeaoaieyie, oi
ianiaethaeaiea yoeo niaeaoaiee ia iiaeao auoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeaii
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth, anee oieueei ii ia i?eia?ae ia?aaiaeiue
aaenaeue iaaeia?iniaanoii eee aea, i?eia?aoay aai, ia niaa?oee
a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe.
Niioaaonoaothuay noaouey aea?o aiciiaeiinoue acaeiii iaaciianeoueny
eiio?aaaioai , ae?oa ae?oao ia aiieia aeiaa?ythuei. E i?eia?o
ieaoaeueuee auaea?o i?e ?an/?oa ii iinoaaea iinoaaueeo ia iieiioeaiiue
aaenaeue, a iaaeicaiieiaiiue ( n iaiai?eie ? ia i?eeaco ? eee oeacaieai
ia oi, n eaeiai iiiaioa aoiaaa aeieaeia noaoue iieiioeaiiui aaenaeai,
/oiau ecaaaeaoue ano?a/e n aeia?iniaanoiui aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai i?e
ia?ooaiee iinoaaueeii oneiaee niaeaoaiey ) e iaeiia?aiaiii
iiaeienuaaaony niaeaoaiea i oii eiaaea e eae iinoaauee yoo aoiaao
caiieieo.
Eioa?an iieoiaoaey ninoieo a oii /oi a neo/aa caiieiaiey aaenaey a
ia?ooaiey oneiaee niaeaoaiey ei iiaoo auoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu
niioaaonoaothuea aic?aaeaiey i?e ieaoaaea. Eioa?an iinoaaueea ninoieo a
oii /oi ii iieo/aao aa?aioeth oiai /oi a neo/aa aeia?iniaanoiiai
eniieiaiey oneiaee eiio?aeoa ii iieo/aao ieao?ae ii aaenaeth eee ca
aaenaeue, a iniaaiiinoe anee aaenaeue aeiieoeeee?iaai a aaiea eee
aaaee?iaai iaae?aeiie eiiiaieae.
EIAeINNAIAIO
Ii?aaeaeaiea eiaeinnaiaioa niaea?aeeony a i.3 no.146 AE ?O - yoi
ia?aaeaoi/iay iaaeienue, ia?aiinyuay ana i?aaa, oaeinoiaa?aiiua oeaiiie
aoiaaie. Oaeoe/anee, eniieuecoy ?acee/iua aeaeu eiaeinnaiaioia, iiaeii
aeaeaoue aaenaeue ec i?aea?iie oeaiiie aoiaae eiaiiie ( eiaeinnaiaio ?
ia i?eeaco ?) eeai i?aaeuyaeoaeueneie ( aeaieiaue eiaeinnaiaio ).
Ioiineoaeueii i?e?iaeu eiaeinnaiaioa auaeaeytho 2 oi/ee c?aiey
Oa?oaiaae/ A.O. O/aaiee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. I.,1994,N.283
:
1) o.i. ?aa?iaineoth?, ii eioi?ie i?inoaaeaiea eiaeinnaiaioa
i?e?aaieaaaony e aunoaaeaieth eiaeinnaioii iiaiai aaenaey ia
ieaoaeueueea, e
2) ?o?aioeocneoth?, ii eioi?ie eiaeinnaiaio yaeyaony aiaeiaii aaaey.
Ia?aay oi/ea c?aiey i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa, oae eae iaeii eeoue
ii?o/eoaeuenoai no?aiii i?eciaaaoue iniiaaieai ia?aoiaea i?aa ii
aaenaeth. A caueoo yoiai aiai?eo oaeaea :
a) iaaeaeaiea eiaeinnaioa i?aaii noaaeoue naith ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii
aaenaeth a caaeneiinoue io iaiai?aiiuo ei n?ieia i?aaeuyaeaiey, o.a.
eciaiyoue oneiaea aaenaey;
a) aini?auaoue eiaeinne?iaaiea aaenaey ;
a) naiinoiyoaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue eiaeinnaioia.
Oi anoue eeoei ( ia?aue i?eia?aoaoaeue ), eiathuaa a neeo aaenaey i?aai
o?aaiaaiey e aaenaeaaeaoaeth ioiineoaeueii iieo/aiey ieaoaaea io
o?annaoa, iiaeao a neeo yoiai aunoaaeoue ia o?annaoa iiaue aaenaeue, ii
/oiau ia i?aoiiiaeaoue nouiinoue ?auaeaaony? aaenaeue n oneiaeyie,
niioaaonoaothueie ia?aiia/aeueiiio. E niaeaeaieth, yoa oi/ea c?aiey
aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui aaciai?ioiue eiaeinnaiaio e ia iauyniyao
eaaeoeiiinoe i?eia?aoaoaey aaenaey io iaaeia?iniaanoiiai eeoea. Aieaa
i?aaeeueiui neaaeoao n/eoaoue acaeyae ia eiaeinnaiaio eae niinia
ia?aaea/e i?aa. A yoii neo/aa eciaiaiea n?ieia e o.ae. aoaeao oneiaeai
inouanoaeaiey i?aa. Eiaeinnaiaio i?aaeiieaaaao aaoiiaoe/aneia
ii?o/eoaeuenoai ca aaenaeaaeaoaey, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii ( ?aac
iai?ioa ?). A neo/aa i?eia?aoaiey aaenaey io iaaeia?iniaanoiiai
io/oaeaeaoaey, caeiiiaeaoaeue, eae e a neo/aa n i?aaeuyaeoaeueneeie
aoiaaaie, eeoaao oo?aoeaoaai aaenaeue i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e iaaeaeyao ei
aeia?iniaanoiiai i?eia?aoaoaey. Nicaeaiea eiino?oeoeee, iauyniythuae
yoio oaiiiai ?ia?aciaiiiai iyoa/ea?, nianoaaiii e yaeyaony oeaeueth
aiaaeiaiai?iuo oai?ee.
Eneeth/eoaeueiue aeae ia?aoiaea i?aa ii aaenaeth i?enoonoaoao i?e
oieaa?naeueiii i?aaii?aainoaa. ( Oioy oi?iaeueiuo ia?aie/aiee niiniaia
ia?aoiaea i?aa ii aaenaeth Iieiaeaiea ia niaea?aeeo. Oai?aoe/anee
aiciiaeii i?aaeuyaeoue e ieaoaaeo aaenaeue e n ?ac?uaii ?yaea
eiaeinnaiaioia, i?eeiaeea aeieoiaio, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuee i?aaiia?iinoue
i?eia?aoaiey aaenaey eeoeii, ia?aui iinea oaeiai ?ac?uaa. Ii yoi aoaeao
ia?ooaieai i?eioeeia aaenaeueiie naiiaeinoaoi/iinoe.)
Aeinoieinoai eiaeinnaiaioa caeeth/aaony a :
a) aeinoaoi/iinoe aeey eaaeoeiaoeee aea?aeaoaey ( no.16 Iieiaeaiey )
a) iaania/eoaeueneie ooieoeee.
A neo/aa iainiiaaiey i?aa ec aaenaey eiui niiniaii aea?aeaoaeth
iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao aeieacuaaoue naith eaaeoeiiinoue ( naeaeaoaeuenoai i
ianeaaenoaa e o.ae.). E?iia oiai, a yoii neo/aa ( oeannee ) aiciiaeiu
aic?aaeaiey ni noi?iiu iaycaiiuo eeoe, iniiaaiiua ia eo ioiioaieyo n
i?aaeuaeoueie aea?aeaoaeyie, oae eae iaiai?ea a eneeth/aiea ec iauaai
i?aaeea ( no. 17 ) aeey o/anoieeia aaenaeueiuo ioiioaiee, cai?auathuay
oaeea aic?aaeaiey, aeaenoaoao eeoue aeey ? eiaeinnaioiuo ?
i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeae.
11. Anyeee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, aeaaea auaeaiiue aac i?yiie
iaiai?ee i i?eeaca, iiaeao auoue ia?aaeai iin?aaenoaii eiaeinnaiaioa.
Anee aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiianoee a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea neiaa "ia
i?eeaco" eee eaeia-eeai ?aaiicia/auaa au?aaeaiea, oi aeieoiaio iiaeao
auoue ia?aaeai eeoue n niaethaeaieai oi?iu e n iineaaenoaeyie
iaueiiaaiiie oeannee.
Eiaeinnaiaio iiaeao auoue niaa?oai aeaaea a iieueco ieaoaeueueea,
iacaaeneii io oiai, aeoeaioiaae ee ii aaenaeue eee iao, eeai a
iieueco aaenaeaaeaoaey, eeai a iieueco anyeiai ae?oaiai iaycaiiiai ii
aaenaeth eeoea. Yoe eeoea iiaoo a naith i/a?aaeue eiaeinne?iaaoue
aaenaeue.
Aaenaeaaeaoaeue , iiianoeaoee a aaenaeue iaiai?eo ? ia i?eeaco ? e
cai?ao ia ia?aaea/o a ii?yaeea onooiee i?aa o?aaiaaiey aac aai niaeaney
a aeiaiai? i auaea/a aaenaey ( no.382 AE ?O ?ac?aoaao yoi
i?aaeoniao?eaaoue a caeiiao eee aeiaiai?ao ) iiaeao oaeei ia?acii
naeaeaoue aaenaeue aaniethoii iaia?aaeaaaaiui ( e?iia oaeoi?eiaiauo
iia?aoeee, eiia/ii).
/.3 noaouee iiae/??eeaaao aauiinoue aaenaey, oae eae oaeoe/anee a
?acoeueoaoa eiaeinne?iaaiey ia aeoeaioaioa ii noaiiaeony e?aaeeoi?ii e
aeieaeieeii iaeiia?aiaiii, /oi an? - aea a ioee/ea io iauaai ii?yaeea ia
i?ae?auaao iaycaoaeuenoaa.
12. Eiaeinnaiaio aeieaeai auoue i?inoui e ie/ai ia iaoneiaeaiiui.
Anyeia ia?aie/eaathuaa aai oneiaea n/eoaaony iaiaienaiiui.
*anoe/iue eiaeinnaiaio iaaeaenoaeoaeai.
Eiaeinnaiaio ia i?aaeuyaeoaey eiaao neeo aeaieiaiai
eiaeinnaiaioa.
Aano?aeoiinoue aaenaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui aai
aeiiieieoaeueiia ineiaeiaiea. Caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeoniio?eoaeueii
oeacuaaao iineaaenoaey aiciiaeiuo ia?ooaiee o?aaiaaiee aaenaeueiiai
i?aaa. Iaeie ia?ooaiey oaeoa ia?aaea/e ia ii?i/ao, ae?oaea aeaeatho a?
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie. A /anoe eiaeinnaiaioia ? aiaei?acaeaeii ? yaeyaony
oeaeinoiinoue onooiaaiie noiiu. Ia?aie/aiey a /anoe oneiaee
caeiiiaeaoaeai aiioee?othony, oae eae eiaeinnaio au?acee aieth onooieoue
i?aaa ii aaenaeth, a oi aea a?aiy ? ?acaeaea ? aaenaeueiie noiiu (
/anoe/iue eiaeinnaiaio ) aiioee?oao nai eiaeinnaiaio, oae eae eiaeinnaio
ia au?acee aiee ia ia?aaea/o anae aaenaeueiie noiiu.
13. Eiaeinnaiaio aeieaeai auoue iaienai ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea eee
ia i?eniaaeeiaiiii e iaio eenoa (aeiaaai/iue eeno). Ii aeieaeai auoue
iiaeienai eiaeinnaioii.
Eiaeinnaiaio iiaeao ia niaea?aeaoue oeacaiey eeoea, a iieueco
eioi?iai ii naeaeai, eee ii iiaeao ninoiyoue ec iaeiie iiaeiene
eiaeinnaioa (aeaieiaue eiaeinnaiaio). A yoii iineaaeiai neo/aa
eiaeinnaiaio aeey oiai, /oiau eiaoue neeo, aeieaeai auoue iaienai
ia iai?ioa ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey eee ia aeiaaai/iii eenoa.
Aeey niyoey nii?ia i cia/aiee i?inoie iiaeiene ia eeoeaaie noi?iia
aaenaey caeiiiaeaoaeue ii?aaeaeee /oi i?inoay iiaeienue ia eeoeaaie
noi?iia aaenaey ia iiaeao auoue aeaieiaui eiaeinnaiaioii. Oaeay
iiaeienue aoaeao aaaeai (anee yoi ia ieaoaeueuee, a yoii neo/aa -
aeoeaio). A neo/aa i?enoonoaey i?inoie iiaeiene ia iai?ioa aaenaey
aaaeai iia auoue ia iiaeao, ii iiaeao auoue i?eciaia aeaieiaui
eiaeinnaiaioii.
14. Eiaeinnaiaio ia?aiineo ana i?aaa, auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai
aaenaey. Anee eiaeinnaiaio aeaieiaue, oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao:
1) caiieieoue aeaie eee naiei eiaiai eee eiaiai eaeiai-eeai
ae?oaiai eeoea;
2) eiaeinne?iaaoue a naith i/a?aaeue aaenaeue iin?aaenoaii aeaiea eee
ia eiy eaeiai-eeai ae?oaiai eeoea;
3) ia?aaeaoue aaenaeue o?aoueaio eeoeo, ia caiieiyy aeaiea e ia
niaa?oay eiaeinnaiaioa.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao iaaeaeeiinoue onooiaaiiai i?aaa,
ia?aaeaaaaiiai iin?aaenoaii eiaeinnaiaioa. Ii ec yoiai ia auoaeaao
iaeiicia/ii iaaiciiaeiinoue onooieoue /anoue i?aa a iauaa?aaeaeaineii
ii?yaeea. I?aaaea, aeaeueiaeoaa eiaeinne?iaaiea oaeiai aaenaey
iaaiciiaeii ec-ca ae?iaeaiey aaenaeueiie noiiu.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue oaeaea aea?o aiciiaeiinoue i?inoaaeaiey eiaeinnaiaioa aac
caiieiaiey i?aaeoanoaothuaai aeaieiaiai eiaeinnaiaioa. Yoi
oeaeaniia?acii a neo/aa eiaaea eeoei, aeaeathuaa i?inoaaeoue
eiaeinnaiaio ( a neeo o?aaiaaiey i?eia?aoaoaey, aeey oiiieiaiey i naaa a
oeaii/ea eiaieouo eiaeinnaioia e o.ae.) ia aeaeaao nicaeaaaoue o
ie?oaeathueo eeethcee oiai /oi aaenaeue aue i?eia?ao?i ei
iaiin?aaenoaaiii o aaoi?a aeaieiaiai eiaeinnaiaioa. Ii, eae ni?aaaaeeeai
ioia/aao A.A. Aaeia Aaeia A.A., Oeac.ni/.,N.130
, anee a aeaieiaue eiaeinnaiaio iin?aaee oeaii/ee eiaeinnaioia eoi-eeai
aieoao eiy, ioee/iia io eiaie neaaeothuaai eiaeinnaioa,
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth neiaeii aoaeao aeieacaoue naith eaaeoeiiinoue.
15. Eiaeinnaio, iineieueeo ia iaiai?aii ia?aoiia, ioaa/aao ca
aeoeaio e ca ieaoaae.
Ii iiaeao aini?aoeoue iiaue eiaeinnaiaio; a oaeii neo/aa ii ia
ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae oaie eeoeaie, a iieueco eioi?uo
aaenaeue aue iinea yoiai eiaeinne?iaai.
Aiaeiae/ii aaenaeaaeaoaeth, eiaeinnaio iiaeao inaiaiaeeoue naay io
?aa?anniuo iaycaiiinoae aei n?iea ieaoaaea a neo/aa iaiai?ee ?aac
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aeoeaio?.
Eiaeinnaio iiaeao aeeth/eoue iaiai?eo ? aac iai?ioa ia iaiy ?, ii yoi
aoaeao iaaeaaii?eyoii aeeyoue ia eeeaeaeiinoue aaenaey. A yoii neo/aa
i?aeoe/iaa i?ineoue io/oaeaeaoaey i?inoaaeoue aeaieiaue eiaeinnaiaio.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue iao?e eioa?aniia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu eiieo?aioeee
aiciiaeiinoe ia?aie/aiey aiciiaeiinoe ia?aaea/e aaenaey iaaeaeo
eiaeinnaioii e aaenaeaaeaoaeai.
Anee aaenaeaaeaoaeue n/?e iaiaoiaeeiui auaeaoue aaenaeue ia?aaeaaaaiui,
oi cai?ao eiaeinnaioa ia ia?aaea/o aaenaey ia?ooeo aai aieth. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, eiaeinnaio ia aeieaeai auoue eeo?i aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeyoue
/enei aiciiaeiuo o?aaiaaiee e naaa io iineaaeothueo eiaeinnaoia.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue ii?aaeaeee, /oi cai?ao ia ia?aaea/o aaenaey aeaenoaoao a
i?aaeaeao ioiioaiee iaaeaeo eiaeinnaioii e eiaeinnaoii e inaiaiaeaeaao
eiaeinnaioa io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae iineaaeothueie aea?aeaoaeyie, ia
aeaeay iaeiaei, aaenaey iaia?aaeaaaaiui.
16. Eeoei, o eioi?iai iaoiaeeony ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue,
?anniao?eaaaony eae caeiiiue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue, anee iii iniiauaaao
naia i?aai ia iai?a?uaiii ?yaea eiaeinnaiaioia, aeaaea anee iineaaeiee
eiaeinnaiaio yaeyaony aeaieiaui. Ca/a?eiooua eiaeinnaiaiou n/eoathony
i?e yoii iaiaienaiiuie. Eiaaea ca aeaieiaui eiaeinnaiaioii neaaeoao
ae?oaie eiaeinnaiaio, oi eeoei, iiaeienaaoaa iineaaeiee,
n/eoaaony i?eia?aooei aaenaeue ii aeaieiaiio eiaeinnaiaioo.
Anee eoi-eeai eeoeeny aeaaeaiey aaenaeai a neeo eaeiai au oi ie auei
niauoey, oi eeoei, o eioi?iai aaenaeue iaoiaeeony e eioi?ia
iainiiauaaao naia i?aai ii?yaeeii, oeacaiiui a i?aaeuaeouai aacaoea,
iaycaii ioaeaoue aaenaeue eeoue a oii neo/aa, anee iii i?eia?aei aai
iaaeia?iniaanoii eee aea, i?eia?aoay aai, niaa?oeei a?oaoth
iainoi?iaeiinoue.
I/aaeaeii, ?a/ue eae?o ia ia eneeth/eoaeueiii niiniaa eaaeoeiaoeee
aea?aeaoaey, ii i aeinoaoi/iii aeey ioaee/iie aeinoiaa?iinoe. Aeaiiia
oaaaeaeaiea iniiaaii ia aiciiaeiinoe iieo/aiey ieaoaaea e aac
eaaeoeiaoeee iin?aaenoaii eiaeinnaiaioia, a /anoiinoe, i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee
naeaeaoaeuenoaa i ianeaaenoaa.
Aaenaeue iiaeao auoue eno?aaiaai io aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey a neo/ayo anee :
? he has acquired it in bad faith, or unless in acquiring it he has been
guilty of gross negligence ? - ? ii i?eia??e aai iaaeia?iniaanoii, eee
i?eia?aoay aai, aue aeiiaai a a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe ?, oi anoue
caeiiiaeaoaeue iaiaa no?ia, iaaeaee ia?aaiae/ee. A ?inneeneii i?aaa
iainoi?iaeiinoue yaeyaony oi?iie aeiu, ii caeiiiaeaoaeue yaii
aeiioneaao aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey iaaeiiaiie a?oaie
iainoi?iaeiinoe.
17. Eeoea, e eioi?ui i?aaeuyaeai ene ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth, ia
iiaoo i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth aic?aaeaiey, iniiaaiiua ia
eo ee/iuo ioiioaieyo e aaenaeaaeaoaeth eee e i?aaeoanoaothuei
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeyi, anee oieueei aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue,
i?eia?aoay aaenaeue, ia aeaenoaiaae niciaoaeueii a oua?a aeieaeieeo.
Cai?ao ia aic?aaeaiey aaenaeaaeaoaeth, iniiaaiiua ia ioiioaieyo n
i?aaeoanoaothueie aea?aeaoaeyie, yaeyaony oa?aeoa?iui i?eia?ii ?acee/ey
iaaeaeo eiaeinnaiaioii e oeanneae. Eiaeinnaiaio ia iiaeao auoue
/anoe/iui, a oaeaea aeiea aea?aeaoaey ia?aae iaycaiiui ii aaenaeth
eeoeii ia aaneo i?aa ec aaenaey.
Iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai caueu?iiinoe aea?aeaoaey io oaeeo aic?aaeaiee
yaeyaony aai aeia?iniaanoiinoue.
E?iia oiai, aea?aeaoaeth aaenaey aiieia iiaoo auoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu
aic?aaeaiey, iniiaaiiua ia aai ioiioaieyo n iaycaiiui eeoeii. Yoi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony e a /.2 no.18, aaea i?yii aiai?eony i aiciiaeiinoe
auaeaeaeaiey aic?aaeaiee aaenaeueiiio iiaa?aiiiio, iniiaaiiuo ia
ioiioaieyo n aeiaa?eoaeai.
Yoi ieeiei ia?acii ia aeeyao ia aano?aeoiinoue aaenaeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa. I?inoi a yoii neo/aa a iauai ii?yaeea aeaiaaeiiio
o?aaiaaieth ec aano?aeoiiai aaenaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu iaeii?iaeiua (aeaiaaeiua) o?aaiaaiey ec ae?oaiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Inia?eaaiea i?aaa ec aaenaey ii iioeao aacaeaiaaeiinoe iaaeiionoeii, oae
eae a yoii neo/aa ouaieythony eioa?anu aeia?iniaanoiuo aea?aeaoaeae.
E?iia oiai , Iieiaeaiea ia ciaao oaeiai iniiaaiey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
aaenaey.
18. Anee eiaeinnaiaio niaea?aeeo iaiai?eo "aaethoa e iieo/aieth",
"ia eieanni", "eae aeiaa?aiiiio" eee anyeoth eioth iaiai?eo, eiathuoth
a aeaeo i?inoia ii?o/aiea, aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao inouanoaeyoue
ana i?aaa, auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ii eiaeinne?iaaoue
aai ii iiaeao oieueei a ii?yaeea i?aii?o/aiey.
Iaycaiiua eeoea iiaoo a oaeii neo/aa cayaeyoue i?ioea
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey oieueei oaeea aic?aaeaiey, eioi?ua iiaee au auoue
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu eiaeinnaioo.
Ii?o/aiea, eioi?ia niaea?aeeony a i?aii?o/eoaeueiii eiaeinnaiaioa, ia
i?ae?auaaony aneaaenoaea nia?oe i?aii?o/eoaey eee ianooieaiey aai
iaaeaaniiniaiinoe.
Ia anaaaea eiaeinnao eiaao aiciiaeiinoue eee aeaeaiea inouanoaeyoue
iaiaoiaeeiua aeaenoaey ( i?aaeuyaeaiea e aeoeaioo, ieaoaaeo e o. ae. ).
A yoii neo/aa ii ii?o/aao inouanoaeoue yoi aeaenoaea ae?oaiio eeoeo.
Niiniaii eaaeoeiaoeee iineaaeiaai e aoaeao i?aii?o/eoaeueiue
eiaeinnaiaio. A ioee/ea io iauaa?aaeaeaineiai ii?o/aiey aiciiaeiinoue
ia?aaeiaa?ey i?acthie?oaony.
19. Anee eiaeinnaiaio niaea?aeeo iaiai?eo "aaethoa a iaania/aiea",
"aaethoa a caeia" eee anyeoth eioth iaiai?eo, eiathuoth a aeaeo caeia,
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao inouanoaeyoue ana i?aaa, auoaeathuea
ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ii iinoaaeaiiue ei eiaeinnaiaio eiaao
neeo eeoue a ea/anoaa i?aii?o/eoaeueiiai eiaeinnaiaioa.
Iaycaiiua eeoea ia iiaoo cayaeyoue i?ioea aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey
aic?aaeaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia eo ee/iuo ioiioaieyo e eiaeinnaioo, anee
oieueei aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue, iieo/ay aaenaeue, ia aeaenoaiaae
niciaoaeueii a oua?a aeieaeieeo.
Iauaa?aaeaeaineee caeia i?aaeiieaaaao ?aaeecaoeeth caeiaeaiiiai
eiouanoaa e oaeiaeaoai?aiea o?aaiaaiee ec noieiinoe eiouanoaa.
Aaenaeueiue caeia i?aaeiieaaaao oaeiaeaoai?aiea o?aaiaaiee ec
aaenaeueiie noiiu, oi anoue ec eiouanoaa , e aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui
io/oaeaeaiea aaenaey aeaaea oai?aoe/anee. Eiae/ii i?aaeiieiaeeoue /oi
i?e?iaea yoeo ?caeiaia? ?acee/ia.
A ioee/ea io iauaa?aaeaeaineiai caeiaa a oaeii eiaeinnaiaioa ia
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu ana iyoue nouanoaaiiuo oneiaee
aeiaiai?a caeiaa, aac eioi?uo ii aoaeao iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. Ia aiai?y i
aiaaeiaiai?iie i?e?iaea eiaeinnaiaioa, iiaeii oeacaoue ia oaeia
iaaeaaii?eyoiia iineaaenoaea auoaoeacaiiiai ii?yaeea eae ciaeiinoai
iineaaeothueo i?eia?aoaoaeae n nouanoaii iaania/eaaaiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Iaiaoiaeeiui e aeinoaoi/iui aeey aicieeiiaaiey i?aaa aaenaeueiiai caeiaa
aoaeao caeiaiaue eiaeinnaiaio. E?iia oiai, caeiiiaeaoaeue yaii
i?aaeiieaaae aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey ieaoaaea ii oaeiio aaenaeth aac
aeiiieieoaeueiuo niaeaoaiee n eiaeinnaioii. Aeaeeii, ec yoie noiiu e
aeieaeii auoue oaeiaeaoai?aii eiathuaany e eiaeinnaioo o
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey o?aaiaaiea. Niioaaonoaothuay noaouey aaeeiiia?aciiai
caeiia iaeiicia/ii eniieuecoao iiiyoea ?pledge? ( caeia, caaa?aiea ) ia
a iiieiaiee AE ?O 1994 aiaea, a eae iniaue niinia iaania/aiey eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa iin?aaenoaii aaenaey. Noi?iiieeai aea iauaa?aaeaeaineeo
niiniaia iaania/aiey oaeay aiciiaeiinoue ia cai?auaia e iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny iin?aaenoaii ninoaaeaiey iau/iiai aeiaiai?a caeiaa eae n
ia?aaea/ae aaenaey, oae e aac oaeiaie. Eiia/ii aea, ia?aaea/a aaenaey n
aeaieiaui eiaeinnaiaioii aieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeueia aeey caeiaiaea?aeaoaey.
A i?eioeeia, iiaeii aiai?eoue i aaenaeueiie ?aciiaeaeiinoe iau/iiai
caeiaa, ii iaa?yae ee yoi oeaeaniia?acii, oae eae ?acee/ee o oaeiai
caeiaa n iau/iui ai?acaei aieueoa /ai iauaai.
I?aaeea i caeiaa ( a /anoiinoe, ia i/a??aeiinoe oaeiaeaoai?aiey
e?aaeeoi?ia ) e aaenaeueiiio caeiao i?eiaiyoueny ia aeieaeiu aaeaeo aai
yaiiai iniaaiiiai io caeiaa oa?aeoa?a. Ii nooe yoi naiinoiyoaeueiue
niinia iaania/aiey eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa.
20. Eiaeinnaiaio, niaa?oaiiue iinea n?iea ieaoaaea, eiaao oa aea
iineaaenoaey, /oi e i?aaeoanoaothuee eiaeinnaiaio. Iaeiaei eiaeinnaiaio,
niaa?oaiiue iinea i?ioanoa a iaieaoaaea eee iinea enoa/aiey n?iea,
onoaiiaeaiiiai aeey niaa?oaiey i?ioanoa, eiaao iineaaenoaey eeoue
iaueiiaaiiie oeannee.
Iineieueeo ia?aoiia ia aoaeao aeieacaii, iaaeaoe?iaaiiue
eiaeinnaiaio n/eoaaony niaa?oaiiui aei enoa/aiey n?iea,
onoaiiaeaiiiai aeey niaa?oaiey i?ioanoa.
Niioaaonoaothuay noaouey n iaeiie noi?iiu inaiaiaeaeaao io/oaeaeaoaey
aaenaey n eno?eoei n?ieii aeey i?ioanoa ( ii?ioanoiaaiiiai aaenaey ) io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ieao?ae, oae eae eiae/ii i?aaeiieiaeeoue /oi anee
ieao?ae an? au? ia iieo/ai, oi yoi /oi-oi cia/eo, n ae?oaie, oae eae
aaenaeue iaaa?iyea i?aaeuyaeyeny e, aiciiaeii, aeieaeiee, ciay
e?aaeeoi?a, oaea eaeei-oi ia?acii iiaanee nai? iaycaoaeuenoai, yoi aea?o
aio aiciiaeiinoue nnueaoueny ia iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue onooieaiiiai
aea?aeaoaeth aaenaey o?aaiaaiey.
I?e iieoiea aaenaey n eno?eoei n?ieii ieaoaaea ( ii?ioanoiaaiiiai
aaenaey ) iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue /oi io/oaeaeaoaeue oaeiai aaenaey
inaiaiaeae?i io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ieao?ae , anee yoi niaoeeaeueii ia
iaiai?aii . Oi anoue ioaeii aeaeaoue niioaaonoaothuoth iaiai?eo eee ia
i?inoaaeyoue aeaoo eiaeinnaiaioa , oiaaea ii aoaeao n/eoaoueny
naeaeaiiui aei enoa/aiey n?iea aeey ieaoaaea ( aeoeaioa ).
AEOeAIO
21. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao aei ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea auoue
i?aaeuyaeai aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai eee aeaaea i?inoi eeoeii, o eioi?iai
aaenaeue iaoiaeeony, aeey aeoeaioa ieaoaeueueeo a ianoa aai
aeeoaeuenoaa.
Iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue aeoeaio eae auaea/o i?inoiai aaenaey. I?e
i?aaeuyaeaiee e aeoeaioo iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe eaaeoeie?iaaoueny
eiaeinnaiaioaie, aeiaa?aiiinoyie e o.i., oae eae aeoeaio anee e
ii?iaeaeaao i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaeuyaeoaeai e aeoeaioaioii, oi
oieueei /a?ac i?aai ec aanaey, anee i?aaeuyaeoaeue ei iaeaaeaao.
Ii yoi eeoue /anoiue neo/ae, aiciiaeii i?aaeuaeaiea aaenaey e aeoeaioo e
niaa?oaiii iinoi?iiiei eeoeii. I/aaeaeii, aic?aaeaiey ieaoaeueueea
i?ioea oaeie ?iaeaaeoeiiinoe? i?aaeuyaeoaey ia aeieaeiu i?eieiaoueny ai
aieiaiea.
22. Ai anyeii ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao
iaoneiaeoue, /oi aaenaeue aeieaeai auoue i?aaeuyaeai e aeoeaioo
n iacia/aieai eee aac iacia/aiey n?iea.
Ii iiaeao aini?aoeoue a aaenaea i?aaeuyaeaiea aai e aeoeaioo, anee
oieueei aeaei ia eaeao i ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa
o o?aoueaai eeoea, eee i aaenaea, eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa a
eiii ianoa, /ai ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea, eee i aaenaea,
eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie ii i?aaeuyaeaiee.
Ii iiaeao oaeaea iaoneiaeoue, /oi i?aaeuyaeaiea e aeoeaioo ia iiaeao
eiaoue ianoi ?aiaa iacia/aiiiai n?iea.
Eaaeaeue eiaeinnaio iiaeao iaoneiaeoue, /oi aaenaeue aeieaeai auoue
i?aaeuyaeai e aeoeaioo n iacia/aieai n?iea eee aac aai iacia/aiey,
anee oieueei aaenaeue ia iauyaeai aaenaeaaeaoaeai ia iiaeeaaeauei
aeoeaioo.
Aini?auaiea ia i?aaeuyaeaiea aeey aeoeaioa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
i?iiaaeooi/iue aa?eaio iaaeaeo iieiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ca iaaeoeaio e
ionoonoaeai oaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A neo/ayo, oeacaiiuo a noaouea,
aaenaeaaeaoaeue aoaeao ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iaaeoeaio oieueei iinea
enoa/aiey ?cai?aoiiai? n?iea. Ii yoi ia cia/eo /oi aaenaeue ia iiaeao
auoue i?aaeuyaeai aeey aeoeaioa e aeoeaioiaai.
Iaaiciiaeai eeoue i?ioano a iaaeoeaioa e, niioaaonoaaiii, ?aa?anniue
oiae aaenaey aei n?iea ieaoaaea.
23. Ia?aaiaeiua aaenaey, iiaeeaaeauea iieaoa a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie io
i?aaeuyaeaiey, aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeuyaeaiu e aeoeaioo a oa/aiea
iaeiiai aiaea ni aeiy eo auaea/e.
Aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao nie?aoeoue yoio iineaaeiee n?ie eee
iaoneiaeoue n?ie aieaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue.
Yoe n?iee iiaoo auoue nie?auaiu eiaeinnaioaie.
Iaeei ec i?eia?ia, eiaaea eiaeinnaio iiaeao eciaieoue oneiaea aaenaey
( e a yoii ioiioaiee aaenaeueiia iaycaoaeuenoai ia yaeyaony aaniethoii
aaconeiaiui ), a /anoiinoe, i aiciiaeiinoe e n?iea i?aaeuyaeaiey e
aeoeaioo. Anoanoaaiii, oaeea eciaiaiey nayaeoo a niioaaonoaee ni no. 69
Iieiaeaiey eeoue iineaaeothueo i?eia?aoaoaeae.
I/aaeaeii, i?iione aiaee/iiai n?iea aeey aeoeaioa eeoaao aea?aeaoaey
i?aa ec aaenaey.
24. Ieaoaeueuee iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue, /oiau aaenaeue aue aoi?e/ii
aio i?aaeuyaeai ia neaaeothuee aeaiue iinea ia?aiai i?aaeuyaeaiey.
Caeioa?aniaaiiua eeoea iiaoo nnueaoueny ia oi, /oi yoi
o?aaiaaiea ia auei auiieiaii oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee ia yoii
o?aaiaaiee auei oiiiyiooi a i?ioanoa.
Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iaycai ia?aaeaaaoue ieaoaeueueeo aaenaeue,
i?aaeuyaeaiiue e aeoeaioo.
Iiyaeaiea aeaiiie noaouee yaeyaony eiae/aneei neaaenoaeai
iaii?aaeae?iiinoe ioiioaiee iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie aaenaeueiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee. N?ie yoio aea?ony n iaeiie eeoue oeaeueth aeaoue
ieaoaeueueeo aiciiaeiinoue a oa/aiea yoiai n?iea niaeaniaaoue n
aaenaeaaeaoaeai oneiaey, ia eioi?uo ieaoaeueuee aeano aeoeaio, oi anoue
iayaeaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
iaoa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia aea?o aeoeaioaioo aa?aioee oiai /oi ieao?ae
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth inaiaiaeeo aai io ni?acia?iiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae
aaenaeaaeaoaeai.
Iaiaoeeee caeiiiaeaoaeue a 787 (1) Aa?iaineiai A?aaeaeaineiai oeiaeaiey
i?aaeoniio?ae /oi : ? A neo/aa i?eiyoey i?aea?iie aoiaae a n/?o aeieaa
anneaiao ( ieaoaeueuee - i?ei. aao.) iinea eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa a
?acia?a, niioaaonoaothuai aeieao , inaiaiaeaeaaony io aeieaa.?
Aa?iaineia i?aai, /anoue 1, I., 1996, N. 183
25. Aeoeaio ioia/aaony ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea. Ii au?aaeaaony
neiaii "aeoeaioiaai" eee anyeei ae?oaei ?aaiicia/auei neiaii; ii
iiaeienuaaaony ieaoaeueueeii. I?inoay iiaeienue ieaoaeueueea, naeaeaiiay
ia eeoeaaie noi?iia aaenaey, eiaao neeo aeoeaioa.
Anee aaenaeue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie
io i?aaeuyaeaiey eee anee ii aeieaeai auoue i?aaeuyaeai e
aeoeaioo (a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie) a neeo iniaiai oneiaey, oi aeoeaio
aeieaeai auoue aeaoe?iaai aeiai, a eioi?ue ii aue aeai, anee oieueei
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iio?aaoao, /oiau ii aue aeaoe?iaai aeiai
i?aaeuyaeaiey. A neo/aa ionoonoaey aeaou aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue,
/oiau nio?aieoue naie i?aaa i?ioea eiaeinnaioia e i?ioea
aaenaeaaeaoaey, aeieaeai oaeinoiaa?eoue yoi oiouaiea naiaa?aiaiiui
niaa?oaieai i?ioanoa.
Aeoeaio niaiau?i caeiiiaeaoaeai n i?aaeuyaeaieai, oioy i?e?iaea yoeo
aeaenoaee ?acee/ia.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, niioaaonoaothuay ii?ia oi?iuaao iai?io. A neo/aa
ioeaca aeoeaioaioa i?inoaaeoue aeaoo aeoeaioa aea?aeaoaeue aeieaeai
niaa?oeoue i?ioano a iaaeaoe?iaaiee aeoeaioa.
26. Aeoeaio aeieaeai auoue i?inoui e ie/ai ia iaoneiaeaiiui,
iaeiaei, ieaoaeueuee iiaeao ia?aie/eoue aai /anoueth noiiu.
Anyeia eiia eciaiaiea, i?iecaaaeaiiia aeoeaioii a
niaea?aeaiee ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ?aaiineeueii ioeaco a
aeoeaioa. Iaeiaei aeoeaioaio ioaa/aao niaeanii niaea?aeaieth naiaai
aeoeaioa.
Aeoeaioaio, ai?noee a aaenaeue eciaiaiey cao?aaeaathuea ia oieueei
aaenaeueioth noiio, aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui i?eaea/aiea e ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ca iaieao?ae eiaeinnaioia, aaaeenoia e aaenaeaaeaoaey, oae eae iie
iaycuaaeenue ii ae?oaiio aaenaeth.
Ie/aai no?aoiiai a yoii iao, oae eae aea?aeaoaeue eiaao aiciiaeiinoue
auai?a iaaeaeo ?aa?annii ( iinea i?ioanoa a iaaeoeaioa ) e
oaeiaeaoai?aieai ec iiaiai aaenaey.
Ie i eaeeo iauaa?aaeaeaineeo iaycaoaeuenoaao ?a/e eaeoe ia iiaeao, oae
eae eciaiaiey ia aeieaeiu auoiaeeoue ca ?aiee o?aaiaaiee no.1
Iieiaeaiey, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa aoiaaa ia?anoa?o auoue aaenaeai.
Iaaiciiaeii e iaeiia?aiaiiia iieo/aiea oaeiaeaoai?aiey o aeoeaioaioa e
eeoe, iaycaiiuo a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna, oae eae i?e eniieiaiee
iaycaoaeuenoaa aoiaaa ecuiaaony.
27. Anee aaenaeaaeaoaeue oeacae a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea ianoi
ieaoaaea eiia, /ai ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea, ia oeacaa i?e yoii
o?aoueaai eeoea, o eioi?iai ieaoaae aeieaeai auoue niaa?oai,
oi ieaoaeueuee iiaeao oeacaoue oaeia eeoei i?e aeoeaioa. I?e
ionoonoaee oaeiai oeacaiey i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi aeoeaioaio iaycaeny
i?iecaanoe ieaoaae nai a ianoa ieaoaaea.
Anee aaenaeue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa a ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea,
iineaaeiee iiaeao oeacaoue a aeoeaioa eaeie-eeai aae?an a oii aea
ianoa, a eioi?ii aeieaeai auoue i?iecaaaeai ieaoaae.
Aeaiiay noaouey aea?o aiciiaeiinoue aeoeaioaioo iacia/eoue ieao?ae a
ianoa, ioee/iii io aai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa. Ii nouanoao, ?a/ue eae?o i
ieaoaaea a aaiea. Ethaia iaycaiiia ii aaenaeth eeoei eiaao i?aai
ioi?aaeoue anao o?aaiaaoaeae e naiaio oeiainiaiio aaaioo. Aeey
aaenaeaaeaoaey, eiaeinnaioia e aaaeenoia yoi iin?aaeieee ia neo/ae.
28. Ieaoaeueuee iin?aaenoaii aeoeaioa i?eieiaao ia naay
iaycaoaeuenoai iieaoeoue ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue a n?ie.
A neo/aa iaieaoaaea aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue, aeaaea anee ii yaeyaony
aaenaeaaeaoaeai, eiaao i?ioea aeoeaioaioa i?yiie ene, iniiaaiiue ia
ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, a ioiioaiee anaai oiai, i /ai iiaeao auoue
i?aaeuyaeaii o?aaiaaiea niaeanii noaoueyi 48 e 49.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao iniaue ii?yaeie caueou i?aa ( i?yiie ene )
i?ioea aeoeaioaioa, ioee/iue io iauaai ?aa?anniiai. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai ia?auaiey e ioaaonoaaiiui ( ia iaycaiiui !!! ) ii
aaenaeth eeoeai yaeyaony iaeniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueeii.
*oiau ciaoue aeinoiaa?ii /oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue aeaenoaeoaeueii
acaeee, e i?eia?o, a N-ne iieo/aoue ieao?ae ii aaenaeth, aaea aio auei
?aoeoaeueii ioeacaii ?aiaa aacoi?a/iui ieaoaeueueeii, caeiiiaeaoaeue
i?aaeoniio?ae iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeinoiaa?aiey oaeeo oaeoia iioa?eonaie. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa iieo/eeinue au, /oi ethaie ec eiaeinnaioia eee
aaaeenoia aoaeao i?eioaeae?i i?eia?anoe io, aiciiaeii,
iaaeia?iniaanoiiai aea?aeaoaey i?in?i/aiiue, oe?aaeaiiue eee eaeie -
eeai eiie aeaoaeoiue aaenaeue e ociaoue ia yoii ii i?eacaea a N-neee
a?aeo?aaeiue noae.
Ii ioaee/iue ii?yaeie oaeinoiaa?aiey iaieaoaaea ii aaenaeth i?e
ia?auaiee a noae n eneii i?ioea aeoeaioaioa ia ioaeai ( oioy e ia
cai?au?i ) ieeiio, aeeth/ay aeoeaioaioa, eioi?ue iaaa?iyea nai ciaao
eiio, a /?i e ii/aio ii ioeacae e niiaeao ?anneacaoue yoi noaea. Eiaiii
iiyoiio caeiiiaeaoaeai naeaeaia niioaaonoaothuay iaiai?ea.
I?aaenoaaeyaony iaiiiyoiui ?aoaiea Oaa?neiai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea
?uaeeia I. Iaiaoiaeeii ee niaa?oaoue i?ioano aaenaey.// ?uiie oeaiiuo
aoiaa, 1996, ?12 , N.34, ioeacaaoaai a oaeiaeaoai?aiee enea e
aaenaeaaeaoaeth i?inoiai aaenaey ( i?e?aaiaiiiai e aeoeaioaioo no. 78
Iieiaeaiey ) aaeaeo ionoonoaey i?ioanoa.
29. Anee ieaoaeueuee, eioi?ue iinoaaee ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea
iaaeienue i naiai aeoeaioa, ca/a?eioe oaeiaoth aei aica?auaiey aaenaey,
oi n/eoaaony, /oi a aeoeaioa auei ioeacaii. Iineieueeo eiia ia aoaeao
aeieacaii, n/eoaaony, /oi ca/a?eeaaiea auei naeaeaii aei aica?auaiey
aeieoiaioa.
Iaeiaei, anee ieaoaeueuee ienueiaiii niiauee i naiai aeoeaioa
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth eee eiio-eeai ec iiaeienaaoeony, oi ii yaeyaony
iaycaiiui ia?aae ieie niaeanii oneiaeyi naiaai aeoeaioa.
Iieiaeaiey aeaiiie noaouee yaeythony iaeiei ec i?eia?ia ?acoiiiai
ia?aie/aiey e?aaoeeiiiie oai?ee. I/aaeaeii caeiiiaeaoaeue iiiaio
aicieeiiaaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea ia?aiineo n iiiaioa
i?inoaaeaiey aeoeaioa ( e?aaoeeiiiay oai?ey) ia iiiaio aeia?iaieueiie
ia?aaea/e aaenaey ( yienneiiiay oai?ey ), anee yoi ia iiaeao iaianoe
oua?aa o?aoueei eeoeai ( a ii aiciiaeai e i?eia?o a neo/aa eiaaea ia
aeoeaioa niiauaii iioaioeeaeueiiio aaaeenoo, i?inoaaeythuaio a
?acoeueoaoa yoiai aaaeue ca aaenaeaaeaoaey ia iaeiii ec yecaiiey?ia
aaenaey , a caoai aeoeaio aiioee?iaai ).
AAAEUe
Iauaa?aaeaeaineia ii?o/eoaeuenoai a noa?a aaenaeueiuo ioiioaiee
o?ainoi?ie?iaaeinue a oae iacuaaaiue aaaeue, oi anoue niinia iaania/aiey
eniieiaiey aaenaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa.
30. Ieaoaae ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth iiaeao auoue iaania/ai
iieiinoueth eee a /anoe aaenaeueiie noiiu iin?aaenoaii aaaey.
Yoi iaania/aiea aeaaony o?aoueei eeoeii eee aeaaea iaeiei ec eeoe,
iiaeienaaoeo aaenaeue.
? Ieao?ae ... iiaeao auoue iaania/ai...iin?aaenoaii aaaey ?, oi anoue
caeiiiaeaoaeue ii?aaeaeyao iaycaoaeuenoai aaaeenoa eae i?eiyoea ia naay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ieao?ae.
31. Aaaeue aeaaony ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea eee ia aeiaaai/iii
eenoa; ii iiaeao auoue aeai e ia ioaeaeueiii eenoa n oeacaieai ianoa
aai auaea/e.
Ii au?aaeaaony neiaaie "n/eoaoue ca aaaeue" eee anyeie eiie
?aaiicia/iie oi?ioeie; ii iiaeienuaaaony oai, eoi aeaao aaaeue.
Aeey aaaey aeinoaoi/ii iaeiie eeoue iiaeiene, iinoaaeaiiie
aaaeenoii ia eeoeaaie noi?iia ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, anee oieueei yoa
iiaeienue ia iinoaaeaia ieaoaeueueeii eee aaenaeaaeaoaeai.
A aaaea aeieaeii auoue oeacaii, ca /ae n/ao ii aeai. I?e
ionoonoaee oaeiai oeacaiey ii n/eoaaony aeaiiui ca aaenaeaaeaoaey.
Oaeei ia?acii i?inoay iiaeienue ia eeoeaaie noi?iia aaenaey iiaeao auoue
?anoeaiaia eae aaaeue , eo/oa oai ia ?anienuaaoueny eee nii?iaiaeaeaoue
?inienue oeacaieai , a? iiyniythuei ( e i?eia?o ? n aooaaeoa?eae
niaeaniaaii? e o.i.).
Iniaaiii yoi aaaeii a eiioaenoa ii?iu, onoaiiaeaiiie /.3 i.3 no.7 caeiia
?I aooaaeoa?neii o/?oa?.
A i?aeoeea iineianeeo noaeia eiaaony eo?ue?ciue neo/ae eiaaea ?inienue
aooaaeoa?a auea i?eciaia aaaeai . Ia naiii aeaea yoi aano?ae , oae eae
aaaeai ?anoeaieaaaony i?inoay iiaeienue eeoea , auaeathuaai aaaeue e
anee eeoei iiaeao aeieacaoue /oi aaaeue iii auaeaaaoue ia niae?aeinue ,
oi no?aiii n/eoaoue yoo iiaeienue aaaeai .
32. Aaaeeno ioaa/aao oae aea, eae e oio, ca eiai ii aeae aaaeue.
Aai iaycaoaeuenoai aeaenoaeoaeueii aeaaea a oii neo/aa, anee oi
iaycaoaeuenoai, eioi?ia ii aa?aioe?iaae, ieaaeaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui
ii eaeiio au oi ie auei iniiaaieth, eiiio, /ai aeaoaeo oi?iu.
Iiea/eaay ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, aaaeeno i?eia?aoaao i?aaa,
auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, i?ioea oiai, ca eiai ii aeae
aa?aioeth, e i?ioea oao, eioi?ua a neeo ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey iaycaiu
ia?aae yoei iineaaeiei.
Noaouey oeacuaaao ia nouanoai iaycaoaeuenoaa aaaeenoa, ?aciiaeaeiinoue
nieeaea?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa - nieeaea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Nouanoaoao
iiaiea niaeanii eioi?iio ca eniieiaieai ii aaenaeth iiaeii ia?auaoueny
iaiin?aaenoaaiii e aaaeenoo ca aaenaeaaeaoaey i?inoiai aaenaey. N yoei
o?oaeii niaeaneoueny.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue, eae ecaanoii, ianooiaao eeoue iinea iaeniieiaiey (
iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey ) iaycaoaeuenoaa. A ioiioaiee aaenaeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth aoaeao aai
iaaeeaaeauaa i?aaeuyaeaiea ieaoaeueueeo. Aei yoiai iiiaioa i
iaeniieiaiee ia iiaeao auoue e ?a/e, aieaa oiai - yoi i?in?i/ea
e?aaeeoi?a. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeey ia?auaiey ca
ieaoaaeii e aaaeenoo aeoeaioaioa yaeyaony i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
i?aaeuyaeaiea aai aeoeaioaioo . Anee ii caieaoeo, oi e aiai?eoue
aeaeaa ia i /ai. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa aea?aeaoaeue eiaao i?aai ia i?yiie
ene e aaaeenoo a niioaaonoaee ni no.no. 28,32 Iieiaeaiey. I?ioano, a
niioaaonoaee n eiia?aoeaiie ii?iie no. 44, iaiaoiaeeii i?iecaanoe aeey
inouanoaeaiey i?aa ?aa?anna ( ca eneeth/aieai ?aae/aeoeo neo/aaa iaee/ey
ioiaoie ? iai?io aac i?ioanoa ?, a oaeaea ii ioiioaieth e aaaeenoai
aeoeaioaioa ). Oioy aea?aeaoaeue iiaeao niaa?oeoue i?ioano e
eno?aaiaaoue ecaea?aeee n aaaeenoa. I/aaeaeii /oi aaaeenoo iao niunea
oaaee/eaaoue ?acia? ieaoaaeae e i?inoiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa ioeaca a
ieaoaaea aeieaeii auoue aeinoaoi/ii aeey aaaeenoa.
Aiai?y i iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iaycaoaeuenoaa, iaania/aiiiai aaaeai,
caeiiiaeaoaeue eiaao a aeaeo iaiieiiii/iinoue eeoea, iiaeienaaoaai
aaaee?iaaiiue eiaeinnaiaio, eee ae?oaea aiaeiae/iua neo/ae. A nai? a?aiy
Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue noae (Iinoaiiaeaiea io 28 naioya?y 1994 a. No. 36 )
i?eiye ni?aaaaeeeaia, ii iaaannii?iia ?aoaiea, eioi?ia cao?oaeiyao
i?aaeeueiia oieeiaaiea noaouee. ?a/ue oea i auaea/a i?inoiai aaenaey n
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuie n?ieaie ieaoaaea, aaaee?iaaiiiai eiiiaieae,
ae?oaeanoaaiiie aaenaeaaeaoaeth. I/aaeaeii, iaycaiiua eeoea aaee naay
iaaeia?iniaanoii e ii ianooieaiee ieaoaaea ieaoeoue ioeacaeenue,
nineaaoenue ia aeaoaeoiinoue aaenaey. Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue noae, aeaeay
ainnoaiiaeoue ni?aaaaeeeainoue, enoieeiaae no. 32 oaeei ia?acii, /oi
n?ie yaeyaony ?aeaeceoii, ii oeacaiea iaaeiionoeiiai n?iea ( oae eae
n?ie an?-oaee oeacai ) ia yaeyaony ia?ooaieai oi?iu, oioy e aeaeaao
aaenaeue iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui a niioaaonoaee ni no.33 Iieiaeaiey.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue aaenaey aeaeaao iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui e
oaeie niaoeeoe/aneee einoeooo iaania/aiey eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ii
aaenaeth eae aaaeue. ( ni. no.no. 30, 31 : ? ieao?ae ii ia?aaiaeiiio
aaenaeth iiaeao auoue iaania/ai... iin?aaenoaii aaaey ?, ? aaaeue
aea?ony ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea eee ia aeiaaai/iii eenoa ? ). Oi anoue
iaania/eoaeueiay iaaeienue, naeaeaiiay ia ia aaenaea eee aeeiiaea,
aaaeai auoue ia iiaeao.
Oioy a auoaoeacaiiii neo/aa iiaeii auei ?anoeaieoue aaenaeue eae
aeieacaoaeuenoai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a caeia .
N?IE IEAOAAEA
33. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao auoue auaeai n?ieii:
ii i?aaeuyaeaiee;
ai noieueei-oi a?aiaie io i?aaeuyaeaiey;
ai noieueei-oi a?aiaie io ninoaaeaiey;
ia ii?aaeaeaiiue aeaiue.
Ia?aaiaeiua aaenaey, niaea?aeauea eeai eiia iacia/aiea n?iea, eeai
iineaaeiaaoaeueiua n?iee ieaoaaea, iaaeaenoaeoaeueiu.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue no?iai ii?aaeaeyao aiciiaeiua n?iee ieaoaaea e a
aeiiieiaiea e no.1 i?ecia?o ie/oiaeiuie e ia eiathueie th?eaee/aneie
neeu ( ? null and void ?) aaenaey, oioy e niaea?aeauea oaeie
iaycaoaeueiue ?aeaeceo eae n?ie, ii oeacuaathuea n?iee, ioee/iua io
auoaoeacaiiuo. Ii - aeaeeiiio, oaeeie n?ieaie iiaoo auoue n?iee
naycaiiua n ii?aaeae?iiuie niauoeyie. A yoii neo/aa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth
i?eoeinue au aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aa aeieacuaaoue au? e iaee/ea
th?eaee/aneiai oaeoa, /oi ia niaeanoaony n eaeaieiaeae aaenaeueiiai
oi?iaeecia.
Ii, aeaeeii, oaeea aeieoiaiou aoaeoo ie/oiaeiuie eeoue eae aaenaey, /oi
ia aeieaeii ii?i/eoue eo eae aeieacaoaeuenoaa caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a
caeia. Aano?aeii i?eciaaaoue neeo ca aeieoiaioaie, aiiaua ia
niaea?aeaueie oeacaiey ia n?ie, e eeoaoue a? aeieoiaioia niaea?aeaueo ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiue Iieiaeaieai n?ie.
34. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue n?ieii ii i?aaeuyaeaiee iiea/eaaaony i?e
aai i?aaeuyaeaiee. Ii aeieaeai auoue i?aaeuyaeai e ieaoaaeo a oa/aiea
iaeiiai aiaea ni aeiy aai ninoaaeaiey. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao
nie?aoeoue yoio n?ie eee iaoneiaeoue n?ie aieaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue. Yoe n?iee iiaoo auoue nie?auaiu eiaeinnaioaie.
Aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao onoaiiaeoue, /oi ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue n?ieii
ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ia iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai e ieaoaaeo ?aiaa
ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea. A oaeii neo/aa n?ie aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey oa/ao n
yoiai n?iea.
N?ie, oeacaiiue a aeaiiie noaouea, yaeyaony naiui ?ani?ino?ai?iiui. A
neeo iniaaiiinoae ?inneeneiai aeaeiaiai iai?ioa, eiaaea neiaeii no?ieoue
aeieaia?aiaiiua ia?niaeoeau, eiaiii oaeea aaenaey iaeaieaa oaeiaiu a
ia?auaiee.
Aaenaeaaeaoaeue (i?inoiai aani?ioeaioiiai aaenaey ) iiaeao n
aa?iyoiinoueth 90% i?aaeiieiaeeoue /oi aaenaeue n oaeei n?ieii aoaeao
i?aaeuyaeai e ieaoaaeo a ia?aua aeie n?iea, oae eae aanieaoii
e?aaeeoiaaoue aac iniauo i?e/ei ieeoi ieeiai ia aoaeao, iiyoiio anaaaea
oeacuaaaony n?ie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai aeieaeai ieoieoueny aeeneiio
(oaeoe/anee - i?ioeaiou ii aeaiiceoo ).
Aeey aea?aeaoaey yoi auaiaeii aieueoie naiaiaeie ?anii?yaeaiey
eiouanoaii, eaaei oaiaeeiui io iaeiaiauo i?iaa?ie, eioi?ia iiaeii
eiiaa?oe?iaaoue a aeaiueae a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai n?iea.
35. N?ie ieaoaaea ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth, ninoaaeaiiiio ai
noieueei-oi a?aiaie io i?aaeuyaeaiey, ii?aaeaeyaony eeai aeaoie
aeoeaioa, eeai aeaoie i?ioanoa.
I?e ionoonoaee i?ioanoa iaaeaoe?iaaiiue aeoeaio n/eoaaony a
ioiioaiee aeoeaioaioa naeaeaiiui a iineaaeiee aeaiue n?iea,
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey e aeoeaioo.
Aaenaeue iiaeao auoue aini?au?i e i?aaeuyaeaieth aei n?iea eeoue a
neo/aa n?iea ieaoaaea ? ii i?aaeuyaeaieth ?. Aini?auaiea e
i?aaeuyaeaieth aei n?iea ae?oaeo aaenaeae ( aaenaeue ? ?inaei?aaiea ? -
iyoue aeiae io i?aaeuyaeaiey, ii ia ?aiaa... Oioy ?aaioieee aaenaeueiiai
ioaeaea nnueaeenue ia i?iaa?eo AO OeA, ia?ooaiee a yoii ia
oniio?aaoai.) ie/oiaeiuie eo ia aeaeaao, oae eae oaeiai iniiaaiey
ie/oiaeiinoe Iieiaeaiea ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao ( n?ie niaethae?i ), ii,
aeaeeii, ie/oiaeiui aoaeao ia?aie/eaathuaa oneiaea, oae eae n?ie
ieaoaaea ii?aaeaeyaony aeaoie aeoeaioa eeai i?ioanoa a iaaeaoe?iaaiee .
E niaeaeaieth, caeiiiaeaoaeue iauaaeeiee iiiyoey aeoeaioa e
i?aaeuyaeaiey, ono?aiea aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey ioaeaeueiiai
aeoeaioa eae niaeaney ia iieaoo.
I IEAOAAEA
39. Ieaoaeueuee iiaeao i?e iieaoa ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey
iio?aaiaaoue, /oiau ii aue a?o/ai aio aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai n ?anieneie
a iieo/aiee ieaoaaea.
Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iiaeao ioeacaoueny io i?eiyoey /anoe/iiai
ieaoaaea.
A neo/aa /anoe/iiai ieaoaaea ieaoaeueuee iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue
ioiaoee i oaeii ieaoaaea ia aaenaea e auaea/e aio a yoii ?anienee.
Noaouey a ?innee i?aeoe/anee ia aeaenoaoao, oae eae aacoioeaa,
iiea/eaathueo aaenaeue aac aai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ecuyoey, iao. Aea e
aiiaua yoi iaoeaeaniia?acii. I?e iaaeia?iniaanoiinoe aeieaeieea eneiioth
noiio iiaeii acuneaoue ia iniiaaiee aeieoiaioia, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo oaeo
ia?aaea/e aaenaey ( i?aaaea, ia?aeeaeueii ioaeii aoaeao aeieacuaaoue
oaeo ionoonoaey ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth ). I?e iaaeia?iniaanoiinoe aea
aea?aeaoaey niiniaia caueoeoueny io iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaoi?iie iieaou o
aeieaeieea i/aiue iaei . ( Iaeei ec ieo - oeacaiea ia aaenaea ia
i?eiyoea e eniieiaieth cayaeaiey ia iiaaoaiea ia eeoeaaie noi?iia
aaenaey e iinea eiaeinnaiaioia ).
Aea?aeaoaeth aaenaey iiaeii a yoie nayce ii?aeiiaiaeiaaoue ii?o/aoue
i?aaeuyaeaiea aaenaey e ieaoaaeo eee aeaaea eieanne?iaaiea aaenaey
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieyi ii iieo/aieth ieaoaaeae -
iiae?acaeaeaieyi aaieia e oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaiee ii ?aaioa n oeaiiuie
aoiaaaie. Iiaeii oaeaea caiaieoue i?aaeuyaeaiea e ieaoaaeo ia i?iaeaaeo
aaenaey ieaoaeueueeo, onoaiiaea iuooeiua naieoeee ca i?in?i/eo iieaou,
iiaeii oaeaea eniieueciaaoue niaeaoaiey i i?aaa iieaou a oa/aiea n?iea e
iaycaiiinoue aa?iooue aaenaeue a neo/aa i?iionea n?iea n naieoeeyie ca
ia?ooaiea yoiai iaycaoaeuenoaa. Aic?aaeaoue aeieaeiee ia niiaeao, oae
eae an? yoi iiaeii niaa?oaoue iiae oa?icie o?aaiaaiey ieaoaaea aac
ia?aaea/e aaenaey, i?ioea /aai aeieaeiee aic?aaeaoue ia iiaeao. Ii oaeie
i?eaeiaeueiue niinia iieo/aiey ieaoaaea iaaa?iyea nicaeano o aeieaeieea
e ie?oaeathueo iaaeia?ua aia/aoeaiey i aaenaeaaea?aeaoaea. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ia?aaea/o aaenaey aei n?iea ieaoaaea iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
iau/ae aeaeiaiai iai?ioa. Iiiuoaoueny iaaciianeoue naay iiaeii oaeaea
ioo?i iieo/aiey io aeieaeieea ienueiaiiiai oeacaiey ( iiaeii ia aeoa
i?e?iee - ia?aaea/e ) ia oaeo aein?i/iie ii ioiioaieth e ieaoaaeo
ia?aaea/e aaenaey.
Aa?iaineia A?aaeaeaineia oeiaeaiea ?anniao?eaaao iaa?o/aiea aeieoiaioa
eae ianoiyoaeuenoai, inaiaiaeaeathuaa io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca caaea?aeeo
eniieiaiey :
? 785 Anneaiao ( ieaoaeueuee - i?ei.aao.) iaycai e eniieiaieth oieueei
iinea a?o/aiey aio i?aea?iie oeaiiie aoiaae.?
Aiiaua Caeii a yoie /anoe aaciaae?aeii onoa?ae. Ec niaea?aeaiey neaaeoao
/oi a aeaeo eiaeenue iaee/iua ?an/?ou, eiaaea iao a?aiaiiiai ?ac?uaa
iaaeaeo ieaoaaeii e ia?aaea/ae aaenaey. Aaciaee/iua aeaiueae ai a?aiy
ninoaaeaiey Caeiia aeaiueaaie ia i?eciaaaeenue aeaaea n?aaee
yeiiiienoia. A nayce n yoei yaeyaony i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeiui
iaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa a neo/aa iieaou aaenaeae ni
n?ieaie ? ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ? eee a ii?aaeae?iiue n?ie.
I?aaeeiaeaiea n/eoaoue ianoii eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ianoi
iaoiaeaeaiey aeieaeieea a niioaaonoaee ni no.316 AE ?O oaeaea
iaaannii?ii. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue iaycuaaeny i?iecaanoe ieao?ae ( oi anoue
aeaiueae aeieaeiu iinooieoue ia ?an/?oiue n/?o aea?aeaoaey ), a ia
ioianoe ieao?aeeo a aaie. Iaeaieaa i?inoui auei au oaeeeieoue yoe n?iee
ia ii?iaeueii iaiaoiaeeiua aeey i?ioiaeaeaiey ieaoaaea ( /oi iicaieaii a
no.18 i?eeiaeaiey ? 2 e AEaiaaneie aaenaeueiie eiiaaioeee Aaeia A.A.,
Oeac.ni/., N.428
, ?ac?aoathuae i?e?aaieaaoue iaeioi?ua ?aai/ea aeie e ia?aai/ei ) eeai
i?eciaaaoue iaycaoaeuenoai eniieiaiiui n aiceiaeaieai ia aeieaeieea
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iieo/aiea ieaoaaea e?aaeeoi?ii.
I?iaeaia iieiinoueth nieiaaony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eeoue eniieueciaaieai
eieanniaie oi?iu ?an/?oia, i?e eioi?ie ianoii eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa
yaeyaony ianoi iaoiaeaeaiey aeieaeieea.
40. Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iiaeao auoue i?eioaeaeai i?eiyoue ieaoaae ii
ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth aei ianooieaiey n?iea.
Ieaoaeueuee, eioi?ue ieaoeo aei ianooieaiey n?iea, aeaeaao yoi ca
naie no?ao e ?ene.
Oio, eoi oieaoeo a n?ie, naiaiaeai io iaycaoaeuenoaa, anee
oieueei n aai noi?iiu ia auei iaiaia eee a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe. Ii
iaycai i?iaa?youe i?aaeeueiinoue iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai ?yaea
eiaeinnaiaioia, ii ia iiaeiene eiaeinnaioia.
*anoue o?aouey noaouee aucuaaao nii?u ia i?aeoeea. Eiiaaea aaie i?e
i?aaeuyaeaiee aio aaenaey onoaiaaeeaaao /oi iiaeiene eiaeinnaioia ia
niioaaonoaotho iiaeienyi a eiiee aaieianeie ea?oi/ee ( eiiee eae i?aaeei
inoaaeythony a aaiea i?e iiaaoaiee aaenaey ). Ca/anooth yoi neaaenoaea
eaae?iauo ia?anoaiiaie e o.ae. Ii ia iniiaaiee yoiai aaie ioeacuaaao a
ieaoaaea.
Aeaeeii, yoi iai?aaeeueii. A neeo no.17 Iieiaeaiey aeaaea anee
aeinoiaa?ii aoaeao onoaiiaeaii /oi iiaeienue iaeiiai ec eiaeinnaioia
iiaeaeaeaia, iaiaoiaeeii aeey iioeae?iaaiiiai ioeaca a ieaoaaea
ii?iaa?aiooue i?acoiioeeth aeia?iniaanoiinoe aea?aeaoaey. Noaouey aea
i?inoi inaiaiaeaeaao ieaoaeueueea io ioaaonoaaiiinoe a oaeeo neo/ayo, ii
ia aea?o aio i?aaa ioeacaoue a ieaoaaea aeia?iniaanoiiio aea?aeaoaeth.
42. A neo/aa iai?aaeuyaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey e ieaoaaeo a
n?ie, oeacaiiue a noaouea 38, eaaeaeue aeieaeiee eiaao i?aai aianoe
noiio aaenaey a aeaiiceo eiiiaoaioiiio i?aaio aeanoe ca n/ao, ?ene
e no?ao aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey.
ENE A NEO*AA IAAEOeAIOA EEE IAIEAOAAEA
43. Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao ia?aoeoue naie ene i?ioea
eiaeinnaioia, aaenaeaaeaoaey e ae?oaeo iaycaiiuo eeoe:
i?e ianooieaiee n?iea ieaoaaea, anee ieaoaae ia aue niaa?oai;
aeaaea ?aiueoa ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea:
1) anee eiae ianoi iieiue eee /anoe/iue ioeac a aeoeaioa;
2) a neo/aa ianinoiyoaeueiinoe ieaoaeueueea, iacaaeneii io oiai,
aeoeaioiaae ee ii aaenaeue eee iao, a neo/aa i?ae?auaiey ei
ieaoaaeae, aeaaea anee yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai ia auei onoaiiaeaii noaeii,
eee a neo/aa aac?acoeueoaoiiai ia?auaiey acuneaiey ia aai
eiouanoai;
3) a neo/aa ianinoiyoaeueiinoe aaenaeaaeaoaey ii aaenaeth, ia
iiaeeaaeauaio aeoeaioo.
Iaeei ec naiuo nii?iuo ?acaeaeia. Ia?aaiae/ee iaeii e oi aea iiiyoea ?
right of recours ? - i?aai ia ?aa?ann ia?aaiaeeo eae ? i?aai ?aa?anna
? a no.46 e ai anao inoaeueiuo - eae ? i?aai ia ene ?, aiaeiae/ii
ae?oaiio iiiyoeth ? right of proceeding ? - i?aai ia noaeaaioth caueoo
( ? i?aai i?aaeuyaeaiey enea ? a no. 47 ), oaeoe/anee niaoeaay ?acee/iua
iiiyoey. Aiciiaeii, iiae i?aaii ia ene a oi a?aiy iiieiaeinue
iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai, ii a ethaii neo/aa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo
nio?aiaiea nouanoaothuaai ia?aaiaea iaii?aaaeaii, oae eae aeaeaao
aanueia iaii?aaeae?iiui iieiaeaiea iaycaiiuo eeoe.
Iieo/aaony /oi aiciiaeii, ia i?aaeuyaeyy o?aaiaaiee ( ecaauaiea i
i?ioanoa - no.45 oaeei o?aaiaaieai iacaaoue neiaeii ) e eiaeinnaioai,
ia?aoeoueny e iei n noaeaaiui eneii e aiceiaeeoue ia ieo ana
niioaaonoaothuea ?anoiaeu, oioy n eo noi?iiu ieeaeeo ia?ooaiee ia auei.
46. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue, eiaeinnaio eee aaaeeno iiaoo iin?aaenoaii
aeeth/aiiie a aeieoiaio e iiaeienaiiie iaiai?ee "iai?io aac
ecaea?aeae", "aac i?ioanoa" eee anyeie eiie ?aaiicia/auae iaiai?ee
inaiaiaeeoue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey io niaa?oaiey, aeey inouanoaeaiey aai
i?aa ?aa?anna, i?ioanoa a iaaeoeaioa eee a iaieaoaaea.
Yoa iaiai?ea ia inaiaiaeaeaao aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey ie io
i?aaeuyaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee, ie io
iinueee ecaauaiey. Aeieacaoaeuenoai ianiaethaeaiey n?ieia eaaeeo ia
oii, eoi nnueaaony ia yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai a nii?a n
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai.
Anee iaiai?ea aeeth/aia aaenaeaaeaoaeai, oi iia eiaao neeo a
ioiioaiee anao eeoe, iiaeienaaoeo aaenaeue; anee iia aeeth/aia
eiaeinnaioii eee aaaeenoii, oi iia eiaao neeo eeoue a ioiioaiee aai
naiiai. Anee, ianiio?y ia aeeth/aiioth aaenaeaaeaoaeai iaiai?eo,
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue niaa?oaao i?ioano, oi ecaea?aeee ii i?ioanoo eaaeao
ia iai. Anee iaiai?ea enoiaeeo io eiaeinnaioa eee io aaaeenoa, oi
ecaea?aeee ii i?ioanoo, anee oaeiaie aue niaa?oai, iiaoo auoue
eno?aaiaaiu io anao eeoe, iinoaaeaoeo naie iiaeiene..
Aiciiaeii inaiaiaeaeaiea io iaycaiiinoe ioaee/iiai oaeinoiaa?aiey
ioeaca a ieaoaaea, ii ia io i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo. Oaeinoiaa?aieai ia
ioeaca a yoii neo/aa oeaeaniia?acii naeaeaoue iioa?eaeueii caaa?aiiue
aeo i i?aaeuyaeaiee e ieaoaaeo. Io i?ioanoa ioee/aaony iaei, ii
i?aaeuyaeaiea i?iecaiaeeony aea?aeaoaeai e iioeeia ia oiea/eaaaony.
Eiae/ii i?aaeiieiaeeoue /oi e aeaeaa ?aa?anniua o?aaiaaiey aoaeoo
ia?aaeaaaoueny eeoue ii oeaii/ea ? aani?ioanoiuo ? eiaeinnaioia, oae eae
ana eiua inoaeueiua niaeaney ia ? aani?ioanoiia ? oaeiaeaoai?aiea ia
aeaaaee.
47. Ana auaeaaoea, aeoeaioiaaaoea, eiaeinne?iaaaoea ia?aaiaeiue
aaenaeue eee iinoaaeaoea ia iai aaaeue yaeythony nieeaea?ii iaycaiiuie
ia?aae aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai.
Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue eiaao i?aai i?aaeuyaeaiey enea ei anai yoei
eeoeai, e eaaeaeiio a ioaeaeueiinoe e ei anai aianoa, ia aoaeo/e
i?eioaeaeai niaethaeaoue i?e yoii iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue, a eioi?ie
iie iaycaeenue.
Oaeia aea i?aai i?eiaaeeaaeeo eaaeaeiio, iiaeienaaoaio ia?aaiaeiue
aaenaeue, iinea oiai, eae ii aai iieaoee.
Ene, i?aaeuyaeaiiue e iaeiiio ec iaycaiiuo, ia i?aiyonoaoao
i?aaeuyaeaieth eneia e ae?oaei, aeaaea anee iie iaycaeenue iinea
ia?aiia/aeueiiai ioaao/eea.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi i?aaeuyaeaiea enea aiciiaeii eeoue e
eiaeinnaioai, i?aaeoanoaothuei ia?aiio ec eiaeinnaiaioia aea?aeaoaey,
oae eae aai o?aaiaaiea ec aieaa iicaeiaai eiaeinnaiaioa aoaeao iiaaoaii
ano?a/iuie o?aaiaaieyie ?i?iiaaeooi/iuo? eiaeinnaioia e iaio eae e aieaa
?aiiaio eiaeinnaioo. Oae eae ?aa?anniua o?aaiaaiey ec aaenaey
iiyaeythony eeoue iinea iieaou aaenaey a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna, ?a/ue eae?o
ia i ano?a/iii ca/?oa, a i yaiie iaoeaeaniia?aciinoe i?eiaiaiey eiiai
ii?yaeea yaeythueiny ceioiio?aaeaieai i?aaii.
Aiiaua aiai?y, oa?ieiieiaey Iieiaeaiey ia niaiaaeaao n ?inneeneie
th?eaee/aneie. Anee i oii, iiaeao ee naiinoiyoaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue
iaycaiiuo ii aaenaeth auoue a oi aea a?aiy nieeaea?iie, iiaeii
iinii?eoue, ian/?o oiai /oiau iacaaoue ?aa?anniui o?aaiaaieai o?aaiaaiea
e iineaaeiaio eiaeinnaioo nii?eoue iaeuecy, oae eae AE ?O a no.325
?aa?anniuie o?aaiaaieyie iacuaaao o?aaiaaiey nieeaea?iuo aeieaeieeia,
eniieieaoeo iaycaoaeuenoai, e ae?oaei nieeaea?iui aeieaeieeai.
Iieiaeaiea aea ?aa?annii iacuaaao ia?aoiia aeaeaeaiea aaenaey.
48. Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao o?aaiaaoue io oiai, e eiio ii
i?aaeuyaeyao ene:
1) noiio ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ia aeoeaioiaaiioth eee ia
iiea/aiioth, n i?ioeaioaie, anee iie auee iaoneiaeaiu;
2) i?ioeaiou, a ?acia?a oanoe, ni aeiy n?iea ieaoaaea;
3) ecaea?aeee ii i?ioanoo, ecaea?aeee ii iinueea ecaauaiey, a
oaeaea ae?oaea ecaea?aeee;
4) iaith, a ?acia?a o?ao i?ioeaioia, ni aeiy n?iea ieaoaaea.
Anee ene i?aaeuyaeyaony aei ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea, oi ec
aaenaeueiie noiiu oaea?aeeaaaony o/aoiue i?ioeaio. Yoio o/aoiue
i?ioeaio en/eneyaony niaeanii ioeoeeaeueiie o/aoiie noaaea (aaieianeie
noaaea), nouanoaothuae a ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey ia
aeaiue i?aaeuyaeaiey enea.
Noaouey ec - ca iaei??aeoiie oi?ioee?iaee aucaaea iiiai nii?ia. ?a/ue
eae?o i 3 i?ioeaioao. A Caeiia oaeie iaiai?ee iao, ii NNN? ia iniiaaiee
naiae aeiaaeueiie iaiai?ee e no. 14 i?eeiaeaiey ? 2 e Eiiaaioeee naeaeae
niioaaonoaothuaa aeiiieiaiea e noaouea.
Ano?a/aaony oieeiaaiea, n/eoathuaa yoo naieoeeth iaiae a iiieiaiee
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A?aoiaioaoeey : anee i?eciaaaoue yoi
3 % aiaeiauo, oi i?iiaaeaao niune auaeaeaiey 6 %, i?iua auei au
onoaiiaeoue 9 %. N yoei o?oaeii niaeaneoueny . A oaeii aa?eaioa
i?iiaaeaao niune yoeo 6 %. E?iia oiai, aaenaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
NNN? oiai ia?eiaea ciaei 3 % aiaeiauo eae caeiiioth iaonoieeo Aaaei I.,
Iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneee eiiiaioa?ee Iieiaeaiey i aaenaeyo 1922 aiaea, I.,
1923, N.86
.
Ian/?o 9 % - ia auoaoeacaiiua 3 % eiaao i?aai eeoue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue,
iaycaiiua ii aaenaeth eeoea ia/eneytho ia auiea/aiiua eie noiiu eeoue 6
%.
Iiaiea i aiciiaeiinoe onoaiiaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
iaieao?ae ii aaenaeth a ?aieao iauaa?aaeaeaineeo niaeaoaiee, ii -
aeaeeiiio, ia nianai aa?ii. Neo/ae e ?acia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaeoniio?aiu a Caeiia. A niioaaonoaee ni no. 168 AE ?O (
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue naeaeie, i?ioeai?a/aueo caeiio ) oaeea niaeaoaiey,
iaiythuea ?acia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii n?aaiaieth n onoaiiaeaiiuie a
Caeiia aeieaeiu n/eoaoueny ie/oiaeiuie. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa oa?yaony nai
niune aaenaeueiie no?iainoe.
Aiaeiae/iie oi/ee c?aiey i?eaea?aeeaaaony Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue Noae. A
iinoaiiaeaiee ? 718/96 io 8 ieoya?y 1996 a. ii aeaeo ? E1-8432/95 (
?Niaac? i?ioea Iuoeueineiai eiiia?/aneiai aaiea ) noae oeacae, /oi : ?
Acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo aaenaeaaeaoaeai e aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai
?aaoee?othony aaenaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e ii?iu iauaa?aaeaeaineiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iei i?eiaiaieth ia iiaeeaaeao. ?
Oi anoue ieeoi ia ia?aie/ai a onoaiiaeaiee ?acoiiie iaonoieee eee
i?ioeaioia a iaycaoaeuenoaa, ii yoi ia aeieaeii auoue iinoaaeaii a
caaeneiinoue io ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth. Ia i?aeoeea yoi ia i?aaenoaaeyao
cao?oaeiaiee, oae eae auaea/a aaenaey ( eae i?aaeei aeieaeieeii ) ia
iiaaoaao ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, aiaeiae/ii /aeo. I?inoi
noi?iiu eiatho acaeiiua i?aaa o?aaiaaiey :
aaenaeaaeaoaeue, ia?aaeaaoee aaenaeue ( aauue, oeaiiinoue ) - ia
ano?a/iia oaeiaeaoai?aiea ;
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue - i?aai o?aaiaaiey ec ia?aiia/aeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa e i?aai o?aaiaaiey ec aaenaey.
Yoe i?aaa o?aaiaaiey acaeiii ia aanyony, ii a noiia nio?aiyaony
caaeieaeaiiinoue aeieaeieea ia?aae e?aaeeoi?ii. I?e ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth
i?aai o?aaiaaiey e?aaeeoi?a ec aaenaey iiaaoaaony e acaeiii aanyony
i?aai ia ano?a/iia oaeiaeaoai?aiea aeieaeieea ( aaenaeaaeaoaey ) e i?aai
o?aaiaaiey ec ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa e?aaeeoi?a. Oaeei ia?acii,
aei iiiaioa eniieiaiey ii aaenaeth i?iaeieaeatho aeaenoaiaaoue naieoeee
ca iaiaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, aeeth/ay
i?ioeaiou ii 395 noaouea AE ?O. Yoi ia ioiineony e neo/ayi, eiaaea
noi?iiu iaiai?eee /oi auaea/a aaenaey iiaaoaao ia?aiia/aeueiia
iaycaoaeuenoai.
49. Oio, eoi iieaoee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, iiaeao o?aaiaaoue io
ioaaonoaaiiuo ia?aae iei eeoe:
1) anth oiea/aiioth ei noiio;
2) i?ioeaiou ia oeacaiioth noiio, en/eneaiiua a ?acia?a oanoe,
ia/eiay n oiai aeiy, eiaaea ii i?iecaae ieaoaae;
3) iiianaiiua ei ecaea?aeee.
53. Ii enoa/aiee n?ieia, onoaiiaeaiiuo:
aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey n?ieii ii i?aaeuyaeaiee
eee ai noieueei-oi a?aiaie io i?aaeuyaeaiey;
aeey niaa?oaiey i?ioanoa a iaaeoeaioa eee a iaieaoaaea;
aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo a neo/aa iaiai?ee "iai?io aac
ecaea?aeae",
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue oa?yao naie i?aaa i?ioea eiaeinnaioia, i?ioea
aaenaeaaeaoaey e i?ioea ae?oaeo iaycaiiuo eeoe, ca eneeth/aieai
aeoeaioaioa.
A neo/aa iai?aaeuyaeaiey e aeoeaioo a n?ie, iaoneiaeaiiue
aaenaeaaeaoaeai, aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue eeoaaony i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aio i?aa,
aicieeathueo eae aneaaenoaea iaieaoaaea, oae e aneaaenoaea iaaeoeaioa,
anee oieueei ec niaea?aeaiey oneiaey ia auoaeaao, /oi aaenaeaaeaoaeue
i?aaeiieaaae inaiaiaeeoue naay oieueei io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aeoeaio.
Anee n?ie ia i?aaeuyaeaiea iaoneiaeai a eiaeinnaiaioa, oi
nnueaoueny ia iaai iiaeao oieueei eiaeinnaio.
I IIN?AAeIE*ANOAA
55. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue, eiaeinnaio eee aaaeeno iiaoo oeacaoue
eaeia-eeai eeoei aeey aeoeaioa eee ieaoaaea ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe.
Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao auoue i?eiyo eee iiea/ai ia oneiaeyo,
onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaea, eeoeii, aeaenoaothuei a ea/anoaa iin?aaeieea ca
eiai-eeai ec aeieaeieeia, iaycaiiuo a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna.
Iin?aaeieeii iiaeao auoue o?aouea eeoei, aeaaea ieaoaeueuee, eee
eaeia-eeai eeoei, oaea iaycaiiia a neeo ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ca
eneeth/aieai aeoeaioaioa.
Iin?aaeiee aeieaeai a oa/aiea aeaoo ?aai/eo aeiae ecaanoeoue i naiai
iin?aaeie/anoaa oiai, ca eiai ii aunooiee. A neo/aa ianiaethaeaiey
yoiai n?iea ii ioaa/aao a niioaaonoaothueo neo/ayo ca oua?a,
i?e/eiaiiue aai iaa?aaeiinoueth, n oai, iaeiaei, /oi oauoee iiaeeaaeao
aiciauaieth a ?acia?a ia nauoa aaenaeueiie noiiu.
Ii nouanoao ?a/ue eae?o i niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaieyo.
Iaycaiiua ii aaenaeth eeoea /oiau iaaciianeoue naay io iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iaeeaeaoue i?aaeuyaeaiey ?aa?anniiai enea iiaoo ca?aiaa ? i?aaeeiaeeoue
? aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth eniieiaiea ia neo/ae ioeaca a aeoeaioa eee
ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth ioo?i caeeth/aiey niioaaonoaothuaai niaeaoaiey n
aaieii a ianoa ieaoaaea. Yoi oaeaea aea?o aiciiaeiinoue ecaaaeaoue
iaioaeiie o?aou a?aiaie. Iin?aaeieeii iiaeao aunooieoue oaeaea eeoei, ia
eiathuaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie aeiaiai??iiinoe n iaycaiiui eeoeii.
56. Aeoeaio a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa iiaeao eiaoue ianoi ai anao
oao neo/ayo, eiaaea o aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey,
iiaeeaaeauaai aeoeaioo, aicieeaao i?aai ia ?aa?ann aei ianooieaiey
n?iea ieaoaaea.
Anee a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe, auei oeacaii
eeoei aeey aeoeaioa eee aeey ieaoaaea a ianoa ieaoaaea, oi
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao, aei ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea,
inouanoaeyoue naia i?aai ?aa?anna i?ioea oiai, eoi naeaeae yoi
oeacaiea, e i?ioea eeoe, iinoaaeaoeo naie iiaeiene iinea oiai, eae
yoi oeacaiea auei naeaeaii, ii ana yoi eeoue i?e oneiaee, /oi ii
i?aaeuyaee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue oeacaiiiio eeoeo e /oi a neo/aa
ioeaca iineaaeiaai a aeoeaioa yoio ioeac aue oaeinoiaa?ai i?ioanoii.
A ae?oaeo neo/ayo iin?aaeie/anoaa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao
ioeeiieoue aeoeaio a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa. Iaeiaei, anee ii
aeiionoeo aeoeaio, ii oa?yao i?aai ia ?aa?ann, aei ianooieaiey n?iea
ieaoaaea i?ioea oiai, ca n/ao eioi?iai aeoeaio aue aeai, e i?ioea oao
eeoe, eioi?ua iinoaaeee naie iiaeiene iinea iaai.
Oae eae i?aai ia ?aa?ann aicieeaao oaea n iiiaioa i?ioanoa a
iaaeoeaioa, oi aiciiaeia neooaoeey eiaaea e aaaeenoo eee eiaeinnaioo (
aaenaeaaeaoaeth ) ene iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai aei n?iea ieaoaaea. N
iaeiie noi?iiu, aein?i/iue ieao?ae aea?o iainiiaaoaeueiia i?aeiouanoai
aea?aeaoaeth ii?ioanoiaaiiiai aaenaey, n ae?oaie - aeaeaao
iaii?aaeae?iiui aeey iaycaiiuo eeoe i?aaeiieaaaaiue iiiaio i?aaeuyaeaiey
o?aaiaaiee.
Aeey oaeeo neo/aai caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeoniio?ae einoeooo aeoeaioa a
ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eioa?anu aeia?iniaanoiiai
aea?aeaoaey aaenaey ia ouaieythony, oae eae aianoi ioeacaaoaai
aeieaeieea ii aaenaeth ii iieo/aao ae?oaiai aeieaeieea, a iaycaiiua
eeoea inaiaiaeaeatho naay io iaycaiiinoe ieaoeoue aein?i/ii.
60. Anee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue aue aeoeaioiaai iin?aaeieeaie,
eiathueie ianoi naiaai aeeoaeuenoaa a ianoa ieaoaaea, eee a neo/aa,
anee eeoea, eiathuea oai aea ianoi naiaai aeeoaeuenoaa, auee oeacaiu
aeey ieaoaaea ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe, oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue
aeieaeai i?aaeuyaeoue aaenaeue anai yoei eeoeai e a
niioaaonoaothueo neo/ayo niaa?oeoue i?ioano a iaieaoaaea naiia
iicaeiaa ia neaaeothuee aeaiue iinea iineaaeiaai aeiy,
i?aaeinoaaeaiiiai aeey niaa?oaiey i?ioanoa.
Anee i?ioano ia aoaeao niaa?oai a yoio n?ie, oi oio, eoi oeacae eeoei
aeey ieaoaaea ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe, eee oio, ca n/ao eioi?iai
aaenaeue aue aeoeaioiaai, a oaeaea iineaaeothuea eiaeinnaiou
ia?anoatho auoue iaycaiiuie.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo iaoneiaeaia naiei niuneii
ieaoaaea a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa, oae eae aea?aeaoaeth auei
i?aaeeiaeaii eniieiaiea a ianoa ieaoaaea. A neo/aa iai?eiyoey
eniieiaiey, /oi, nianoaaiii e cia/eo iai?aaeuyaeaiea e ieaoaaeo, eiae/ii
eeoeoue aea?aeaoaey aaenaey i?aaa iiaoi?iiai i?aaeuyaeaiey o?aaiaaiee e
iaycaiiui eeoeai, i?aaeeiaeeaoei eniieiaiea /a?ac iin?aaeieeia.
63. Eeoei, i?iecaaaeoaa ieaoaae a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa,
i?eia?aoaao i?aaa, auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey i?ioea oiai, ca
eiai iii oieaoeei, e i?ioea oao, eoi iaycai ia?aae yoei
iineaaeiei ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth. Iaeiaei iii ia iiaeao aiiaue
eiaeinne?iaaoue ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue.
Eiaeinnaiou, neaaeothuea ca eeoeii, eioi?ia iinoaaeei naith
iiaeienue ia aaenaea e ca eioi?ia aue i?iecaaaeai ieaoaae,
inaiaiaeaeathony io ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
A neo/aa noa/aiey ianeieueeeo i?aaeeiaeaiee ia oieaoa a ii?yaeea
iin?aaeie/anoaa, i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony oiio, eoi inaiaiaeaeaao io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai eeoe. Iin?aaeiee, ciathuee i
oii, /oi ii ia?ooaao yoi i?aaeei, oa?yao naia i?aai ia ?aa?ann e
oai, eioi?ua ieacaeenue au inaiaiaeaeaiiuie io ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Aiaeiae/iia iieiaeaiea. Anee iin?aaeiee iaeiia?aiaiii i?aaenoaaeyao
ianeieueei eeoe, oi auei au no?aiii iaycuaaoue eeoe, i?aaeeiaeaiea
eioi?uo i i?eiyoee ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa auei ioeeiiaii, ii a aeaiiii
neo/aa oaea ii aeia iin?aaeieea.
I IIIAEANOAAIIINOE YECAIIEss?IA E I EIIEssO
64. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao auoue auaeai a ianeieueeeo
oiaeaeanoaaiiuo yecaiiey?ao.
Yoe yecaiiey?u aeieaeiu auoue niaaaeaiu iineaaeiaaoaeueiuie iiia?aie
a naiii oaenoa aeieoiaioa; a i?ioeaiii neo/aa eaaeaeue ec ieo
?anniao?eaaaony eae ioaeaeueiue ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue.
Anee a aaenaea ia oeacaii, /oi ii auaeai a aaeeinoaaiiii
yecaiiey?a, oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao o?aaiaaoue auaea/e aio ca aai
n/ao ianeieueeeo yecaiiey?ia. Aeey yoiai ii aeieaeai ia?aoeoueny
e naiaio iaiin?aaenoaaiiiio eiaeinnaioo, eioi?ue iaycai ieacaoue
aio niaeaenoaea a ioiioaiee naiaai eiaeinnaioa e oae aeaeaa,
ainoiaey aei aaenaeaaeaoaey. Eiaeinnaiou iaycaiu aini?iecaanoe
eiaeinnaiaiou ia iiauo yecaiiey?ao.
Eiiaaea a i?aeoeea ano?a/athony aaenaey n eiee/anoaii eiaeinnaiaioia
nauoa 30. Aieueoie a?aiaiiie n?ie ia?auaiey, nii?yae?iiue a aiciiaeiie
iaaeia?iniaanoiinoueth iaycaiiuo eeoe iiauoaao aiciiaeiinoue oece/aneiai
iia?aaeaeaiey aeieoiaioa, /oi naeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui inouanoaeaiea i?aaa
ec aaenaey. E?iia oiai, a neo/aa ? aeaiaiey ? e ? o?iaiey ? aaenaey
oaaee/eaaaony aai iai?ioiniiniaiinoue e aiciiaeiinoe aea?aeaoaey (
i?iaaaeaiea iia?aoeee a ?acee/iuo ianoao - aaaee?iaaiea a iaeiii e
i?iaeaaea a ae?oaii ).
A neo/aa aea iaaeia?iniaanoiinoe aea?aeaoaey, ia?aaeaaoaai yecaiiey?u
?acee/iui eeoeai, iaycaiiui ii iei a eiia/iii n/?oa inoaiaony ii, oae
eae i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee ieaoaeueueeo, oaea iieaoeaoaio ( aeoeaioiaaaoaio )
iaeei yecaiiey?, iiaeii aoaeao onoaiiaeoue, aaea oeaii/ee eiaeinnaioia ?
?anoiaeyony ?. Aiiaua, a aiaeeeneii oaenoa ?a/ue eae?o i /anoyo aaenaey
( ? parts ? ) .
Anoanoaaiii, i?e iieoiea yecaiiey?a aaenaey ( iaycaoaeueiue ?aeaeceo -
iiiaoea ii?yaeeiaiai iiia?a ) iaiaoiaeeii o?aaiaaoue o io/oaeaeaoaey
i?inoaaeaiey eiaeinnaiaioa e ia i?inoaaeyoue aeaieiauo eiaeinnaiaioia
i?e aai i?iaeaaea.
66. Oio, eoi iineae iaeei ec yecaiiey?ia aeey aeoeaioa, aeieaeai
oeacaoue ia ae?oaeo yecaiiey?ao iaeiaiiaaiea oiai eeoea, ia ?oeao
eioi?iai yoio yecaiiey? iaoiaeeony. Yoi iineaaeiaa iaycaii a?o/eoue
aai caeiiiiio aea?aeaoaeth ae?oaiai yecaiiey?a.
Anee iii ioeacuaaaony yoi naeaeaoue, aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao
inouanoaeyoue i?aai enea eeoue iinea oaeinoiaa?aiey i?ioanoii oiai:
1) /oi yecaiiey?, iineaiiue aeey aeoeaioa, ia aue aio ia?aaeai,
ianiio?y ia aai o?aaiaaiea;
2) /oi aeoeaio eee ieaoaae ia iiaee auoue iieo/aiu ii ae?oaiio
yecaiiey?o.
?a/ue eae?o ia ia iau/iie ii/oiaie ia?anueea, a i ii?o/aiee
ii?aaeae?iiiio eeoeo i?aaeuyaeoue aaenaeue e aeoeaioo. Eiy iiaa?aiiiai
aeieaeii auoue oeacaii ia ae?oaeo yecaiiey?ao, e eeoei, eoieaoaa ae?oaea
yecaiiey?u, iiaeao o?aaiaaoue aeoeaioiaaiiue yecaiiey? o iiaa?aiiiai.
Anoanoaaiii /oi iau/iue i?ioano aeiiieiyaony i?ioanoii e iiaa?aiiiio,
oae eae iniiaaieai ioeaca aeoeaioaioa iiaeao auoue nnueea ia oi /oi ii
oaea aeoeaioiaae iaeei yecaiiey?. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa iaaeia?iniaanoiue
aea?aeaoaeue iiaeao iieo/eoue oaeiaeaoai?aiea o aeoeaioaioa e ae?oaeo
iaycaiiuo eeoe iaeiia?aiaiii.
67. Eaaeaeue aea?aeaoaeue ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey eiaao i?aai nieiaoue n
iaai eiiee.
Eiiey aeieaeia a oi/iinoe aini?iecaiaeeoue i?eaeiae n
eiaeinnaiaioaie e ni anaie ae?oaeie ioiaoeaie, eioi?ua ia iai
iaoiaeyony. Iia aeieaeia oeacuaaoue, aei eaeiai ianoa iia aeiaaaeaia.
Iia iiaeao auoue eiaeinne?iaaia e aaaee?iaaia a oii aea ii?yaeea e n
oaie aea iineaaenoaeyie, eae e iiaeeeiiee.
68. A eiiee aeieaeii auoue oeacaii eeoei, a ?oeao eioi?iai
iaoiaeeony iiaeeeiiue aeieoiaio. Iineaaeiaa iaycaii a?o/eoue oeacaiiue
aeieoiaio caeiiiiio aea?aeaoaeth eiiee.
Anee iii ioeacuaaaony yoi naeaeaoue, aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao
inouanoaeyoue i?aai enea i?ioea eiaeinnaioia eee aaaeenoia eeoue
iinea oaeinoiaa?aiey i?ioanoii oiai, /oi iiaeeeiiee ia aue aio
ia?aaeai, ianiio?y ia aai o?aaiaaiea.
Anee ia iiaeeeiiii aeieoiaioa iinea iineaaeiaai eiaeinnaiaioa,
naeaeaiiiai aei niyoey eiiee, eiaaony iaiai?ea "ia/eiay ionthaea
eiaeinne?iaaiea aeaenoaeoaeueii eeoue ia eiiee" eee anyeay eiay
?aaiicia/auay oi?ioea, oi eiaeinnaiaio, iinoaaeaiiue iinea yoiai ia
iiaeeeiieea, yaeyaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui.
Oaeoe/anee eiiey aaenaey Aaeia A.A., Oeac.ni/., N.336
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?iecaiaeioth oeaiioth aoiaao. *oi-oi a?iaea
aa??aioa. O?aaiaaoue eniieiaiey ii iae a ioiioaiee eeoe, iaycaaoeony ii
aaenaeth, iaaiciiaeii, oae eae a neo/aa ioeaca a auaea/a aaenaey eeoeii,
oeacaiiui a eiiee eae aea?aeaoaeue i?eaeiaea, aea?aeaoaeue iiaeao
ia?aoeoue o?aaiaaiea eeoue i?ioea eeoe, eiaeinne?iaaaoeo e aaaee?iaaaoeo
eiieth ( ?...right of recourse against the persons who have endorsed the
copy or guaranteed it by aval... ? ). I?iaeaaea ianeieueeeo eiiee
iaeiiai aaenaey aoaeao eiaoue aiaeiae/iua i?iaeaaea ianeieueeeo
yecaiiey?ia iineaaenoaey.
Ia?aaiae a Iieiaeaiee iaei??aeoai, oae eae aea?aeaoaeue eiiee ia
yaeyaony aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai e ieeaeeo i?aa ec aaenaey eiaoue ia iiaeao.
A i?ioeaiii neo/aa ia?ooaaony iniiaiiieaaathuaa naienoai oeaiiie aoiaae
- iaaiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey eniieiaiey aac i?aaeuyaeaiey aoiaae.
IA ECIAIAIEssO
69. A neo/aa eciaiaiey oaenoa ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey eeoea,
iinoaaeaoea naie iiaeiene iinea yoiai eciaiaiey, ioaa/atho a
niioaaonoaee n niaea?aeaieai eciaiaiiiai oaenoa; eeoea, iinoaaeaoea
naie iiaeiene aei yoiai, ioaa/atho a niioaaonoaee n niaea?aeaieai
ia?aiia/aeueiiai oaenoa.
Oaeno aaenaey iiaeao auoue eciai?i aaenaeaaeaoaeai a ethaia a?aiy ( a
/anoe noiiu, n?iea ieaoaaea e o.ae., ?acoiaaony, n niaeaney aea?aeaoaey
), ii yoe eciaiaiey nayaeoo oieueei oao, eoi iayaeaony ii aaenaeth iinea
yoeo eciaiaiee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e aianaiee eciaiaiee aeaeaoaeueii
aeaoe?iaaiea.
Yoi iiaeao auoue oeaeaniia?aciui i?e aein?i/iii ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth (
i?ioeaiou aoaeoo ioianaiu ia naaanoieiinoue ).
I AeAAIINOE
70. Eneiaua o?aaiaaiey, auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey
i?ioea aeoeaioaioa, iiaaoathony enoa/aieai o?ao eao ni aeiy n?iea
ieaoaaea.
Eneiaua o?aaiaaiey aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey i?ioea eiaeinnaioia e
i?ioea aaenaeaaeaoaey iiaaoathony enoa/aieai iaeiiai aiaea ni aeiy
i?ioanoa, niaa?oaiiiai a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie eee ni aeiy n?iea
ieaoaaea, a neo/aa iaiai?ee ia iai?ioa aac ecaea?aeae.
Eneiaua o?aaiaaiey eiaeinnaioia ae?oa e ae?oao e e aaenaeaaeaoaeth
iiaaoathony enoa/aieai oanoe ianyoeaa, n/eoay ni aeiy, a eioi?ue
eiaeinnaio iieaoee aaenaeue, eee ni aeiy i?aaeuyaeaiey e iaio enea.
N?ie aaenaeueiie aeaaiinoe a ioiioaieyo n aeoeaioaioii eee
aaenaeaaeaoaeai i?inoiai aaenaey aeieaeai en/eneyoueny ni aeiy
i?aaeuyaeaiey ( ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ) eeai n ii?aaeae?iiiai n?iea io aeiy
i?aaeuyaeaiey.
Iiaeii ia/aeii ion/?oa o??oeaoiaai n?iea n/eoaoue iineaaeiee aeaiue
n?iea aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo. Ii, ai - ia?auo, oaeay iiceoeey
noaaeo eeoei, oionoeaoaa i?ioano a aieaa auaiaeiia iieiaeaiea iaaeaee
eeoei, aeia?iniaanoii i?ioano niaa?oeaoaa. Ai - aoi?uo, iaiiiyoii eaeei
ia?acii aoaeao en/eneyoueny yoio n?ie aeey aaenaeae n?ieii ? io
i?aaeuyaeaiey ?.
E?iia oiai, caeiiiaeaoaeue aeiioneaao aianaiea aaenaeueiie noiiu a
aeaiiceo iioa?eona ( no.43 Iieiaeaiey ) oieueei ii aaenaeyi n eiie?aoiie
aeaoie ieaoaaea. Nei?aa neaaeoao i?eciaaaoue iioa?th aea?aeaoaeai i?aa
a neo/aa oiouaiey n?iea. Oioy aieaa ?acoiiui auei au naycuaaiea n?ieia
aaenaeueiie aeaaiinoe ni n?ieii ninoaaeaiey aaenaey.
IAUEA IINOAIIAEAIEss
74. Ieeaeea a?aoeeiiiua aeie, ie ii caeiio, ie noaeaaiua, ia
aeiioneathony.
Cai?ao ia a?aoeeiiiua aeie aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui, eae oaea oeacuaaeinue,
naiaa?aiaiiue ieao?ae i?e aaciaee/iie oi?ia ?an/?oia ii aaenaeyi ni
n?ieii ieaoaaea ia ii?aaeae?iiue aeaiue eee ? ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ?.
I I?INOII AAENAEA
75. I?inoie aaenaeue niaea?aeeo:
1) iaeiaiiaaiea "aaenaeue", aeeth/aiiia a naiue oaeno e
au?aaeaiiia ia oii ycuea, ia eioi?ii yoio aeieoiaio ninoaaeai;
2) i?inoia e ie/ai ia iaoneiaeaiiia iaauaiea oieaoeoue
ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio;
3) oeacaiea n?iea ieaoaaea;
4) oeacaiea ianoa, a eioi?ii aeieaeai auoue niaa?oai ieaoaae;
5) iaeiaiiaaiea oiai, eiio eee i?eeaco eiai ieaoaae aeieaeai auoue
niaa?oai;
6) oeacaiea aeaou e ianoa ninoaaeaiey aaenaey;
7) iiaeienue oiai, eoi auaeaao aeieoiaio (aaenaeaaeaoaey).
No?oeoo?a Iieiaeaiey ia niioaaonoaoao neiaeeaoaeny a ?innee i?aeoeea
aaenaeueiiai ia?auaiey. I?aeoe/anee aac?acaeaeueii ainiiaenoaothuei a
neeo ?yaea i?e/ei yaeyaony eiaiii i?inoie aaenaeue. Caeiiiaeaoaeue aea
?anniao?eaaao aai eae e??aaoey?iue, oi?iu?iiue aa?eaio ia?aaiaeiiai
aaenaey. I?e i?eiyoee ioa/anoaaiiiai aaenaeueiiai caeiia oeaeaniia?acii
aoaeao ia?aniio?aoue no?oeoo?o caeiia. A i?eioeeia, ie/oi ia cai?auaao,
ia eneaaeay ii?i Aaeeiiia?aciiai caeiia, eceiaeeoue eo a niioaaonoaee ni
neiaeeaoaeny ?inneeneie caeiiiaeaoaeueiie i?aeoeeie ( Onoaa i aaenaeyo
1902 aiaea, Iieiaeaiey i aaenaeyo 1922,1928 aiaeia ), ?anniao?eaay eae
iniiaiie eiaiii i?inoie aaenaeue, oioy yoi ia i?eioeeieaeueii.
CAEETH*AIEA
Oeeaeeeciaaiiia aaenaeueiia ia?auaiea a iaoae no?aia iaoiaeeony ia yoaia
naiaai noaiiaeaiey. A nayce n yoei iniaaiii aaaeii a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
no?iaia niaethaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiauo aeoia eae o/anoieeaie
aaenaeueiiai ia?auaiey, oae e i?aaiaie, ecaeathueie i?aaiaua aeou a
?aieao iaoeeiiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I?e ?anniio?aiee nii?iuo
aii?inia iie ia cao?aaeaaeenue eae ia anaaaea niioaaonoaothuea ii?iai
Aaeeiiia?aciiai caeiia.
I?e i?eiyoee ?inneeneiai aaenaeueiiai caeiia caeiiiaeaoaeth iaiaoiaeeii
aoaeao aieaa oi/ii niioiineoue i?eieiaaiue aeo n ?aoeoeoee?iaaiiui
Aaeeiiia?aciui caeiiii e aianoe iaiaoiaeeiua a niioaaonoaee n
eciaieaoeieny oneiaeyie iieiaeaiey.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
1.*oia/aiei A. Ioaeai iaoeeiiaeueiue ioiaee? aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ii?iu
// Yeiiiieea e aeeciue, 1996, ? 49
2.Ii?iaoeaiua aeou, anee ia iaiai?aii eiia i?eaiaeyony ii aaca
?Eiinoeueoaio-Iethn?
3.Aiaeeeneee oaeno caeiia i?eaiaeeony ii ecaeaieth International Trade
Law. West Publishing Co.,USA, 1993
4.Aaeia A.A. Aaenaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?innee. I.,1996
5.Oa?oaiaae/ A.O. O/aaiee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. I.,1994
6.Aa?iaineia i?aai, /anoue 1, I., 1996
7.?uaeeia I. Iaiaoiaeeii ee niaa?oaoue i?ioano aaenaey.// ?uiie oeaiiuo
aoiaa, 1996, ?12
8.Aaaei I., Iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneee eiiiaioa?ee Iieiaeaiey i aaenaeyo 1922
aiaea, I., 1923
9. Aaeeiiia?aciue oi?aiaue eiaeaen NOA, I.,1996
10. Aeoiaaneee A.A., Aaenaeueiia i?aai, I.,1996
E-mail: 2457@dialup.mplik.ru
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