Курсовая: Налоговая система: мировой и российский опыт

IEIENOA?NOAI IAUAAI E I?IOANNEIIAEUeIIAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?INNEENEIE
OAAeA?AOeEE

OTHIAINEEE IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUE EINOEOOO YEIIIIEEE E I?AAA







Yeiiiie/aneee

oaeoeueoao



Eaoaae?a yeiiiieee e

ie?ioicyenoaaiiuo naycae









Iaeiaiaay nenoaia: ie?iaie e ?inneeneee iiuo





EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA

ii yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee









Auiieieee: nooaeaioea a?. 183

yeiiiie/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa

Aaeiaa I.I.

e

nooaeaio a?. 184

yeiiiie/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa

Aeieo?eaa I.E.

?oeiaiaeeoaeue: annenoaio eaoaae?u iaiaaeaeiaioa e ia?eaoeiaa

Oaieoenoia Ae.A.















Othiaiue 1999

Niaea?aeaiea.

Aaaaeaiea3Aeaaa 1. Enoi?ey ?acaeoey e oeeinioey iiiyoey "iaeia".51.1.
Aeaeu iaeiaia61.2. Ooieoeee iaeiaia91.3. Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu iino?iaiey
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a yeiiiieea n ?acaeoui ?uieii12Aeaaa 2. Iniiaiua
iaeiaiaua oai?ee14Aeaaa 3. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee233.1. No?oeoo?a
aeaenoaothuae iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a ?innee233.2. Iaeiae, aceiaaiua a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee273.3. I?iaeaiu e i?ioeai?a/ey aeaenoaothuae
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu303.4. ?aoi?ia iaeiaiaie nenoaiu: aiciiaeiinoe e
aeueoa?iaoeau323.5. ?acoeueoaou ?aaiou iaeiaiaie neoaeau a 1998
aiaeo333.6. ?aoi?ie?iaaiea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu353.7. I?eioeeieaeueiua
i?aaeeiaeaiey Ainiaeianeoaeau ?innee 353.8. Oneeaiea eiio?iey ca oieaoie
iaeiaia38Aeaaa 4. I?aeoe/aneee iiuo ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai394.1. NIAAeEIAIIUA
OOAOU AIA?EEE (NOA)414.1.1. Yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia Aeeea Eeeioiia 1993
aiaea49Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u53I?eeiaeaiey

Aaaaeaiea.

O?oaeu O. Eaiy, A. Nieoa, Ae. ?eea?aei iieiaeeee ia/aei oi?ie?iaaieth
eeanne/aneie oai?ee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, i?iaicaeaneaoae ooiaeaiaioaeueiua
i?eioeeiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, ?aaeecoy eioi?ua iaoeeiiaeueiua iaeiaiaua
nenoaiu niiniaiu aeaeaaoueny e iioeiaeueiiio aa?eaioo.

Iainiiaaiea iaeiaia eae iaeiiai ec aini?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
niaea?aeeony a ?aaioao ca?oaaaeiuo e ?onneeo yeiiiienoia ia/aea OYIIIa.
Y.Naena, AE.A. Nyy e ae?. Iicaea yoo eaeath a ?innee ?acaeee ecaanoiua
iaeiaiaaaeu I.E. Oo?aaiaa, E.O. Ica?ia, E.E. ssiaeoe e ae?.

Ethaiio ainoaea?noao aeey auiieiaiey naieo ooieoeee iaiaoiaeeiu oiiaeu
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Enoi/ieeii yoeo oeiainiauo ?ano?nia iiaoo auoue
oieueei n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua i?aaeoaeuenoai niae?aao ni naieo
"iiaeaeaiiuo" a aeaea oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.

Neieueei aaeia nouanoaoao ainoaea?noai, noieueei aea nouanoaotho e
iaeiae e noieueei aea yeiiiie/aneay oai?ey euao i?eioeeiu iioeiaeueiiai
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

Iiaeuoiaeeaay ana auoa neacaiiia, ia inoaaony niiiaiee a eioa?ana
aeaiiie oaiu e aaconeiaiie iieaciinoe yoeo aeaiiuo aeey aoaeoueo
niaoeeaeenoia a iaeiaiaie noa?a.

A aeaiiie ?aaioa i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea ?acia?aoueny a aeaenoaothuae
iaeiaiaie nenoaia ?innee, auaeaeeoue aa iniiaiua i?ioeai?a/ey e iooe aa
?aoi?ie?iaaiey. N oeaeueth aieaa aeaoaeueiiai iiieiaiey a ia?niaeoea
?aoi?ie?iaaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu iu ?anniio?aee iaeiaiaua nenoaiu
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. A ?aaioa i?eaaaeaiu iiaiey iaeioi?uo ?inneeneeo e
ca?oaaaeiuo yeiiiienoia.

Ia Caiaaea iaeiaiaua aii?inu aeaaii oaea caieiatho ii/aoiia ianoi a
oeiainiaii ieaie?iaaiee i?aaei?eyoee. A oneiaeyo aunieeo iaeiaiauo
noaaie iai?aaeeueiue eee iaaeinoaoi/iue o/ao iaeiaiaiai oaeoi?a iiaeao
i?eaanoe e aanueia iaaeaaii?eyoiui iineaaenoaeyi eee aeaaea aucaaoue
aaie?ionoai i?aaei?eyoey. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?aaeeueiia eniieueciaaiea
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo iaeiaiaui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eueaio e neeaeie
iiaeao iaania/eoue ia oieueei nio?aiiinoue e iieo/aiiuo oeiainiauo
iaeiieaiee, ii e aiciiaeiinoe oeiaine?iaaiey ?anoe?aiey aeayoaeueiinoe,
iiauo eiaanoeoeee ca n/ao yeiiiiee ia iaeiaao eee aeaaea ca n/ao
aica?aoa iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae ec eaciu.

Ii i?e iaeiaiaii ieaie?iaaiee ia neaaeoao i?eaioe?iaaoueny oieueei ia
?acia?u iaeiaiauo noaaie. Iai?ioea, ?acia?u iaeiaiauo noaaie n oi/ee
c?aiey iaeiaeaiey iaeiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe eiatho aoi?inoaiaiiia
cia/aiea. Eia/a o?oaeii au auei iiiyoue, ii/aio a oneiaeyo iieiie
naiaiaeu aeaeaeaiey eaieoaeia eiiiaiee i?iaeieaeatho aeaenoaiaaoue a
no?aiao n o?iaiai ei?ii?aoeeiiiiai iaeiaa a 4%-50% e ia ia?aae?athony
a "iaeiaiaua aaaaie", aaea noaaee yoiai iaeiaa 2-5% eee ii aiana ia
i?eiaiyaony.

Ia naiii aeaea e a no?aiao n ii?iaeueiuie (ia iiieaeaiiuie) noaaeaie
iaeiaia eiiiaiee n oi?ioi iinoaaeaiiui iaeiaiaui i?aaeoaeuenoaii ieaoyo
iaeiae ii yooaeoeaiie iaeiaiaie noaaea ia nauoa 20-25%. A yoe noaaee
oaea n?aaieiu n o?iaiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a no?aiao - "iaeiaiauo
aaaaiyo". Iiyoiio auai? iaaeaeo no?aiaie n ii?iaeueiuie iaeiaiauie
noaaeaie e "iaeiaiauie aaaaiyie" aeaeaei ia anaaaea i?aaeii?aaeaeai a
iieueco iineaaeieo; ai iiiaeo neooaoeeyo e oa e ae?oaea ea?atho ia
?aaiuo.

Oeaeueth aeaiiie ?aaiou yaeyaony ?ane?uoea aeeyiey oie eee eiie nenoaiu
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ia ninoiyiea yeiiiieee. Caaea/e, eioi?ua niinianoaotho
aeinoeaeaieth aeaiiie oeaee caeeth/athony a ?anniio?aiee nouiinoe,
aeaeia e ooieoeee iaeiaia, ?ane?uoea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu e auyaeaiea
aeueoa?iaoeaiuo iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey ?inneeneie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu /a?ac
n?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, aeaenoaothuae a ?innee a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy, n iaeiaiauie nenoaiaie ae?oaeo no?ai. Iauaeoii
enneaaeiaaiey a ?aaioa aunooiaao iaeiaiaay nenoaia. A i?aaeiaoii a yoie
?aaioa yaeyaony acaeiinaycue iaeiaiaie nenoaiu n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai
yeiiiieee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a ?aieao eiioeaioeee aeaeiaiai oeeeea.
Aeaaa 1. Enoi?ey ?acaeoey e oeeinioey iiiyoey "iaeia". o/aaiee O. O.
THoeeia "Iaeiae e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea", Iineaa, 1998 aiae.

Iiiyoea "iaeia" ooiaeeo naieie ei?iyie a aeoaue aaeia. A iai caeeth/ai
ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneee, ii e oeeinioneee niune.

Iaeia - yeaiaio iauanoaaiiiai auoey. Ia?aua oiiieiaiey i iaeiaa iiaeii
iaeoe a oeeinioneeo o?aeoaoao aioe/iuo iuneeoaeae. Ia ca?a /aeiaa/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee oeeiniou o?aeoiaaee iaeia eae iauanoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiia e
iieaciia yaeaiea, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ecaanoiua ei iaeiaiaua oi?iu auee
aa?aa?neeie: aiaiiua o?ioae, eniieueciaaiea o?oaea ?aaia,
aea?oaii?eiioaiey e ae?. Ii ia?a iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey iaeiaiaua oi?iu
iinoaiaiii iaiyeenue, i?eaeeaeaynue e eo nia?aiaiiiio niaea?aeaieth.
Iaeciaiiui inoaaaeny aeoaeiiue niune iiiyoey "iaeia" - iiin?aaeiaaoue
i?ioeann iaiauanoaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiie aeey iauanoaa /anoe
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo aeioiaeia (aiaaonoa) (a nia?aiaiiii iiieiaiee yoi
i?ioeann ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio).
Iaeiaiaua oi?iu acaeiiioiioaiee iauanoaa n ainoaea?noaii iineee naiua
?aciua iacaaiey. Iaiaoeeea o/aiua ?anniao?eaaee iaeiae eae iiaeaea?aeeo,
ieacuaaaioth ainoaea?noao a? a?aaeaeaiaie (staure - iiaeaea?aeea). A
Aiaeee iaeia aei neo ii? iineo iacaaiea duty - aeiea (iaycaoaeuenoai).
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai NOA ii?aaeaeyao iaeia eae "tax" (oaena). Caeii i
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee ai O?aioeee iaeiaiaua ioiioaiey ii?aaeaeyao eae import
(iaycaoaeueiue ieao?ae). I?eioaeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa? iaeiaiaie oi?iu a
?inneeneie i?aeoeea iiae/a?eeaae oa?iei "iiaeaoe" (i?eioaeeoaeueiue
ieaoaae).

Ia oaeoaeyynue a aaiacen iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey auaeaeei aeaaiua ?oaaaee
ia?aoiaea iaeiaiauo ioiioaiee ec iaeiiai ea/anoaaiiiai ninoiyiey a
ae?oaia.

Aieioue aei ?aneiea ie?iaiai niiauanoaa ia aeaa i?ioeaiai?noaothuea
iaeiaiaua nenoaiu aicc?aiey o/aiuo ia iaeiae auno?aeaaeenue a
eiae/aneoth nenoaio, io?aaeay i?ia?ann yeiiiieee e iieeoeee.

O?oaeu O. Eaiy, A. Nieoa, Ae. ?eea?aei iieiaeeee ia/aei eeanne/aneie
oai?ee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, ?aaeecoy eioi?ua iaoeeiiaeueiua iaeiaiaua
nenoaiu niiniaiu aeaeaaoueny e iioeiaeueiiio aa?eaioo. Yoi aue
iaaa?iyoiue i?ia?ann iao/iie iunee, iaiiiai iia?aaeeaoee i?aeoeeo ia
oieueei oao eao, ii e nia?aiaiiia a? ninoiyiea. Yoio ia?eiae i?eiyoi
n/eoaoue ia/aeii ?acaeoey iiaeeeiiie iaoee i iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee eae ia
yeiiiie/aneie e i?aaiaie eaoaai?ee, aiieiuathuae nai? iauaeoeaiia
niaea?aeaiea ia i?aeoeea a eiie?aoiuo oi?iao.

Iainiiaaiea iaeiaa eae iaeiiai ec aini?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
niaea?aeaoueny a ?aaioao ca?oaaaeiuo e ?onneeo yeiiiienoia ia/aea XVIII
a. Y. Naena, AE.A. Nyy, A.O. Iinioeiaa e ae?. Iicaea yoo eaeath a ?innee
?acaeee I.E. Oo?aaiaa, A.I. Oaa?aeioeaaia, E.O. Ica?ia e ae?. Ianiio?y
ia oi, /oi eo iaeiaiaua oai?ee iineee noaoai i?eeeaaeiie oa?aeoa?, oi
anoue iie ia?aie/eaaeenue eco/aieai niiniaia iiaeeecaoeee oeiainiauo
?ano?nia aeey niaea?aeaiey ainoaea?noaa, a ieo auee o/oaiu
caeiiiia?iinoe ?acaeoey oiaa?ii - aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oaiaeaioeee oi?ie?iaaiey iniia aeaiaaeiiai
oicyenoaiaaiey. Aieioue aei iaeiaiaie ?aoi?iu 1930 aiaea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
yoeo ?onneeo o/aiuo eniieueciaaeenue ii au?aaioea ia? ii oe?aieaieth
oeiainiaiai oicyenoaa no?aiu.

A enoi?ee ?acaeoey iaeiaiaie iaoee ii?aaeaeythuoth ?ieue nua?aee aeaa
iao/iuo oa/aiey: ia?eneci e iaieeanneoeeci, aia?aaoee eaeae A. Nieoa e
Ae. ?eea?aei i iaeiaao. Eeanniaue oa?aeoa? ia?enenoneiai o/aiey i
ainoaea?noaa, i?e?iaea noieiinoe, niunea e oeaeyo ?ani?aaeaeaiey e aue
iieiaeai a iniiao ?aoi?ie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a NNN?.
Niaaoneee Nithc, i?enooiea e iino?iaieth nioeeaeecia, ioioae io
iaaeno?aeueiiai iooe iaeiaiauo i?aia?aciaaiee, ii eioi?iio iioee NOA,
Aaeeeia?eoaiey, O?aioeey, ssiiiey. Eo iaeiaiaua nenoaiu no?ieeenue
niaeanii eaeayi A. Ia?oaeea, Ae.N. Ieeey, Y. Naeaaiaia e ae?. Niaaoneea
o/aiua I.I. Aaa?eia, A.A. Aa/o?ei, A.E. ?aaeiiae/ e ae?oaea noa?aeenue
aeieacaoue i?aeiouanoaa i?ienoiaeyueo eaeaieiae/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee a
nenoaia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, o?ainoi?ie?oy eo yeiiiie/aneia
niaea?aeaiea a iai?enouea ei aaeieieno?aoeaiua, eaeaieiae/aneea oi?iu.







1.1. Aeaeu iaeiaia. Iaeiae: O/aaiia iiniaea/Iiae. ?aae. Ae.A. *a?ieea
-2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeiiie. - I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1996 aiae

Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iaeiae aanueia ?aciiia?aciu ii aeaeai e ia?acotho
aeiaieueii ?acaaoaeaiioth niaieoiiinoue. Iiiuoee oiaiueoeoue eiee/anoai
iaeiaia iiea ie eiaee oniaoa.

Iaeiae aeaeyony ia ?aciiia?aciua a?oiiu ii iiiaei i?eciaeai. Iie
eeanneoeoee?othony:

n ii oa?aeoa?o iaeiaiaiai ecuyoey (i?yiua e einaaiiua);

n ii o?iaiyi oi?aaeaiey (oaaea?aeueiua, ?aaeiiaeueiua, ianoiua,
ioieoeeiaeueiua);

n ii noauaeoai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey (iaeiae n th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo
eeoe);

n ii iauaeoai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey (iaeiae ia oiaa?u e oneoae, iaeiae ia
aeioiaeu, i?eaueue e o.ae.);

n ii oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth iaeiaa (iauea, niaoeeaeueiua).

A caaeneiinoe io eniieueciaaiey iaeiae auaatho iauea e niaoeeoe/aneea
(eee oeaeaaua). Iauea iaeiae eniieuecothony ia oeiaine?iaaiea ?anoiaeia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ianoiuo athaeaeaoia aac cae?aieaiey ca eaeei-eeai
ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaeii ?anoiaeia.

Niaoeeaeueiua iaeiae eiatho oeaeaaia iacia/aiea (io/eneaiey ia
nioeeaeueiua ioaeaeu, io/eneaiey a aei?iaeiua oiiaeu, o?ainii?oiue iaeia
e o.ae.).

Ninoaa iaeiaia ioa/anoaaiiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu iiaeii
eeanneoeoee?iaaoue, iauaaeeiea a?oiiu iaeiaia ii neaaeothuei i?eciaeai:

* iauaeo iaeiaeaiey,

* iniaaiiinoe noaaee,

* iieiioa i?aa niioaaonoaothueo athaeaeaoia a eniieueciaaiee
iinooiathueo iaeiaiauo noii

* e ae?oaea.

Nouanoaothuea iaeiae a caaeneiinoe io iiaeoiaeia e eo eeanneoeeaoeee
iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia ianeieueei aeaeia: ?anioaeeeaineea
(iauaainoaea?noaaiiua); i?yiua e einaaiiua; naiinoiyoaeueiua e
aeiiieieoaeueiua; iinoiyiiua (iau/iua) iaeiae e /?acau/aeiua
(a?aiaiiua); iniiaiua e aeiaaai/iua iaeiae; iaeiae ia th?eaee/aneea e
oece/aneea eeoea e o.ae. I?e yoii neacaoue, /oi naiay oe?ieay
eeanneoeeaoeey ii iaoiaeo onoaiiaeaiey ana iaeiae iiae?acaeaeyao ia
.a?oiiu. Yoi i?yiua e einaaiiua.

I?yiua iaeiae - oa, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n ?acoeueoaoii
oicyenoaaiii-oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?ioii eaieoaea, oaaee/aieai
noieiinoe eiouanoaa, ?inoii ?aioiie ninoaaeythuae. I?yiua iaeiae i?yii
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiu ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe.

I?aeiouanoai i?yiuo iaeiaia ninoieo a oii, /oi eo eaa/a i?eniiniaeoue e
ii?aaeaeaiiui oneiaeyi - ?acia?o naiuee, aeioiaeo, aic?anoo, e, a aieaa
iauei niuneii - ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe. E /eneo i?yiuo iaeiaia ioiinyony:
iiaeioiaeiue iaeia, iaeia ia i?eaueue, ?ano?niua ieaoaaee, iaeiae ia
eiouanoai, aeaaeaiea e iieueciaaiea eioi?uie neoaeao iniiaaieai aeey
iaeiaeaiey

I?yiua iaeiae o?oaeii ia?aianoe ia iio?aaeoaey. Ec ieo eaa/a anaai
aeaei ianoieo n iaeiaaie ia caieth e ia ae?oaoth iaaeaeaeeiinoue: iie
aeeth/athony a a?aiaeioth e eaa?oe?ioth ieaoo, oeaio
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.

Einaaiiua iaeiae - yoi oa, eioi?ua yaeythony iaaeaaaeie e oeaia eee
ii?aaeaeythony a caaeneiinoe io ?acia?a aeiaaaeaiiie noieiinoe, iai?ioa
eee i?iaeaae oiaa?ia, ?aaio, oneoa.

Einaaiiua iaeiae auoaeatho ec oicyenoaaiiuo aeoia e iai?ioia, oeiainiauo
iia?aoeee (iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue - IAeN, oaiiaeaiiay
iioeeia, iaeia ia iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie e ae?. iaeiae.).

Aeoeecu - aeae einaaiiuo iaeiaia, aiaeiae/iue iaeia n i?iaeaae, ii
?ani?ino?aiythony ia ecauoi/iua oiaa?u (neaa?aou, nie?oiua iaieoee,
einiaoeea e o.ae.

Einaaiiua iaeiae ia?aiinyony ia eiia/iiai iio?aaeoaey a caaeneiinoe io
noaiaie yeanoe/iinoe ni?ina ia oiaa?u e oneoae, iaeaaaaiua yoeie
iaeiaaie. *ai iaiaa yeanoe/ai ni?in, oai aieueoay /anoue iaeiaa
ia?aeeaaeuaaaony ia iio?aaeoaey. *ai iaiaa yeanoe/ii i?aaeeiaeaiea,
oai iaiueoay /anoue iaeiaa ia?aeeaaeuaaaony ia iio?aaeoaey, a aieueoay
oiea/eaaaony ca n/ao i?eauee. A aeieain?i/iii ieaia yeanoe/iinoue
i?aaeeiaeaiey ?anoao, e ia iio?aaeoaey ia?aeeaaeuaaaony ana aieueoay
/anoue einaaiiuo iaeiaia.

I?aeiouanoai einaaiiuo iaeiaia ninoieo a eo iaaieueoeo ?acia?ao ii
n?aaiaieth n i?yiuie iaeiaaie, eo eaa/a niae?aoue, o.e. iie
ii?aaeaeythony o?iaiai ?icie/iie eee iioiaie i?iaeaaee.

Einaaiiua iaeiae iacuaatho aua aaconeiaiuie, iioiio /oi iie ie naycaiu
iaiin?aaenoaaiii n aeioiaeii iaeiaiieaoaeueueea e aceiathony aia
caaeneiinoe io eiia/iuo ?acoeueoaoia aeayoaeueiinoe, iieo/aiey i?eauee.

A neo/aa aunieie yeanoe/iinoe ni?ina oaaee/aiea einaaiiuo iaeiaia
iiaeao i?eaanoe e nie?auaieth iio?aaeaiey, a i?e aunieie yeanoe/iinoe
i?aaeeiaeaiey - e nie?auaieth /enoie i?eauee, /oi auciaao nie?auaiea
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee eee ia?aeea eaieoaea a ae?oaea noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?yiua iaeiae ?ani?ino?aiythony ia noaaeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee
i?iaeoeoeee, a einaaiiua - aieueoae noaiaie ?aaoee?otho i?ioeannu
?ani?aaeaeaiey e iio?aaeaiey. Iiyoiio i?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi i?yiua
iaeiae - yoi iaeiae ia aeioiaeu, a einaaiiua ia ?anoiaeu, /oi iie a
aieueoae ia?a ioiinyony e noaaeee iio?aaeaiey a oneiaeyo ?aaiiaaniie
yeiiiieee.



A ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ana iaeiae ?acaeaeaiu ia o?e a?oiiu; a
caaeneiinoe io oiai, eoi aceiaao iaeia e eoaea iie iinooiatho.

n oaaea?aeueiua iaeiae.

n iaeiae ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?O, iaeiae e?aaa, iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo
ia?aciaaiee.

n ianoiua iaeiae.

Oaaea?aeueiua iaeiae aceiathony ia anae oa??eoi?ee ?innee ii iaeeiaeiaui
i?aaeeai. I?e yoii ana noiiu nai?ia io 6 aei 14 oaaea?aeueiuo iaeiaia (a
no?oeoo?a oaaea?aeueiuo iaeiaia - yoi ia?aua oanoue) aeieaeiu
ca/eneyoueny a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao ?O.

Oaaea?aeueiua iaeiae e nai?u onoaiaaeeaathony, eciaiythony eee
ioee/athony Iaeiaiaui Eiaeaenii. Iaeiae e nai?u noauaeoia ?O, ianoiua
iaeiae e nai?u onoaiaaeeaathony, eciaiythony eee ioiaiythony
niioaaonoaaiii caeiiaie noauaeoia ?O i iaeiaao e nai?ao e ii?iaoeaiuie
i?aaiauie aeoaie i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey i
iaeiaao e nai?ao a niioaaonoaee n Eiaeaenii.

Ana ?anioaeeeaineea iaeiae yaeythony iauaiaycaoaeueiuie. I?e yoii noiia
ieaoaaeae, iai?eia?, ii iaeiao ia eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee, ?aaiuie
aeieyie ca/eneyaony a athaeaeao ?anioaeeee, e?ay, aaoiiiiiiai
ia?aciaaiey, a oaeaea a athaeaeaou ai?iaea e ?aeiia, ia oa??eoi?ee
eioi?iai iaoiaeeony i?aaei?eyoea.

Ec ianoiuo iaeiaia (a eo anaai 22) iaycaoaeueiu oieueei 3 - ia eiouanoai
oece/aneeo eeoe, caiaeueiue, a oaeaea ?aaeno?aoeeiiiue nai? n oece/aneeo
eeoe, Caieiathueony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Ianoiua
iaeiae e nai?u onoaiaaeeaathony ii?iaoeaiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuie i?aaiaie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey a i?aaeaeao,
onoaiiaeaiiuo Iaeiaiaui Eiaeaenii.

Iaeiae ia i?eaueue i?aaenoaaeytho niaie nieaeathuothny noaoueth
aeioiaeia i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iiyoiio a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?acaeouo no?aiao
?ann/eouaatho ia i?ia?anneaiua iiaeioiaeiua iaeiae. Aeaiiue iaeia
eiio?anoe?oao ni no?iai i?iii?oeeiiaeueiui iaeiaii, i?e eioi?ii ana
iaeiaiieaoaeueueee ieaoyo iaeeiaeiaoth /anoue naiaai aeioiaea.
?aa?anneaiue iaeia ioae?aao aieueooth aeieth aeioiaea o aaaeiuo naiae,
/ai o aiaaouo.











?en.1 I?ia?anneaiue, i?iii?oeeiiaeueiue e ?aa?anneaiue iaeiae.





I?ia?anneaiue iaeia









I?iii?oeeiiaeueiue iaeia







?aa?anneaiue iaeia











T - i?ioeaioiay aeiey aeioiaea, auiea/aiiay a aeaea iaeiaia

Y - aeioiae

Iaeia iacuaaaony i?iii?oeeiiaeueiui, i?ia?anneaiui, eee ?aa?anneaiui a
caaeneiinoe io oiai, eaeoth aeieth aeioiaea ieaoeo iaeiaiieaoaeueuee n
aunieei aeioiaeii.

Iaeia n/eoaaony: i?ia?anneaiui, anee n oaaee/aieai aeioiaea aeiey iaeiaa
a iauai aeioiaea aic?anoaao; i?iii?oeeiiaeueiui, anee noiia iaeiaa
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iinoiyiioth aeieth aeioiaea; e ?aa?anneaiui, anee
a?aiy iaeiaa ioiineoaeueii oyaeaeaa aeey naiae n ieceeie aeioiaeaie, /ai
aeey aiaaouo naiae.

?aa?anneaiue iaeia oa?aeoa?ecoaony aceiaieai aieaa aunieiai i?ioeaioa n
ieceeo aeioiaeia e iaiueoaai i?ioeaioa n aunieeo aeioiaeia. Yoi oaeie
iaeia, eioi?ue aic?anoaao iaaeeaiiaa, /ai aeioiae.

I?iii?oeeiiaeueiue iaeia, caae?aao iaeeiaeiaoth /anoue io ethaiai
aeioiaea (aaeeiay noaaea aeey aeioiaeia ethaie aaee/eiu).

1.2. Ooieoeee iaeiaia Iaeiae: O/aa. iinia./Iiae ?aae. Ae.A. *a?ieea -
I.:Oeiainu e noaoinoeea, 1995.

I?eiaiaiea iaeiaia yaeyaony iaeiei ec yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia oi?aaeaiey
e iaania/aiey oaniie nayce iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo eioa?ania n
eiiia?/aneeie eioa?anaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, i?aaei?eyoee iacaaeneii io
eo aaaeiinoaaiiie iiae/eiaiiinoe aeaeia nianoaaiiinoe e
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaie oi?iu. N iiiiuueth iaeiaia ii?aaeaeyaony
acaeiiioiioaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, i?aaei?eyoee anao aeaeia
nianoaaiiinoe n ainoaea?noaaiiuie athaeaeaoaie, n aaieaie, a oaeaea n
auoanoiyueie i?aaiecaoeeyie. I?e iiiiue iaeiaia ?aaoee?oaony
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue, aeeth/athuay i?eaea/aiea
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, oi?ie?oaony oic?an/aoiue aeioiae e i?eaueue
i?aaei?eyoey.

*a?ac iaeiae ainoaea?noai iiaeao i?iaiaeeoue yia?ae/ioth iieeoeeo a
?acaeoee iaoeiaieeo i?iecaiaenoa e eeeaeaeaoeee oauoi/iuo i?aaei?eyoee.

Iaeiaiaay iieeoeea oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaia n i?iaaaeaieai oeaiiaie
iieeoeee, /oi yaeyaony aeaaiui ?aaoeyoi?ii ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa.

Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia auoue ii aiciiaeiinoe noaaeeueia e onoie/eaa,
a i?ioeaiii neo/aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi iaaiciiaeii i?iaiice?iaaoue
iineaaenoaey i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee. Yoi noaaeo i?aa?aaeo ia iooe ?acaeoey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, a cia/eo e oi?ie?iaaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee.
THoeeia O.O. Iaeiae e iaeiaiaeiaeaiea O/aaiee - I.: EIO?A - I, 1999

Iaeiae iaiaoiaeeiu aeey niaea?aeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa, a?iee.
Nicaeaiey ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo oiiaeia e aeey i?iaaaeaiey ae?oaeo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee, naycaiiuo n iaania/aieai
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.

I?iaiaeeiay iaeiaiaay iieeoeea iineoaeeea oneiaeai nicaeaiey aaeeiie
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ?innee, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaa ?aaainoai anao
ieaoaeueueeia iaeiaia iacaaeneii io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe.

Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea - aaaeiaeoay iaeanoue yeiiiieei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee e
iaeieie iaeiaiauie caeiiaie aa ia ?aoeoue.

Iaeiae a ?aaeueiii iaeiaiaii iaoaiecia - aacaica?aoiay,
aacyeaeaaeaioiay e n?i/iay oi?ia i?eioaeeoaeueiiai acuneaiey n
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia a niioaaonoaee n Iaeiaiaui eiaeaenii /anoe eo
aeioiaea n oeaeueth oaeiaeaoai?aiey iauanoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiuo
iio?aaiinoae. Ia?yaeo n iaeiaaie a no?oeoo?a iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a
eiie?aoiii i?ino?ainoaa e ai a?aiaie ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi caieiatho
iioeeiu e nai?u.

Iioeeia - niioaaonoaothuay iaycaoaeueiay ieaoa ca niaa?oaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiuie e eiuie i?aaiaie th?enaeeeoeee aeaenoaee a eioa?anao
cayaeoaey.

Nai? - yoi ieaoaae, onoaiaaeeaaaiue a ?aieao iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?aaiaie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey e ca/eneyaiue a
ianoiue athaeaeao aeey oeiaine?iaaiey ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?ia?aii ?acaeoey
niioaaonoaothuae oa??eoi?ee.

Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea oi?ie?oaony iiae aeaaeaieai e eiiieaeniui aicaeaenoaeai
yeiiiieee e iieeoeee. Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea a ?aaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie aeecie
io?aaeaao o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie c?aeinoe iauanoaa.

Onoaiaaeeaay iaeiae, i?aaeoaeuenoai iuoaaony ?aoeoue, eaeei ia?acii
nia?aoue ana iaiaoiaeeiua ?ano?nu ec aeiiaoieo oicyenoa e i?aaei?eyoee e
aeeaaaony a eieeaeoeaiia iio?aaeaiea e eiaanoeoeee. A n?aaenoaa,
iieo/aiiua io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, aoaeoo yaeyoueny iaoaieciii, n iiiiuueth
eioi?iai ?aaeueiua ?ano?nu o?ainoi?ie?othony ec /anoiuo aeaa
iauanoaaiiua.

Iaeiae aceiathony ie oieueei n oeaeueth iinooieaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio. Aaiaey iaeiae, oaaee/eaay eee oiaiueoay eo,
i?aaeoaeuenoai eiaao aiciiaeiinoue i?aiyonoaiaaoue eee niaeaenoaiaaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaeai e oi?iai yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe eee
i?iecaiaenoao, i?iaeaaea, iio?aaeaieth iaeioi?uo oiaa?ia.

Iaeiae iiiiaatho iiiu?youe eee naea?aeeaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu
aeayoaeueiinoe, aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia yeiiiie/aneoth aeoeaiinoue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ?aaoee?iaaoue eiee/anoai aeaiaa a ia?auaiee.

E oioy, ia iao acaeyae iaeiae aucuaatho /aua aiciouaiea, /ai iaeia?aiea,
aac ieo ie nia?aiaiiia iauanoai, ie i?aaeoaeuenoai nouanoaiaaoue ia
iiaoo.

Iaeiae naaiaeiy yaeythony aeaaiui eino?oiaioii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
aeioiaeia e ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?ano?nia. Oaeia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa
inouanoaeytho ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu a oeaeyo iaania/aiey n?aaenoaaie
oao eeoe, eioi?ua eniuouaatho iio?aaiinoue a ?ano?nao, ii e ie a
ninoiyiee iaania/eoue aa ec nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia.

Ia?aiia/aeueii ?ieue iaeiaia naiaeeeanue oieueei e ?aaeecaoeee
oeneaeueiuo iieiiii/ee. Ii a aeaeueiaeoai, n oneiaeiaieai yeiiiie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe e aicieeiiaaieai iaiaoiaeeiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey, o ainoaea?noaa iiyaeythony niaoeeoe/aneea yeiiiie/aneea
ooieoeee. Iiyoiio niiniau aicaeaenoaey iaeiaia ia yeiiiie/aneoth aeeciue
iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeenue aieaa ?aciinoi?iiieie.

Iaeiae i?aeiouanoaaiii aceiathony a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia, oioy a ioaeaeueiuo
neo/ayo nouanoaotho e iaoo?aeueiua iaeiae, oiea/eaaaiua a aeaea
i?iaeoeoa, oiaa?a. Iaeiae iinooiatho /anoe/ii a iauaainoaea?noaaiiue
(oaaea?aeueiue), a /anoe/ii a ?anioaeeeaineea, iaeanoiua, ai?iaeneea,
ianoiua athaeaeaou.

Iaeiaaie iaeaaathony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, oece/aneea eeoea, a?aaeaeaia,
iieo/athuea ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea aeioiaeu e eiathuea iiaeeaaeauea
iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth eiouanoaaiiua oeaiiinoe.

N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iaeiaaie iaeaaathony th?eaee/aneea eeoea, o.a.
/anoiua, aeoeeiia?iua, ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee,
oe?iu, eiiiaiee, neiaii, ana, eoi ioeoeeaeueii ca?aaeno?e?iaai eae
o/anoiee yeiiiie/aneie, oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A, ana eoi
oiea/eaaao iaeiae, iacuaathony iaeiaiieaoaeueueeaie.

Iaeiae eae noieiinoiay eaoaai?ey eiatho naie ioee/eoaeueiua i?eciaee e
ooieoeee, eioi?ua auyaeytho eo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneoth nouiinoue e
iacia/aiea. ?acaeoea iaeiaiauo nenoai enoi?e/anee ii?aaeaeeee o?e
iniiaiua aai ooieoeee - oeneaeueioth, noeioee?othuoth e ?aaoee?othuoth.

Ooieoeee iaeiaa - yoi i?iyaeaiea aai nouiinoe a aeaenoaee, niinia
au?aaeaiey aai naienoa. Ooieoeey iieacuaaao, eaeei ia?acii ?aaeecoaony
iauanoaaiiia iacia/aiea aeaiiie yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee eae eino?oiaioa
noieiinoiiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia. Ionthaea aicieeaao aeaaiay
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey iaeiaia, au?aaeathuay eo nouiinoue eae
iniaiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai (oeneaeueiiai) eino?oiaioa
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo ioiioaiee.

Iin?aaenoaii oeneaeueiie ooieoeee ?aaeecoaony aeaaiia iauanoaaiiia
iacia/aiea iaeiaia - oi?ie?iaaiea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia ainoaea?noaa,
aeeoioee?oaiuo a athaeaeaoiie nenoaia e aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeao e
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey inouanoaeaiey nianoaaiiuo ooieoeee. Oi?ie?iaaiea
aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ia iniiaa noaaeeueiiai
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai aceiaiey iaeiaia, i?aa?auaao naii ainoaea?noai a
e?oiiaeoaai yeiiiie/aneiai noauaeoa.

Ae?oaay ooieoeey iaeiaia eae yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee ninoieo a oii, /oi
iiyaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue eiee/anoaaiiiai io?aaeaiey iaeiaiauo
iinooieaiee e eo niiinoaaeaiey n iio?aaiinoyie ainoaea?noaa a oeiainiauo
?ano?nao. Aeaaiaea?y eiio?ieueiie ooieoeee ioeaieaaaony yooaeoeaiinoue
iaeiaiaiai iaoaiecia, iaania/eaaaony eiio?ieue ca aeaeaeaieai oeiainiauo
?ano?nia, iiyaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue aianaiey eciaiaiee a iaeiaiaoth
nenoaio e athaeaeaoioth iieeoeeo. Inouanoaeaiea eiio?ieueiie ooieoeee
iaeiaia, aa iieiioa e aeoaeia a ecaanoiie ia?a caaenyo io iaeiaiaie
aeenoeeieeiu. Nooue aa a oii, /oiau iaeiaiieaoaeueueee (th?eaee/aneea e
oece/aneea eeoea) naiaa?aiaiii e a iieiii iauaia oiea/eaaee
onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iaeiae.

Yoa ooieoeey iaeiaiai-oeiainiauo ioiioaiee i?iyaeyaony eeoue a oneiaeyo
aeaenoaey ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee.

?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey iaeiaia iaeaaeaao ?aaeii naienoa
(?aaoee?othuaa, noeioee?othuaa, aini?iecaiaenoaaiiia), oa?aeoa?ecothueo
iiiaia?aiiinoue aa ?iee a aini?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna.

Yeiiiie/aneay ooieoeey iaeiaia ninoieo a aicaeaenoaee /a?ac iaeiae ia
iauanoaaiiia aini?iecaiaenoai, o.a. ethaua i?ioeannu a yeiiiieea no?aiu,
a oaeaea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu a iauanoaa.

Ooieoeee iaeiaia acaeiinaycaiu. ?ino iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a athaeaeao,
o.a. ?aaeecaoeey oeneaeueiie ooieoeee, nicaeaao iaoa?eaeueioth
aiciiaeiinoue aeey inouanoaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?iee ainoaea?noaa, o.a.
yeiiiie/aneie ooieoeee iaeiaia. A oi aea a?aiy aeinoeaiooia a
?acoeueoaoa yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey onei?aiea ?acaeoey e ?inoa
aeioiaea i?iecaiaenoaa iicaieyao ainoaea?noao iieo/eoue aieueoa
n?aaenoa.

Yoi icia/aao, /oi yeiiiie/aneay ooieoeey iaeiaia niinianoaoao
inouanoaeaieth oeneaeueiie, oe?aieyao aa, a yooaeoeaiia auiieiaiea
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee nicaeaao aeaaii?eyoioth
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneoth aoiinoa?o aeey auiieiaiey ae?oaeo ooieoeee
iaeiaia.

1.3. Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu iino?iaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a yeiiiieea n
?acaeoui ?uieii. Aa?aoa TH.I. : Niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey// Aoaeeo e oeiainiaue aiaeec - ?1/1999

Iiae iaeiaiaie nenoaiie iiieiaaony niaieoiiinoue iaeiaia, iioeei e
nai?ia, aceiaaiuo ia oa??eoi?ee ainoaea?noaa a niioaaonoaee n Iaeiaiaii
eiaeaenii, a oaeaea niaieoiiinoue ii?i e i?aaee, ii?aaeaeythueo
i?aaiii/ey e nenoaio ioaaonoaaiiinoe noi?ii, o/anoaothueo a iaeiaiauo
i?aaiioiioaieyo.

Oi?ie?oy iaeiaiaoth nenoaio ioaeii enoiaeeoue ec ?yaea i?eioeeiia. A
caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea ooaa?aeaeathony ana aeaeu iaeiaia, a oaeaea
ii?yaeie eo ?an/aoia, n?iee oieaou e ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oeeiiaiea io
iaeiaia. Yoi iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue iaeiaiaoth nenoaio a ea/anoaa
eino?oiaioa iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa , eiathuee neeo caeiia, n iaeiie
noi?iiu. A n ae?oaie noi?iiu, caueoeoue i?aaa iaeiaiieaoaeueueea.

Iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuee i?eioeei - iiiaeanoaaiiinoue iauaeoia
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Eniieueciaaiea yoiai i?eioeeia i?e nicaeaiee iaeiaiauo
nenoai a aieueoeinoaa no?ai iauyniyaony, oai /oi oaeei ia?acii oaeaaony
?anoe?eoue iaeiaiiaeaaaaiia iiea e, oai, /oi iiiai ?iaeeeo? iaeiaia
ineoieiae/anee auaea?aeaoue eaa/a, /ai iaeei, ii aunieee.

Iaeiei aea ec aaaeiuo i?eioeeiia iaeiaiauo nenoai yaeyaony
noaaeeueiinoue i?aaee i?eiaiaiey iaeiaia. Yoi eanaaony eae ii?yaeea
?an/aoa e ecuyoey iaeiaia, oae e iaeiaiauo noaaie. I?aaeea e aeaeu
iaeiaia iiaoo e aeieaeiu iaiyoueny n eciaiaieai yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee,
ii yoe eciaiaiey aeieaeiu auoue ii aiciiaeiinoe e?aeia ?aaeeei.
Oeacaiiue i?eioeei iaania/eaaao noaaeeueiinoue oneiaee oicyenoaiaaiey,
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oe?iai ieaie?iaaoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue, auoue
oaa?aiiuie a naiai yeiiiie/aneii e oeiainiaii ?acaeoee. Aeaeaao
i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie eiaanoeoeeiiiua aeiaeaiey, a oaeaea niinianoaoao
yeiiiie/aneiio ?inoo eae ia o?iaia oe?iu, oae e anae yeiiiieee no?aiu -
noaaeeueiay nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

Aua iaeiei aaaeiui i?eioeeiii oi?ie?iaaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu yaeyaony
i?eaioe?iaaiea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, a a iae - eaaeaeiai iaeiaa ia ? naie?
iauaeo, /oi iicaieyao ono?aieoue aeaieiia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea.

A iaeiaiaie nenoaia aeieaeia auoue ii?aaeaeaia ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
oeeiiaiea io oieaou iaeiaia.

E iaeiiaoe, iaeiae aeieaeiu auoue ?acaeaeaiu ii o?iaiyi ecuyoey:
oaaea?aeueiue, ioieoeeiaeueiue (ianoiue) e o.i.

A ?aoeeiiaeueii iino?iaiiie nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey niaethaeaiea yoeo
i?eioeeiia noaiiaeony i/aaeaeiui. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiae
eniieuecothony eae eino?oiaio yeiiiie/aneie e no?oeoo?iie iieeoeee,
o?iaaiue iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie onoaiaaeeaaaony a caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo
caaea/ ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e iniaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie
neooaoeee.Aeaaa 2. Iniiaiua iaeiaiaua oai?ee

Iiiuoee oai?aoe/aneiai iainiiaaiey i?aeoeee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey iaoee naia
io?aaeaiea a iaeiaiauo oai?eyo. Eo yaiethoeey i?ienoiaeeea iaeiia?aiaiii
n ?acaeoeai ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaiee yeiiiie/aneie iunee. Eiioeaiooaeueiua
iiaeaee iaeiaiauo nenoai iaiyeenue a caaeneiinoe io yeiiiie/aneie
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.

Aeieaia a?aiy ainiiaenoaothuei auei oieueei eeanne/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea
i ?iee iaeiaia a yeiiiieea. Aieaa 200 eao iacaae A. Nieoii aia?aua auei
nicaeaii o/aiea ia yaiethoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeiainia. Oi?ie?iaaiea
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu i?ienoiaeeo ia aeinoaoi/ii aunieii o?iaia ?acaeoey
ainoaea?noaa. Ii ii?aaeaeee aa eae aieaa eee iaiaa oii?yaei/aiiia e
nenoaiaoe/aneia ecuyoea /anoe aeioiaeia naiinoiyoaeueii oicyenoaothueo
noauaeoia e auaeaeioe /aou?a i?eioeeia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey: ?aaiiia?iinoue,
ii?aaeaeaiiinoue, oaeianoai oieaou e aeaoaaecia Ni.: Nieo A.
Enneaaeiaaiea i i?e?iaea e i?e/eiao aiaaonoaa ia?iaeia. I.:Nioeyeaec,
1992. - Ei. 5. N. 588589.. O/aiua-eeanneee O, Iaooe, AE.-A. Nae
(17671832) e aiaeeeneea yeiiiienou Ae. ?eea?aei, Aeae. Ieeeue (17731836)
n/eoaee yeiiiieeo onoie/eaie e naii?aaoee?oaiie nenoaiie, a eioi?ie
ni?in ?iaeaeaao i?aaeeiaeaiea, a i?e ia?aecauoea ethaiai ec ieo
i?ienoiaeeo naiio?aaiiaaoeaaiea iooai ia?aaeaeaeaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeae a
aeaoeoeeoiua io?anee oicyenoaa. Iaeiae ea?aee eeoue ?ieue enoi/ieeia
aeioiaea athaeaeaoa ainoaea?noaa, a iieaieea aaeanue aie?oa i?eioeeiia
ni?aaaaeeeainoe aceiaiey (?aaiiia?iiai eee i?ia?anneaiiai) e /anoe
ecuyoey, iaoneiaeaiiie oeneaeueiie iio?aaiinoueth. Ii n oneiaeiaieai
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee a iauanoaa, n aeaenoaeai iauaeoeaiuo
oeeeee/aneeo i?ioeanna aicieeea iio?aaiinoue a ei??aeoe?iaea
eeanne/aneiai o/aiey, auaeaeaiee ?iee ainoaea?noaa, aeeyiee aai ia
yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu, a oaeaea ?aaoee?iaaiee
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo a?aieoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Ii yaeeenue iiaua
iao/iua oai?ee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiaeii auaeaeeoue 2 iniiaiuo
iai?aaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie iunee eaeineaineia e iaieeanne/aneia.

Eaeineaineay oai?ey io?aaeaao yeaiaiou aiaeeca iauaai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
yeiiiieee, iainiiauaaao aaaeiua iae?iyeiiiie/aneea iai?aaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Aeaiiay oai?ey aeieacuaaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue nicaeaiey ?yooaeoeaiiai ni?ina? a aeaea oneiaey aeey
iaania/aiey ?aaeecaoeee i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee iin?aaenoaii
aicaeaenoaey ?acee/iuo iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Aei
Aeae. I. Eaoa n/eoaeinue, /oi iniiaie iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa yaeyaony
aa?aaeeeainoue Ii aeiiieiee aa aua e i?aaei?eei/eainoueth eae oneiaeai
nicaeaiey e oeo/oaiey aeaaeaiee ie?a. Iiyoiio iaiaeoth ?ieue a
aeinoeaeaiee i?eoiea eiaanoeoeee aeieaeii nua?aoue ainoaea?noai n aai ia
oieueei e?aaeeoii - aeaiaaeiie, ii e athaeaeaoiie iieeoeeie,
inouanoaeythuaa ?naia ?oeiaiaeyuaa aeeyiea ia neeiiiinoue e iio?aaeaieth
... iooai niioaaonoaothuae nenoaiu iaeiaia ...oeenaoeeae ii?iu
i?ioeaioa? Eaein Aeae. I. Iauay oai?ey caiyoinoe, i?ioeaioa e aeaiaa.
I.: I?ia?ann, 1978. N. 364365., ia eneeth/ay anyeiai ?iaea eiii?iiennia
e niiniaia nio?oaeie/anoaa ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe n /anoiie
eieoeeaoeaie.

Aeae. I. Eaein (18831946) aue noi?iiieeii i?ia?anneaiinoe a
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee, iineieueeo n/eoae, /oi i?ia?anneaiay iaeiaiaay nenoaia
noeioee?oao i?eiyoea ?enea i?iecaiaeeoaeai ioiineoaeueii eaieoaeueiuo
aeiaeaiee. Iaeiei ec aaaeiuo oneiaee aai oai?ee yaeyaony caaeneiinoue
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa io aeinoaoi/iuo aeaiaaeiuo naa?aaeaiee oieueei a
oneiaeyo iieiie caiyoinoe. Anee yoiai iao, oi aieueoea naa?aaeaiey
iaoatho yeiiiie/aneiio ?inoo, oae eae i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ianneaiue
enoi/iee aeioiaeia, ia aeeaaeuaathony a i?iecaiaenoai, iiyoiio eceeoiea
naa?aaeaiey iaaei ecuiaoue n iiiiuueth iaeiaia. A aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii
ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai, iai?aaeaiiia ecuyoea n iiiiuueth
iaeiaia aeioiaeia, iiiauaiiuo a naa?aaeaiey, e oeiaine?iaaiea ca n/ao
yoeo n?aaenoa eiaanoeoeee, a oaeaea oaeoueo ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia.

Niaeanii oai?ee Aeae. I. Eaeina iaeiae aeaenoaotho a yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaia eae ?ano?iaiiua iaoaieciu aeaeinoe?. Aunieea (i?ia?anneaiua)
iaeiae, ii aai iiaieth, ea?atho iieiaeeoaeueioth ?ieue. ssaeyynue
iaiouaieaiie /anoueth athaeaeaoa, yoa yeiiiie/aneay eaoaai?ey aeeyao ia
naaeaine?iaaiiinoue a yeiiiieea. Oae, nieaeaiea iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee
oiaiueoaao aeioiaeu athaeaeaoa e iaino?yao yeiiiie/aneoth
iaonoie/eainoue. A iaeiae eae ?ano?iaiiue noaaeeecaoi?? naeaaeeaatho
yoio i?ioeann: ai a?aiy yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeuaia iaeaaaaiua aeioiaeu
?anooo iaaeeaiiaa, /ai iaeiaiaua aeioiaeu, a i?e e?ecena iaeia
oiaiueoaaony auno?aa, /ai iaaeatho aeioiaeu. Oai naiui aeinoeaaaony
ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiia nioeeaeueiia iieiaeaiea a iauanoaa. Oaeei
ia?acii, iaeiaiaua iinooieaiey a athaeaeao caaenyo ia oieueei io
aaee/eiu iaeiaiaie noaaee, ii e naycaiu n eciaiaieyie aaee/eiu
aeioiaeia, iaeaaaaiuo ii i?ia?anneaiie oeaea iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaeaiey.
Eieaaaiey i?ienoiaeyo aaoiiaoe/anee e aieaa cia/eoaeueiu a iaeiaiauo
iinooieaieyo, /ai a o?iaia aeioiaeia. Aiaeeeneia i?aaeoaeuenoai oniaoii
i?eiaieei oai?eth Aeae. I. Eaeina ia i?aeoeea ia?aae ia/aeii ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu, eiaaea ana neeu ainoaea?noaa auee iai?aaeaiu ia ?acaeoea
aiaiiiai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

A oneiaeyo iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai iiaeuaia, ana aieaa /anoiai i?iyaeaiey
e?eceniuo yaeaiee eaeineaineay oai?ey aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa ii
eeiee aeinoeaeaiey ?yooaeoeaiiai ni?ina? ia?anoaea ioaa/aoue o?aaiaaieyi
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Eaeineaineay nenoaia ?aaoee?iaaiey auea
iiaei?aaia ii neaaeothuei i?e/eiai.

Ai-ia?auo, eiaaea eioeyoeey noaea i?eia?aoaoue o?iie/aneee oa?aeoa?
aaeaeo eciaiaiee a oneiaeyo i?iecaiaenoaa, a ia ?aaeecaoeee, noaei
iaiaoiaeeiui oaeia aiaoaoaeuenoai, eioi?ia oeo/oeei au i?aaeeiaeaiea
?ano?nia, a ia ni?in ia ieo.

Ai-aoi?uo, n ?acaeoeai yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee i?iecioei iiauoaiea
caaeneiinoe eaaeaeie no?aiu io aiaoieo ?uieia. Noeioee?iaaiea aea ni?ina
ainoaea?noaii ca/anooth ieacuaaei iieiaeeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia
eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee. Iiyoiio ia niaio eaeineaineie eiioeaioeee
?yooaeoeaiiai ni?ina? i?eoea iaieeanne/aneay oai?ey ?yooaeoeaiiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey?.

Iaieeanne/aneay oai?ey iniiauaaaony ia i?aeiouanoaa naiaiaeiie
eiieo?aioeee e anoanoaaiiinoe, onoie/eainoe yeiiiie/aneeo, a /anoiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, i?ioeannia. ?acee/ea a yoeo iniiaiuo eiioeaioeeyo
caeeth/aaony a iaiaeeiaeiaii iiaeoiaea e iaoiaeai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. Niaeanii iaieeanne/aneiio iai?aaeaieth aiaoiea
ei??aeoe?othuea ia?u aeieaeiu auoue iai?aaeaiu eeoue ia oi, /oiau
ono?aieoue i?aiyonoaey, iaoathuea aeaenoaeth caeiiia naiaiaeiie
eiieo?aioeee Ni.: Inaae/ay E. I. Nia?aiaiiia eaeineainoai. - I.: Iuneue,
1971. - n.127, iiyoiio ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai ia aeieaeii
ia?aie/eaaoue ?uiie n aai anoanoaaiiuie naii?aaoee?othueie caeiiaie,
niiniaiuie aac eaeie-eeai iiiiue ecaia aeinoeaiooue yeiiiie/aneiai
?aaiiaaney. A yoii caeeth/aaony ioee/ea iaieeanne/aneie oai?ee io
eaeineaineie eiioeaioeee, ooaa?aeaeathuae, /oi aeeiaie/aneia ?aaiiaanea
iaonoie/eai, e aeaeathuae auaiaeu i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?yiiai
aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu.

Aeae. Ieae, iino?ieaoee iaieeanne/aneoth iiaeaeue, ioaiaeee ainoaea?noao
eeoue einaaiioth ?ieue a ?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia, n/eoay
ainoaea?noai aeanoaaeeece?othuei oaeoi?ii n aaca?aie/iui ?inoii aai
?anoiaeia Ni.: Inaae/ay E. I. Nia?aiaiiia eaeineainoai. - I.: Iuneue,
1971. - n.133. Ioaeaaay i?aaeii/oaiea eeoue e?aaeeoii-aeaiaaeiie
iieeoeea Oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea, ia o/eouaay athaeaeaoiie e iaeiaiaie
iieeoeee, iaieeanneoeenou iieaaatho, /oi oaeei ia?acii aoaeao nicaeai
yooaeoeaiue iaoaieci ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaea, iaania/eaathuee
iieioth caiyoinoue e onoie/eaue ?ino iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa.

A iaieeanne/aneie oai?ee, a naith i/a?aaeue, oe?ieia ?acaeoea iieo/eee
aeaa iai?aaeaiey: oai?ey yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey e iiiaoa?eci.

Oai?ey yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaao nieaeaiea iaeiaia e
i?aaeinoaaeaiea iaeiaiauo eueaio ei?ii?aoeeyi, oae eae, ii iiaieth
noi?iiieeia yoiai iai?aaeaiey, aunieea iaeiae naea?aeeaatho
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth eieoeeaoeao e oi?iicyo iieeoeeo eiaanoe?iaaiey,
iaiiaeaiey e ?anoe?aiey i?iecaiaenoaa. Ae?oaie aaaeiue aniaeo oai?ee
iaycaoaeueiia nie?auaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia. Aaaeue aeaaiue
iinooeao oai?ee ooaa?aeaeaiea, /oi eo/oee ?aaoeyoi? ?uiea nai ?uiie, a
ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e aunieea iaeiae eeoue iaoatho aai
ii?iaeueiiio ooieoeeiie?iaaieth.

Nouanoaoao iauee caeii oi?ie?iaaiey o?iaiy iaeiaiauo noaaie Oe?ieay
iaeiaiaay aaca iicaieyao eiaoue ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoea noaaee
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e, iaiai?io, aeinoaoi/ii oceay iaeiaiaay aaca
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia iaeiaia iaycaoaeueii i?aaeiieaaaao eo aunieea noaaee
I/aaeaeii, /oi aunieea e ieceea noaaee iaeiaia ieacuaatho ?aciia aeeyiea
ia oicyenoaaiiua i?ioeannu e aeaeiaoth aeoeaiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeae,
aucuaatho ?acee/ioth ?aaeoeeth ii ioiioaieth e eiaanoeoeeiiiui
i?ioeannai.

Aua A. Nieo oeacae ia oi, /oi io nieaeaiey iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie
ainoaea?noai auea?aao aieueoa, iaaeaee io iaeiaeaiey iaiineeueiuo
iiaeaoae: ia inaiaiaeaeaiiua n?aaenoaa iiaeao auoue iieo/ai
aeiiieieoaeueiue aeioiae, n eioi?iai a eacio iinooieo iaeia. I?e yoii
ieaoaeueuee n aieueoae eaaeinoueth naeaeatho yoe ieaoaaee, /oi
inaiaiaeeo ainoaea?noai io aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia ia nai? iaeiaia,
naycaiiuo n iaeacaieyie e auiiaaoaeuenoaii Ni.: Nieo A. Enneaaeiaaiea i
i?e?iaea e i?e/eiao aiaaonoaa ia?iaeia. - N. 371, 589. Oai?aoe/aneea
auneacuaaiey A. Nieoa noaee aeneiiie ia oieueei aeey aai
iineaaeiaaoaeae, ii e aeey anao o/aiuo-yeiiiienoia.

Oae, aiaeec nayce iaaeaeo yeiiiie/aneei ?inoii e iaeiaaie ii no?aiai a
ia?eiae 70-o aiaeia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi a ainoaea?noaao n
aunieeie iaeiaaie eiaanoeoeee nieceeenue ii n?aaiaieth n oai aea
iieacaoaeai a no?aiao n ieceei o?iaiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ii/oe a aeanyoue
?ac YEI. 1992. ? 2. N. 132138. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iauaeoeaii nouanoaoao
iioeiaeueiay aeiey ecuyoey i?eauee a athaeaeao. Ii, /oiau aa iaeoe,
iaiaoiaeeii i?iaanoe ananoi?iiiaa yiie?e/aneia enneaaeiaaiea aeoeaiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee a neo/aa i?eiaiaiey oao eee eiuo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie. Eo
o?iaaiue, iaeiaei, aeieaeai auoue ieieiaeai, eia/a ia aoaeoo niaethaeaiu
o?aaiaaiey athaeaeaoa e iinoaaeaii iiae oa?ico ii?iaeueiia
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea iauanoaaiiiai oicyenoaa, a naie iaeiae ia?anoaioo
auiieiyoue ooieoeee yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaoeyoi?a.

Oaeei ia?acii, oai?ey yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey, ?acaeoay a ia/aa 80-o
aiaeia a NOA I. Oyeaeaiaaoiii, I. Aa?inii, A. Noaeiii, A. Eyooa?ii Ni.:
Oaaeinia A. I. Nia?aiaiiue eaieoaeeci e iaeiae. - Eeaa: Aiua oeiea,
1987. N. 107., ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeanue aeaaiie eaeaae, caeeth/athuaeny a
?aaeeeaeueiii nie?auaiee i?aaeaeueiuo iaeiaiauo noaaie, iiieaeay oai
naiui i?ia?anneaiinoue iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. A naith i/a?aaeue, i?aaei?eyoey
oaaee/eaaee au nianoaaiiua enoi/ieee iaeiieaiey.

A naiii ia/aea auee noi?ioee?iaaiu i?eioeeiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey A. Nieoa.
I?aeoe/anee ana nia?aiaiiua aaoi?u auaeaeytho oa aea e?eoa?ee iaeiaia,
ioeaieaathuea eo iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea. Anee iaeiae ia ioaa/atho yoei
o?aaiaaieyi, oi iaeeoei ia?ooaiea a?aieoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Iino?iea
eiee/anoaaiioth caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo i?ia?anneaiinoueth iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
e aeioiaeaie athaeaeaoa a aeaea ia?aaiee/aneie e?eaie (ni. ?en.), i?io.
A. Eyooa? naeaeae auaiae i oii, /oi nieaeaiea iaeiaia aeaaii?eyoii
aicaeaenoaoao ia eiaanoeoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue /anoiiai naeoi?a.
?Ooiaeaiaioaeueiay eaeay, eaaeauay a iniiaa e?eaie..., aiai?ee ii,
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi /ai auoa i?aaeaeueiua iaeiaiaua noaaee, oai
aieaa neeueiue iiaoaeeoaeueiue iioea aoaeao o eiaeeaeaeooiia aeey
oeeiiaiey io ieo. Ethaee ?aaioatho ia aeey oiai, /oiau ieaoeoue iaeiae.
*enoue, ca au/aoii iaeiaia, aeioiae ii?aaeaeyao, ?aaioaao ee aeaiiue
/aeiaae eee neaeeo...? E?aa/aiei E. A. Iaeiaiaua ?aoi?iu 80-o aiaeia a
NOA: nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee aniaeo. I.: IEOE, 1989. N. 9. Oae,
anee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ia aeaeeo ia?niaeoeau iieo/aiey i?eauee eee ?anee
aea oniaoiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea ?uiea aoaeao noaeeeaaoueny n
oneeeaathuaeny aeene?eieiaoeeae a aeaea aieaa aunieeo e i?ia?anneaiuo
iaeiaia.., oi yeiiiie/aneay aeoeaiinoue aoaeao iaaeaoue? Oai aea. - N.
9. e aiaea/aiea i?aaei?eieiaoaey a i?iecaiaenoai ionoay caoay, o. a.
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue oicyenoaothueo aaaioia, ii iiaieth A. Eyooa?a,
yaeyaony aeaeaeouae neeie i?ioeaaoathuae yeiiiieee. Ni I?eeiaeaiea 4

?ino iaeiaiauo noaaie eeoue aei ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?aaeaea iiaeaea?aeeaaao
?ino iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee, caoai yoio ?ino iaiiiai caiaaeeyaony e
aeaeaa eaeao eeai oaeia aea ieaaiia nieaeaiea aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa, eeai
eo ?aceia iaaeaiea. Oaeei ia?acii, eiaaea iaeiaiaay noaaea aeinoeaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiiai o?iaiy, aoaeony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay eieoeeaoeaa,
nie?auathony noeioeu e ?anoe?aieth i?iecaiaenoaa, oiaiueoathony
aeioiaeu. i?aaeuyaeyaiua e iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth, aneaaenoaea /aai /anoue
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia ia?aoiaeeo ec ?eaaaeueiiai? a ?oaiaaie? naeoi?
yeiiiieee. Ii oai?ee A. Eyooa?a, ?acaeoea oaiaaie yeiiiieee eiaao
ia?aoioth naycue n iaeiaiaie nenoaiie Ni.: Iaiaeyaa N. A. Caeiiu i
iaeiaao: yeaiaiou no?oeoo?u. I.: NAAA, 1995. -N. 37., o. a. oaaee/aiea
iaeiaia oaaee/eaaao ?acia?u oaiaaie yeiiiieee, eaaaeueiia e iaeaaaeueiia
oe?uoea io iaeiaia, i?e eioi?ii aieueoay /anoue eiathuaainy aeioiaea ia
aeaeea?e?oaony. Ni. I?eeiaeaiea 5

I?aaeaeueiie noaaeie aeey iaeiaiaiai ecuyoey a athaeaeao A. Eyooa?
n/eoaao 30% noiiu aeioiaeia, a a?aieoeao eioi?ie oaaee/eaaaony noiia
aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa. A aio i?e 4050%-iii ecuyoee aeioiaeia, eiaaea
noaaea iaeiaa iiiaaeaao a ?cai?aoioth ciio? aeaenoaey, nie?auathony
naa?aaeaiey ianaeaiey, /oi aea/ao ca niaie iacaeioa?aniaaiiinoue a
eiaanoe?iaaiee a oa eee eiua io?anee yeiiiieee e nie?auaiea iaeiaiauo
iinooieaiee.

E iaiai?io, nieaeaiea iaeiaia, ii aai iiaieth, noeioee?oao ?acaeoea
yeiiiieee. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi aeioiaeu ainoaea?noaa
oaaee/eaathony ia ca n/ao ?anoe?aiey iaeiaiaie aacu, a ca n/ao
oaaee/aiey iaeiaiaie noaaee e iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie. Iaeioi?uie aniaeoaie
yoie oai?ee ainiieueciaaeinue i?aaeoaeuenoai NOA i?e i?iaaaeaiee
iaeiaiaie ?aoi?iu a 2060-a aiaeu XX a., a caoai, n o/aoii iiauo
?ac?aaioie, a 80-a aiaeu.

Oai?ey iiiaoa?ecia, ?ac?aaioaiiay aia?eeaineei yeiiiienoii, i?ioanni?ii
*eeaaneiai oieaa?neoaoa I. O?eaeiaiii, i?eaa?aeaioeai eaeae naiaiaeu
?uiea, i?aaeeaaaao ia?aie/eoue ?ieue ainoaea?noaa oieueei oie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, eioi?oth e?iia iaai ieeoi ia iiaeao inouanoaeoue:
?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaa a ia?auaiee. Aeaeaaony oaeaea e noaaea ia nieaeaiea
iaeiaia. A oi aea a?aiy ii oai?ee iiiaoa?ecia iaeiei ec iniiaiuo
n?aaenoa ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee yaeyaony eciaiaiea aeaiaaeiie iannu e
i?ioeaioiuo aaieianeeo noaaie. Oae eae ainoaea?noai n eaaeaeui aiaeii
oaaee/eaaao naie ?anoiaeu, aeaeouea aeiiieieoaeueiue ?ino eioeyoeee, aai
iaeuecy aeiioneaoue e nicaeaieth aiaaonoaa iauanoaa, ?aaoee?iaaieth
iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa, caiyoinoe e oeai. Iaeiaei iii iiaeao iiii/ue a
?aaoee?iaaiee aeaiaaeiie iannu ecuya eeoiaa eiee/anoai aeaiaa ec
ia?auaiey, anee ia n iiiiuueth caeiia, oae n iiiiuueth iaeiaia Ni.:
A?aoieia I. Nia?aiaiiua yeiiiie/aneea oai?ee ao?aeoaciua
eiioeaioeee/Nie?. ia?. n aiae. I.: Yeiiiieea, 1987. N.81. Oaeei
ia?acii, ni/aoaiea nieaeaiey iaeiaia n iaieioee?iaaieai aeaiaaeiie iannu
e i?ioeaioiie noaaeie iicaieyao nicaeaoue noaaeeueiinoue
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaoaiecia ia oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiiai, ii e /anoiiai
i?aaei?eyoey. I?iaiaey a aeeciue ?aeanoeoth? iieeoeeo ?aaoee?iaaiey
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey n oeaeueth oie/oiaeaiey eioeyoeee, aiaeeeneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ia aeiaeeinue oniaoa, iineieueeo ia o/ei ae?oaeo
oaeoi?ia, aeeythueo ia eioeyoeeth, e?iia aeaiaaeiie iannu. Ana
i?iaiaeeiua ia?ii?eyoey ia cao?aaeaaee iieeoeee a iaeanoe aeioiaeia,
iineieueeo auea aaeeea aa?a a naiaiaeiue ?uiie Ni.: A?aoieia I.
Nia?aiaiiua yeiiiie/aneea oai?ee ao?aeoaciua eiioeaioeee. N.113,159.

Iniiaiay eaeay iaieeanne/aneeo oai?ee caeeth/aaony a iieneao iaoiaeia
nieaeaiey eioeyoeee e i?aaeinoaaeaiee aieueoiai eiee/anoaa iaeiaiauo
eueaio ei?ii?aoeeyi e oie /anoe ianaeaiey, eioi?ay oi?ie?oao
iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in ia ?uiea. Ianiio?y ia iiioey?iinoue e
i?aeoe/aneia eniieueciaaiea i?eaiia iaieeanne/aneiai iai?aaeaiey, iieiie
caiaiu eaeineaineeo iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee ia i?iecioei. A
?acaeoee eaeineaineie oai?ee oiaea iiyaeeenue iiaua oa/aiey, noae
aicieeaoue aa neioac n iaeioi?uie iai?aaeaieyie iaieeanne/aneie oai?ee.

A iaieaeineaeneie oai?ee cia/eoaeueiia ianoi ioaaaeaii iaeiaiaui
i?iaeaiai. Oae, aiaeeeneea yeiiiienou E. Oeoa? e I. Eaeaei? n/eoaee
iaiaoiaeeiui ?acaeaeaiea iauaeoia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ii ioiioaieth e
iio?aaeaieth, iaeaaay a aeaiiii neo/aa eiia/ioth noieiinoue
iio?aaeyaiiai i?iaeoeoa, e naa?aaeaieth, ia?aie/eaaynue eeoue noaaeie
i?ioeaioa ii aeeaaeo. Ionthaea aicieeea eaeay iaeiaa ia iio?aaeaiea,
eioi?ay yaeyeanue iaeiia?aiaiii iaoiaeii iiiu?aiey naa?aaeaiee e
n?aaenoaii aeey ai?ueau n eioeyoeeae. Aeaiueae, i?aaeiacia/aiiua ?aiaa
ia iieoieo iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia, iiaee oaia?ue auoue iai?aaeaiu eeai
a eiaanoeoeee, eeai a naa?aaeaiey, eioi?ua i?aa?aoeeenue au a
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey n iiiiuueth oie aea naiie athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee
?ecuyoey eceeoieo naa?aaeaiee? Oaaeinia A.I. Nia?aiaiiue eaieoaeeci e
iaeiae. - n.120. Aeieain?i/iua naa?aaeaiey oaea naie ii naaa neoaeao
oaeoi?ii aoaeouaai yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.

Ii ai a?aiy niaaea i?iecaiaenoaa ?anoiaeu ia ?uiea iio?aaeaiey
nie?auathony iaaeeaiiaa, /ai nieaeathony aeioiaeu, aucuaay oai naiui
aaeeioaaeiue ni?in, iiyoiio iinooieaiey io iaeiaa ia iio?aaeaiea
yaeythony aeinoaoi/ii aunieeie, /ai i?e iaeiaeaiee iiaeioiaeiui iaeiaii.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaeiaiaay nenoaia ia niiaeao ea?aoue ?ieue ?ano?iaiiiai
noaaeeecaoi?a?.

Iaeiaei I. Eaeaei? n/eoae, /oi iaeia ia iio?aaeaiea, aaaaeaiiue ii
i?ia?anneaiui noaaeai n i?eiaiaieai eueaio e neeaeie aeey ioaeaeueiuo
aeaeia oiaa?ia (iai?eia?, ia i?aaeiaou iianaaeiaaiiai iieueciaaiey),
aieaa ni?aaaaeeea, /ai oeene?iaaiiue iaeia n i?iaeaae, aeey ethaeae n
ieceeie aeioiaeaie. E?iia oiai, i?e n?aaiaiee n iiaeioiaeiui iaeiaii
yoio iaeia ia iaeaaaao naa?aaeaiey, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aoaeouaai
eiaanoe?iaaiey, noeioee?oao eo ?ino.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia nouanoaoao eaeie-eeai iaeiie enoeiii aa?iie oai?ee
yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Ai iiiaeo ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao.
i?aaeoaeuenoaa eioi?uo i?eiaiytho iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey ia i?aeoee
nouanoaoao acaeiiaeaenoaea o?ao iniiaiuo eiioeaioeee: eaeineainoai n
?acee/iuie aa?eaoeeyie, oai?ey yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey e iiiaoa?eci. E
oioy iaieeanne/aneea oa/aiey /aua eniieuecothony a ea/anoaa
oai?aoe/aneie iniiau aeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, o/aiua oaea
ia ioaeaeytho yoe iaoiaeu io eaeineaineeo, ana aieueoa iaia?oaeeaay a
naieo ?aaioao eo acaeiii?iieeiiaaiea.

Ecaanoiue yeiiiieno I. Naioyeuenii a naiae ?aaioa ?Yeiiiieea? ioia/aao
ii?aaeaeaiioth ?anoi/eoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaa, i?aaeeaaay eiie?aoiua
iooe iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe aai aeayoaeueiinoe, a eioi?uo ia iineaaeiaa
ianoi caieiatho iaeiae Ni.: Naioyeuenii I. Yeiiiieea. I.: IAI ?AEAII?
AIEENE, 1992. - O. 1. N. 159, 165.. A oi aea a?aiy, yaeyynue
i?eaa?aeaioeai i?ia?anneaiinoe a iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee, ii aiai?eo i
i?eioeeiao ?auaiaeu e iiaea?oaiaaiey? a iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee e n/eoaao, /oi
?no?oeoo?a iaeiaia aeieaeia auoue oaeie, /oiau n aa iiiiuueth aeioiaeu,
ii?aaeaeyaiua iaoaieciii ?uiea, niioaaonoaothuei ia?acii
ia?a?ani?aaeaeyeenue a eioa?anao iauanoaa? Naioyeuenii I. Yeiiiieea. N.
166.. Eeanne/aneea e eaeineaineea acaeyaeu I. Naioyeueniia oanii
ia?aieaoathony, /oi ia iaoaao aio, iaeiaei, iaiauea iaeiieaiiue
oai?aoe/aneee iiuo, aeaoue naie ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ioiineoaeueii aaaeaiey
ainoaea?noaii oeneaeueiie iieeoeee. Enneaaeoy naienoaa ?aciuo eiie?aoiuo
iaeiaia ii i?eioeeiai iaeiaeaiey (?aaiia, i?iii?oeeiiaeueiia,
i?ia?anneaiia), I. Naioyeuenii oeacuaaao ia eo aiciiaeiua ?aa?anneaiua
?acoeueoaou a eiie?aoiuo neo/ayo, eiaiii yoi iiaeao iiaea/ue ineaaeaiea
iiaoaeeoaeueiuo iioeaia a aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, ?nieceoue
yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia iauanoaa? Naioyeuenii I.
Yeiiiieea. N. 167. Ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea a iaeanoe iaeiaia aeieaeia
auoue i?iaeoiaiiie e acaaoaiiie, ?aoaaiie n iiiiuueth n?aaenoa e i?eaiia
nia?aiaiiiai yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca. Iaeuecy oaeaea caauaaoue e i
ii?i/iinoe aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, a oaeaea io?eoeaoaeueiii
aeaenoaee ?ia?aeiaeaiey iaeiaia? Naioyeuenii I. Yeiiiieea. N. 176..
Iineieueeo iaeiaiaay nenoaia yaeyaony /anoueth iauae yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaiu, einaaiii, a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iai?yioth ieacuaay aicaeaenoaea
ia oeaiu e ae?oaea yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee, oi aicaeaenoaea iaeiaia
iaiaoiaeeii ioeaieaaoue n oi/ee c?aiey aai i?ia?anneaiinoe.

Ca?oaaaeiua enneaaeiaaiey a iaeanoe iaeiaia, eae iu aeaeei, ioee/athony
eiie?aoiui, i?eeeaaeiui oa?aeoa?ii, iineieueeo oai?aoe/aneea iieiaeaiey,
?ac?aaaouaaaiua eie, o?aaeeoeeiiii aunooiatho iniiaie oeneaeueiie
iieeoeee oeiainiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yoeo ainoaea?noa. Oai?aoe/aneea
nii?u aaeenue ia noieueei ii aii?ino i nouiinoe iaeiaia eae
yeiiiie/aneay eaoaai?ey, n iauaeoeaiui nouanoaiaaieai e
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth eioi?ie ana auee niaeaniu, neieueei ia eo ?iee a
yeiiiieea.

A ?innee aieueoay iieaieea ii aii?inai oai?ee iaeiaia aaeanue aei
?aaiethoeee e a iniiaiii cao?aaeaaea i?iaeaio nouiinoe iaeiaia, eo oi?i,
aeaeia, auiieiyaiuo eie ooieoeee. Oaeeo o/aiuo-yeiiiienoia, eae A.
O?eaon, I. Oo?aaiaa, E. Ica?ia, A. Enaaa, A. Nieieia, A. Oaa?aeioeaaia,
o?oaeu eioi?uo yaeythony iaioeaieiui aeeaaeii a oai?eth iaeiaia, ii
i?aao iiaeii ioianoe e eeanneeai ioa/anoaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie iaoee.
Iaeiaei iinea ?aaiethoeee iauai?eciaiiay oai?ey iaeiaia aaeaeo
iieeoe/aneeo i?e/ei auea iiaeaa?aiooa oaeiio eneaaeaieth, /oi
aiineaaenoaee ioa?ineei ?acaeoea iaoee a yoii iai?aaeaiee ia iiiai eao
iacaae. E oieueei iaaeaaii noaee aic?iaeaeaoueny aeeneonnee i iino?iaiee
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. Iie eaeoo ii ?aciui iai?aaeaieyi: eco/aiea
yeiiiie/aneiai ianeaaeey i iaeiaao, ianoa e ?iee iaeiaia a
ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiieee, acaeiiaeaenoaey iaeiaia n
ae?oaeie oeiainiauie ?u/aaaie, yeiiiieei-iaoaiaoe/aneia iiaeaee?iaaiea
iaeiaiauo nenoai.

Oae, aica?auaynue e ?aoaieth i?iaeai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey yeiiiieee, a?oiia
o/aiuo-yenia?oia iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A. O?ieiaa auaeaeioea naith
eiioeaioeeth iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Iaaei neacaoue, /oi i?aaeiinueeie aa
?iaeaeaiey iineoaeeee ?inneeneia iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e aai
oyaeaeay aaeaioaoeey e iiaui yeiiiie/aneei oneiaeyi. I?aneaaeoy oeaeue
oioue eae-ieaoaeue eciaieoue aioo?aiiea yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeai?a/ey,
ii?iaeaeaaiua ianiaa?oaiiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiie, A. O?ieia i?aaeeiaeee
naie eiioeaiooaeueii e i?aeoe/anee iainiiaaiiua eaeae. Noi?iiiee
iaieeanne/aneeo iaoiaeia, n?aaieaay, iaeiaei, neooaoeeth a ?innee ia/aea
90-o aiaeia n aaeeeie aeai?anneae a 19291931 aa., ii i?aaeeaaaao ia
neaii i?eiaiyoue ?caaiiua ?aoeaiou?, a o/anoue niaoeeoeeo oicyenoaaiiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae. A. O?ieia n/eoaao, /oi ?ei?ie eioeyoeee e?ithony
ia a ceiiaia?aiiii acaeoaaiee oeai e iieo/aiee ?naa?oi?eauee?... a a
eneaaeaiiie no?oeoo?a yeiiiie/aneeo i?iii?oeee? Eaeie auoue iaeiaiaie
?aoi?ia a ?innee/Iiae ?aae. A. I. O?ieiaa. - Aeaoa?eiao?a:

Annioeeaoeey ?Iaeiae ?innee?, 1993. N. 114.. Aicieeaao ia?aaeien:
ainoaea?noai iiaeaea?aeeaaao i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoiaeyueany ia a?aie
aaie?ionoaa, /oiau ia i?iecioei yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai e?aoa,
e?aaeeoaie, ?acee/iiai ?iaea eueaioaie, nienaieai aeieaia e o.i.,
ia?ooay oicyenoaaiiua nayce, nicaeaaay nenoaio aaieianeiai eiio?iey ca
ieaoaaeaie, a aianoa n ieie aaco aeey eioeyoeee, iiiiiieeci. Ia
auiieiaiea caaea/e ii iiaeuaio i?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u aeieaeiu auoue
iano?iaiu ana yeiiiie/aneea iaoaieciu, a oii /enea e iaeiaiaay nenoaia
eae ?aaoeyoi? yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia.

Aeaiiay eiioeaioeey ia?aeeeeaaony n iinooeaoaie oai?ee ?yeiiiieee
i?aaeeiaeaiey?, eniieuecoy iaeiaiaue iaoaieci ii aiaeiaee n ecaanoiui
iaoaieciii ?aaoee?iaaiey iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia, iniiaaiiuo ia
oi?aaeaiee o?iaiae o/aoiie noaaee. Oi?aaeyy oaeei aea ia?acii iaeiaii ia
iio?aaeaiea, aiciiaeii iia?aoeaiia niyoea eceeoeia oiaa?iuo iann n ?uiea
e eo i?eaea/aiea. A. O?ieia ia iiaeaea?aeeaaao e o?aaeeoeeiiioth
eeanneoeeaoeeth iaeiaia, niaeanii eioi?ie iie aeaeyony ia i?yiua
(auiea/eaaao i?iecaiaeeoaeue) e einaaiiua (i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii
iiea/eaaaiua iio?aaeoaeai). Ii aai iiaieth, oaeay eeanneoeeaoeey oi?ioa
oieueei ia ?aiieo noaaeeyo ?acaeoey oai?ee iaeiaia. Iiyoiio ii
i?aaeeaaaao naie i?eioeei eeanneoeeaoeee, ?eioi?ue iicaieyao ioeaieoue
aeeyiea eaaeaeiai iaeiaa ia iioeau yeiiiie/aneiai iiaaaeaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaey? Eaeie auoue iaeiaiaie ?aoi?ia a ?innee. N. 129.. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey aaoi? eiioeaioeee iiae?acaeaeyao iaeiae ia oeene?iaaiiua,
o.a. iai?yioth ia caaenyuea io o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa (eiouanoaaiiua
iaeiae, iaeiae ia ioaeaeueiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe), e
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua, aieaa iiaeeueii e ieioii eiio?iee?othuea
yeiiiie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue (iaeiae n aeioiaeia, aeoeecu) Eaeie auoue
iaeiaiaie ?aoi?ia a ?innee. N. 130 133.. Oai?ey iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony
ninoaaeaiiuie yeiiiieei-iaoaiaoe/aneeie iiaeaeyie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a
?acee/iuo yeiiiie/aneeo neooaoeeyo n i?aaeiieaaaaiuie ?acoeueoaoaie.

Eoae, yeiiiienou-enneaaeiaaoaee ana /aua ia?auathony e i?eeeaaeiui
iaoeai, oaeaeyy aieiaiea iaeiaai a naieo oai?aoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaieyo
eae ?aaoeyoi?o yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iineieueeo oai?ey iaeiaia oaea
aeieacaea eo iauaeoeaiinoue, oi iaiaoiaeeii naeaeaoue oae, /oiau
iaeneiaeueii eniieueciaaoue ana ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aeiouanoaa iaeiaiaie
nenoaiu a ii?aaeaeaiiue aeey no?aiu ia?eiae.

Enoi?ey yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey aieueoeinoaa no?ai aeaiiino?e?oao
iiiaia?aiiinoue no?oeoo?u e i?ei?eoaoia iaeiaiaie iieeoeee. Iaeiaei yoa
iieeoeea iau/ii i?aneaaeoao oeaee: noeioee?iaaoue eee ia?aie/eaaoue
aeayoaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo noauaeoia, iaania/eaaoue aeioiaeu
athaeaeaoa, iiaeaea?aeeaaoue eioa?anu iauanoaa. Aa?uee?iaaiea iaeiaiauie
eueaioaie, eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeey iicaieytho aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia aeeiaieeo
e no?oeoo?o i?iecaiaenoaa, eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee e caiyoinoe,
niioaaonoaothuaa ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia.

I?iaaaeaiiua a 80-a aiaeu yeiiiie/aneea ?aoi?iu a NOA
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee i nayce iaeiieaiiuo oai?aoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee e
i?aeoe/aneeo iaaueia yeiiiienoia. Eioa?anii auei au ioiaoeoue i?eioeeiu
iino?iaiey nia?aiaiiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, caeiaeaiiua a iniiao aa
?aoi?iu:

· ni?aaaaeeeainoue ii aa?oeeaee (eiaaea iaeia niioaaonoaoao
iaoa?eaeueiui aiciiaeiinoyi iaeiaiieaoaeueueea);

· ni?aaaaeeeainoue ii ai?eciioaee (i?eiaiaiea aaeeiie iaeiaiaie noaaee
aeey iaeieo e oao aea aeioiaeia);

· yooaeoeaiinoue (aiciiaeiinoe e yeiiiie/aneiio ?inoo e ?acaeoeth
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa);

· iaeo?aeueiinoue (ia caaeneo io noa? eiaanoeoeeiiiiai aeiaeaiey);

· i?inoioa (a iiaen/aoa, aeinooiiinoe e iiieiaiee) Ni.: Iaeneiiaa E. A.
Iaeiaiaua ?aoi?iu a NOA a 80-a aiaeu: oeaee e eoiae. EIYII, 1990.N.
104..

Iaeiaei aeey yooaeoeaiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ia anaaaea
aeinoaoi/ii oieueei ciaiea i?eioeeiia aa iino?iaiey, nouiinoe iaeiaia,
eo aeaeia e oi?i. Iiyoiio nia?aiaiiua iaeiaiaua oai?ee no?iyo naie
enneaaeiaaiey ia ?aoaiee aii?inia aiaeeca eiie?aoiie aeaenoaothuae
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, auyaeaiee aa iiceoeaiuo e iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee e
ei??aeoe?iaee aa ninoaaeythueo, inouanoaeyy iiene iioeiaeueiuo a?aieoe
aeaenoaee iaeiaia (/oi iaie oaea auei ?anniio?aii). Yoe oai?ee
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue
eaeea-eeai a?aieoeu, ii iiaeii i?ineaaeeoue oaiaeaioeeth acaeiinayce
iaaeaeo ?acaeoeai yeiiiieee, aeieae iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a athaeaeao e
no?oeoo?ie iaeiaia, /oi iiiiaaao ecaaaeaoue iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee
aeaenoaey iaeiaia eeai eo naeaaeeoue a ii?aaeaeaiiie yeiiiie/aneie
neooaoeee.

Oai?aoe/aneei iaoiaeai e n?aaenoaai, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaatho o/aiua
?acee/iuo yeiiiie/aneeo iai?aaeaiee, eniieuecoaiui a iae?iyeiiiie/aneii
oi?aaeaiee, iaiaoiaeeia niaeaniaaiiinoue e iai?aaeaiiinoue aeey ?aoaiey
iaeaieaa aaaeiuo caaea/ a ?acaeoee iauanoaa. Eiuie neiaaie, aeieaeai
auoue ouaoaeueii i?iaeoiai e nei??aeoe?iaai iaai? yeiiiie/aneeo
?aaoeyoi?ia aeey oniaoiiai aeinoeaeaiey aeaeaaiiai ?acoeueoaoa.

Aeaaa 3. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee



3.1. No?oeoo?a aeaenoaothuae iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a ?innee. Ethnia A.I.
Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee. Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea aaieia. I.: O/aaiue oeaio?
Aaieoeaio?, 1994



Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?O i?aaenoaaeaia niaieoiiinoueth iaeiaia, nai?ia,
iioeei e ae?. ieaoaaeae, aceiaaiuo a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea n
ieaoaeueueeia - th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe a ainoaea?noaa, a oaeaea
i?eioeeiia, oi?i e iaoiaeia onoaiiaeaiey, eciaiaiey, ioiaiu, oieaou,
aceiaiey, eiio?iey.

· Iauaeo iaeiaa - yoi aeioiaeu, noieiinoue ioaeaeueiuo oiaa?ia,
ioaeaeueiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie,
iieueciaaiea oeaiiuie ?ano?naie, eiouanoai th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo
eeoe e ae?oaea iauaeou, onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie.

· Noauaeo iaeiaa - yoi iaeiaiieaoaeueuee, oi anoue oece/aneia eee
th?eaee/aneia eeoei.

· Enoi/iee iaeiaa - aeioiae ec eioi?iai auiea/eaaaony iaeia.

· Noaaea iaeiaa - aaee/eia iaeiaa n aaeeieoeu iauaeoa iaeiaa.

· Iaeiaiaay eueaioa - iieiia eee /anoe/iia inaiaiaeaeaiea ieaoaeueueea
io iaeiaa.

Aeaenoaothuay iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee ioaeaeaaony a na?ueaciii
?aoi?ie?iaaiee. Iino?iaiea ni?aaaaeeeaie e yooaeoeaiie iaeiaiaie
nenoaiu, iaania/aiea aa yniinoe, i?aaeneacoaiinoe e noaaeeueiinoe
yaeyaony aaaeiui oneiaeai iiauoaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie e
eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeoeaiinoe.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee oaea niaea?aeeo ?yae iaoiaeia
e n?aaenoa, yaeythueony i?eaieaiie oi?iie ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey n?aaenoa a
oneiaeyo ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee.

Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aace?oaony ia niioaaonoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao
ainoaea?noaa, eioi?uie onoaiaaeeaathony eiie?aoiua iaoiaeu iino?iaiey
aceiaiey iaeiaia, o.a. ii?aaeaeythony yeaiaiou iaeiaa.

Aiiaua oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie iiaie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ?innee noaiiaeony
iiyaeaiea aieueoie a?oiiu ianoiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia. Ianoiua i?aaiu
niaeanii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao iiaoo aaiaeeoue 21 aeae iaeiaia, ec eioi?uo
3 yaeythony iauaiaycaoaeueiuie. Yoi caiaeueiue iaeia, ?aaeno?aoeeiiiue
nai? n oece/aneeo eeoe, caieiathueony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, e iaeia ia eiouanoai a?aaeaeai. Inoaeueiua 18
onoaiaaeeaathony (eee ia onoaiaaeeaathony) ii ?aoaieth ianoiuo i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey. Ii aieueoeinoao ianoiuo iaeiaia i?aaeaeueiay noaaea
ia?aie/aia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O.

Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee noaea oi?ie?iaaoueny a aa nia?aiaiiii aeaea n
1991 aiaea a ?acoeueoaoa i?eiyoey Caeiia ? Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu
?O?. I?eiyoeai yoiai caeiia oioaee iieiaeeoue a iniiao iino?iaiey
?inneeneie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu aeaa iniiaiuo i?eioeeia:

1. ioaao iaeiaaie anao oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia.

2. iaeiie?aoiinoue iaeiaeaiey iaeiiai aeaea aeioiaea iaeiei e oai aea
iaeiaii ca iaeei e oio aea ia?eiae a?aiaie

Ia?aue i?eioeei ?aaeecoaony iin?aaenoaii iaycaoaeueiie ?aaeno?aoeee
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee. A aoi?ie i?eioeei
inouanoaeyaony oaeei iino?iaieai nenoaiu iaeiaia, eioi?ay iicaieyao
ecaaaeaoue aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Ii, e niaeaeaieth, ia i?aeoeea
yeaiaiou aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey iaaethaeathony e a ne?uoie e a yaiie
oi?ia.

Anee neacaoue a oeaeii i ?acaeoee nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a ?innee, oi
iiaeii oeacaoue ia neaaeothuea naienoaa, eioi?ua ae i?enoue:

1) iaee/ea ieieiaeueiie noiiu aeioiaea.

2) iaee/ea e aaee/eia i?aaeaeueiie, naiie aunieie noaaee iaeiaa,
aceiaaiiai n aeinoaoi/ii aieueoeo aeioiaeia.

3) iaeiaiaia eueaiou e inaiaiaeaeaiea io iaeiaa ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaoaai?ee
a?aaeaeai e aeaeia aeioiaeia.

4) eciaiaiea aaee/eiu iaeiaa a caaeneiinoe io aaee/eiu aeioiaea.

5) naaaeaiea ?acee/iuo aeaeia aeioiaea iaeiiai a?aaeaeaieia a aaeeiue
iauee aeioiae.

6) i?aaiecaoeey o/aoa e eiio?iey aeioiaeia, aceiaiey iaeiaia.

7) naieoeee ca nie?uoea aeioiaeia e iaoieaou iaeiaia.

Ioaeaeueiua ec yoeo naienoa a oie eee eiie noaiaie i?enoue
?acaeaathuaeny nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a ?innee. Caeiiii ?Ia iniiaao
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ?O? aaaaeaia o?aoo?iaiaaay nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e oece/aneeo eeoe.

Ia?aue o?iaaiue - yoi oaaea?aeueiua iaeiae ?innee.

Aoi?ie o?iaaiue - iaeiae ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?O e iaeiae e?aaa,
iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe, aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaia.

O?aoee o?iaaiue - ianoiua iaeiae. Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua i?aaiu ai?iaeia Iineau e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa eiatho
iieiiii/ey ia onoaiiaeaiea eae ?aaeiiaeueiuo, oae e ianoiuo iaeiaia.

O?aoo?iaiaaay nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeaao aiciiaeiinoue eaaeaeiio
i?aaio oi?aaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueii oi?ie?iaaoue aeioiaeioth /anoue
athaeaeaoa, enoiaey ec nianoaaiiuo iaeiaia, caeiia e ae?.

Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee i?aeoe/anee nicaeaaony caiiai, iioiio /oi aua
ianiaa?oaiia, ioaeaeaaony a oeo/oaiee e a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy ia iiaeao
auoue noaaeeueiie. Iaeiae iaiythony e aoaeoo iaiyoueny aeaaea a oneiaeyo
noaaeeecaoeee iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, oae eae iaeiae -yoi aeaeee eino?oiaio
aicaeaenoaey ia iaoiaeyuothny a iinoiyiiii aeaeaeaiee yeiiiieeo.
Naaiaeiy o?aaoaony ia i?inoia eciaiaiea iaeiaiauo noaaie, a
ea?aeeiaeueiay iaeiaiaay ?aoi?ia, noeioee?othuay aeayoaeueiinoue
i?iecaiaeeoaey.

Aeaaiui niauoeai ooiaeyuaai e iuiaoiaai aiaea a eiioaenoa eciaiaiee
iaoeeiiaeueiiai iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa noaei aaaaeaiea a
aeaenoaea a iniiaiii n 1 yiaa?y 1999 aiaea /anoe ia?aie Iaeiaiaiai
eiaeaena ?O. Ianiio?y ia oi /oi /anoue ia?aay ?anniao?eaaao a iniiaiii
iauea i?ioeaaeo?iua aii?inu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, n aa i?eiyoeai
iaeiaiieaoaeueueee iieo/eee oeaeue ?yae na?ueaciuo eueaio e iineaaeaiee,
aeeth/ay iaaeaaeiua aa?aioee noaaeeueiinoe (iaeciaiiinoe) iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e cia/eoaeueii aieueooth noaiaiue caueuaiiinoe naieo
i?aa ai acaeiiioiioaieyo n caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie e eniieieoaeueiuie,
i?aaiaie ?O.

N 1 yiaa?y 1999 aiaea ia/aee i?eiaiyoueny 4 iiauo niaeaoaiey ia
ecaaaeaiee aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, caeeth/aiiuo ?O n ae?.
ainoaea?noaaie. Iaeiaiaue eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (/anoue
ia?aay). - I.: Ecae. YEIIN. - 1999 aiae

E?eoe/aneay neooaoeey, neiaeeaoayny a ?innee a 1998 aiaeo, i?eaaea e
i?aeoe/aneie inoaiiaea iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae. Eo?n yeiiiieee: o/aaiee/Iiae
?aae. A.A. ?acaa?aa. - EIO?A - I, 1997 aiae. - 720 n.

A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aae ?inneeneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii noieo o?eaaeeiay
caaea/a ii ainnoaiiaeaieth ?aaioiniiniaiinoe iaeiaiaie nenoaiu,
auyaeaoeony a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ca iineaaeiea aiaeu, e
iino?iaieth aeinoaoi/ii noaaeeueiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ia n?aaeian?i/ioth
ia?niaeoeao. ?aoaoue ana iacaaiiua caaea/e ioaeii iaeiia?aiaiii.

I?e auai?a eiie?aoiuo ia? ii ?aoaieth yoeo caaea/ e?eoe/anee aaaeii
ioaaoeoue ia aii?inu i i?e/eiao, aucaaaoeo e?ao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu,
aioiaiinoe yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu iiceoeaii ?aaae?iaaoue ia iaeiaiaua
iiaiaaaaeaiey, i noaiaie nii?yaeaiiinoe iaeiaiaie iieeoeee n ae?oaeie
ninoaaeythueie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee.

E?aoeea auaiaeu ec aiaeeca aeaenoaothuae iaeiaiaie nenoaiu e aa aeeyiea
ia aeeiaieeo yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia. Ca ianeieueei iineaaeieo eao
aue?enoaeeece?iaaeenue neaaeothuea iniiaiua aeeni?iii?oeee iaaeaeo
aeioiaeaie yeiiiieee e iaeiaiauie iinooieaieyie.

Ai-ia?auo, iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee ieacuaaaony yaii iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiiai eniieiaiey oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa e onoie/eaiai
oeiaine?iaaiey athaeaeaoia ieaeiaai o?iaiy.

Ai-aoi?uo, o?iaaiue iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie ?aaeueiiai naeoi?a yeiiiieee ia
iicaieyao oeiaine?iaaoue aeaaea i?inoia i?iecaiaenoai.

A-o?aoueeo, cia/eoaeueiay /anoue yeiiiieee (oaiaaie naeoi?, noa?a
ia?auaiey e oeiainiaue naeoi?) oaeoe/anee auaaaeaiu ec-iiae
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

A-/aoaa?ouo, iauay aaee/eia iaaeieiie e iaoiea/aiiuo naieoeee i?aauneea
ana iuneeiua i?aaeaeu.

Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee iieacuaaao, /oi aeiey
iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae io?aneae noa?u i?iecaiaenoaa (i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
naeueneia oicyenoai e o?ainii?o) a oaaea?aeueiii athaeaeaoa
i?eaeeceoaeueii a 1,5 ?aca i?aauoaao aeieth oiaa?ia a i?iecaaaeaiiii
AAI. Anoanoaaiii, iiaeaea?aeaiea oaeie iaa?ocee iaiineeueii aeey
?inneeneiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai naeoi?a.

?aoaiea i?iaeaiu iaeiaiauo iaaeieiie ia?ac?uaii naycaii n ?aoaieai iauae
i?iaeaiu iaieaoaaeae e aieaa anaai n iaycaiiinoueth eniieiaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia yeiiiie/aneeie noauaeoaie.

Neiaeeaoayny neooaoeey a /anoiinoe iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee o?aaoao
?aaeeeaeueiuo ia? i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a n oeaeueth iiaeaioiaee
naaeaine?iaaiiiai i?iaeoa athaeaeaoa ia 1999 aiae. Yoe ia?u
i?aaeiieaaatho nieaeaiea iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie aeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae,
eeeaeaeaoeeth oi?iaeueiuo e iaoi?iaeueiuo eueaio aeey oeiainiaiai
naeoi?a e noa?u ia?auaiey, ?aoeoaeueiua naieoeee i?ioea oaiaaiai
iai?ioa.

Ia?u ii nieaeaieth iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie aeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae,
oii?yaei/aieth iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee e ?anoiaeia ainoaea?noaa. Yeiiiieea
: o/aaiee/Iiae ?aae. aeioe. A.N. Aoeaoiaa. 2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. -
I.: Ecae. AAE, 1997 aiae - 816 n

a) N?i/iia oi?i/iaiea iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae aeey iaeeeo e n?aaeieo
i?aaei?eyoee n oeaeueth eiaoue aeey iaeeeo i?aaei?eyoee iaeneioi 2
ieaoaaea - nioeeaeueiue iaeia e ieaoo ca eeoeaiceth (iaoaio), a n?aaeieo
i?aaei?eyoee - o?e (aua IAeN).

b) Aaaaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaeiaa e aaniiiai ia yeeoiua aaoiiiaeee
e iaaeaeaeeiinoue.

c) Na?ueaciia nieaeaiea iaeiaiaie iaa?ocee aeey eni?aaii ieaoyueo
iaeiae i?aaei?eyoee e aiciiaeiinoue aeey anao inoaeueiuo ia?aeoe a
eaoaai?eth iiieaeaiiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey iinea iiaaoaiey iaaeieiee.

d) Iaiaaeeaiiue ia?aaiae anae athaeaeaoiie noa?u ia niaoioth nenoaio
oeiaine?iaaiey, n aaaaeaieai ooaoiiai ?anienaiey, ii?i ?anoiaeia e o.ae.
Naiaiaea iaiaa?a aeey aee?aeoi?ia - oieueei ca n/ao n?aaenoa, eioi?ua
naie ca?aaioaee, ieeaeie naiaiaeu ca n/ao athaeaeaoa.

e) I?aaeoaeuenoai aeieaeii aeeeoiaaoue oeaio oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeth, a
ia oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeue - i?aaeoaeuenoao. Ii i?aaeoaeuenoai ?aaeueii e
naiaa?aiaiii ?aniea/eaaaony ca naie caeac.

f) Iieiue ia?aaiae athaeaeaoiuo aeaiaa a eacia/aenoai iiae oi?aaeaiea
no?oeoo? OeI, eae ii aeioiaeai, oae e ii ?anoiaeai.

g) I?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ia oaaae e
aeeiaieue.

Iaeiaiaay nenoaia, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iinoiyiii iaania/eaaao iaiaoiaeeiue
?acia? aeioiaeia aeey ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nioeeaeecaoeeth
i?eaioe?iaaiiiai, oaaea?aeueiiai ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa, n ae?oaie
noi?iiu - inoaaeyoue iaeiaiieaoaeueueeai aeinoaoi/iua oeiainiaua
?ano?nu.

Iniaia aieiaiea iu au oioaee oaeaeeoue oai iniiaiui o?aaiaaieyi,
eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu aeey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a ianoiyuaa a?aiy:

A) noaaee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeieaeiu auoue aaeeiuie aeey anao
i?aaei?eyoee, iacaaeneii io oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe e iacaaeneii io aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe.

A) nenoaia iaeiaia aeieaeia auoue eiiieaeniie, o.a. iie?aoueny ia
?acee/iua niiniau iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?e oiaeii eo ni/aoaiee.

A) ni/aoaiea noaaeeueiinoe e aeaeinoe iaeiaiaie nenoaiu aeieaeiu
iaania/eoue naiaa?aiaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu
o/anoieeia iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

A) ?aaiua aeioiaeu i?e ?aaiuo oneiaeyo eo iieo/aiey aeieaeiu
iaeaaaoueny iaeeiaeiaui ii aaee/eia iaeiaii; n ?aaiuo aeioiaeia i?e
?aciuo oneiaeyo eo iieo/aiey aeioiaea aceiathony ?aciua iaeiae.

Ae) aaeeiay iaeiaiaay noaaea aeieaeia aeiiieiyoueny nenoaiie iaeiaiauo
eueaio, iinyueo oeaeaaie oa?aeoa?. Aeaenoaea eueaio aeieaeii ianooiaoue
aaoiiaoe/anee i?e auiieiaiee oneiaee, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii.

Aeey nia?aiaiiie ?innee iniaia cia/aiea eiaao ia?aaioea i?eioeeiia
iino?iaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu i?eiaieoaeueii e iniaaiiinoyi ?acaeoey
ainoaea?noaa oaaea?aeueiiai oeia.

Iniiaiua iaaeinoaoee no?oeoo?u iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a no?aia iaoneiaeaiu aa
iai?eniiniaeaiiinoueth e nia?aiaiiui oneiaeyi. Niaoeeoeea ia?aoiaea
yeiiiieee e ?uieo e ?aoaiea i?iaeai acaeiiioiioaiee oaaea?aeueiiai
oeaio?a e ?aaeiiia ii?aaeaeytho e iniaaiiinoe ninoaaa e no?oeoo?u
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

Nia?aiaiiay nenoaia iaeiaia ?innee niaea?aeeo ianeieueei yeiiiie/aneeo
iaiainiiaaiiuo iaeiaiauo oi?i. Yoi iaeiae n au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee
i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa), iaeia ia aini?iecaiaenoai
ieia?aeueii-nu?ueaaie aacu e o.ae. A iao/iuo ioaeeeaoeeyo e a cayaeaieyo
?oeiaiaeeoaeae oeiainiauo e iaeiaiauo aaeieieno?aoeee oeacaiiua iaeiae
iacuaathony ia?aoeeiiaeueiuie e a?aaeiuie. Eo i?aaeeaaatho ono?aieoue ec
i?aeoeee i?eiyoeai Iaeiaiaiai eiaeaena.

Nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeieaeia iie?aoueny ia aeinoeaeaiey iaoee e
iiuo ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai, no?ieoueny ia noiaeiuo i?eioeeiao a
niioaaonoaothuae neooaoeee. Ii ia yoii a iineaaeiae aeaaa iaoae ?aaiou.



3.2. Iaeiae, aceiaaiua a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee Iaeiae: O/aaiia./Iiae.
?aae. Ae.A. *a?ieea - iiniaea - 2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. I.:
Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1996 aiae. - n. 688



Nouanoaoao ianeieueei aeanyoeia ?aciiaeaeiinoae iaeiaia a caaeneiinoe io
oiai, /oi neoaeeo enoi/ieeii iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, n /aai eee a caaeneiinoe
io /aai aceiathony iaeiae. Ii a yoie iaoe?iie niaieoiiinoe anoue eeoue
ianeieueei aeaaiuo aeaeia iaeiaa, iaania/eaathueo iiaeaaeythuoth /anoue
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao.

?anniio?ei oaia?ue iiae?iaiaa iaeioi?ua aeaeu iaeiaia.

Iiaeioiaeiue iaeia.

Ieaoaeueueeaie iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa yaeythony oece/aneea eeoea
(a?aaeaeaia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee). Iauaeoii iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey o
a?aaeaeai, eiathueo iinoiyiiia ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa a ?O, yaeyaony
niaieoiiue aeioiae, iieo/aiiue a eaeaiaea?iii aiaeo ia oa??eoi?ee ?O. A
ninoaa niaieoiiiai aeioiaea a?aaeaeai oaeaea aeeth/aaony noiia
iaoa?eaeueiuo e nioeeaeueiuo aeaa, i?aaenoaaeyaiuo i?aaei?eyoeyie,
o/?aaeaeaieyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie ia?niiaeueii naiei ?aaioieeai.

A ninoaa niaieoiiiai aeioiaea aeeth/aaony oaeaea noieiinoue eiouanoaa,
?ani?aaeaeaiiiai a iieueco a?aaeaeai i?e eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee. I?e yoii aeiey (?ani?aaeaeaiiay) eiouanoaa aeeth/aaony a
ninoaa niaieoiiiai aeioiaea ii naiaiaeiui (?uii/iui) oeaiai ia aeaoo
?ani?aaeaeaiey.

A naiaiaeiue niaieoiiue aeioiae ia aeeth/athony:

- ainoaea?noaaiiua iiniaey ii nioeeaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth e nioeeaeueiiio
iaania/aieth, e?iia iiniaee ii a?aiaiiie iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe (a oii
/enea ii ooiaeo ca ?aaaieii).

- ana aeaeu iainee, auiea/eaaaiuo a niioaaonoaee n iaineiiiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O.

- noiiu, iieo/aaiua ?aaioieeaie a aiciauaiee oua?aa.

- auoiaeiua iiniaey, auiea/eaaaiua i?e oaieueiaiee, a oaeaea ana aeaeu
aeaiaaeiie eiiiainaoeee.

- eiiiainaoeeiiiue auieaou ?aaioieeai, auiea/eaaaiua ei a i?aaeaeao
ii?i, onoaiiaeaiiuo aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.

E eiiiainaoeeiiiui auieaoai, a /anoiinoe ioiinyony: noiiu a iieaoo
?anoiaeia ii eiiaiaee?iaeai; noiiu aeiieao ca ii?iaoeaiia ia?aaeaeaeaiea
?aaioieeia; aaeeiia?aiaiiua iiniaey, nooi/iua, iieaoa i?iacaea e i?iaica
eiouanoaa i?e ia?aaiaea ?aaioieea ia ?aaioo a ae?. ianoiinoue,
eiiiainaoeey ca eniieueciaaiea eino?oiaioa.

Iaeia ia i?iaeaaee, eee aeoeeciua nai?u. Nia?aiaiiay yeiiiieea.
Iauaaeinooiiue o/aaiue eo?n. ?inoia - ia - Aeiio, Ecae. Oaieen, 1995 a.
- 608 n.



Anee enoiaeeoue ec noaiaie ?aa?anneaiinoe, yoe iaeiae neaaeoao,
iiaeaeoe, iinoaaeoue ia ia?aia ianoi; ioiineoaeueii yoeo iaeiaia
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy aaeenue nii?u. *oi aea eanaaony oaaea?aeueiuo
oeiainia, oi caeanue aue aeinoeaioo eiii?iienn: iauaai iaeiaa ia
i?iaeaaee ia nouanoaoao, ii aeoeeciua nai?u aceiathony i?e i?iaeaaea
neaa?ao, nie?oiuo iaieoeia, einiaoeee, a oaeaea ia iooaoanoaey e o.ae.

Aeoeecu - einaaiiua iaeiae, eioi?ua onoaiaaeeaathony ainoaea?noaii a
i?ioeaioao io ioioneaaiie oeaiu oiaa?ia, ?aaeecoaiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyie-i?iecaiaeeoaeyie. Iie onoaiaaeeaathony, eae i?aaeei, ia
auniei?aioaaaeueiua oiaa?u aeey ecuyoey a aeioiae ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa iieo/aiiie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie naa?oi?eauee.

Ieaoaeueueeaie aeoeecia yaeythony i?iecaiaeyuea e ?aaeecothuea
iiaeaeoeeciua oiaa?u i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee iacaaeneii io oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe e aaaeiinoaaiiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe.

Iauaeoii iaeiaeaiey aeoeecaie yaeythony iai?iou ii ?aaeecaoeee
iiaeaeoeeciuo oiaa?ia nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iaeaaaaiiai iai?ioa i?eieiaaony noieiinoue
?aaeecoaiuo iiaeaeoeeciuo oiaa?ia, en/eneaiiay enoiaeiay ec oeai
?aaeecaoeee aac o/aoa IAeN.

Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?aaeeueiinoue en/eneaiey e naiaa?aiaiiinoue oieaou
aeoeecia a athaeaeao aiceaaaaony ia ieaoaeueueeia.

Iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue - iaeei ec iaeaieaa neiaeiuo aeey
en/eneaiey, oieaou e eiio?iey ni noi?iiu iaeiaiauo i?aaiia. Oai ia iaiaa
ii oniaoii i?eieiaaony a aieueoeinoaa no?ai n ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.

Naaiaeiy IAeN a ?O - iniiaiie einaaiiue iaeia, iinooieaiey eioi?iai
ninoaaeee a 1994 a. aieaa 25% anao iinooieaiee a athaeaeao onooiaee
eeoue iaeiao ia i?eaueue, eioi?ue aeaaae a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio,
ieiei 37% anao iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae.

Aaaaeaiea IAeN a iaoae no?aia niaiaei n ia/aeii i?iaaaeaiey ianooaaiie
yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iie, ia?aoiaeii e naiaiaeiui oeaiai ia aieueoeinoai
oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa.

IAeN i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oi?io ecuyoey a athaeaeao /anoe aeiaaaeaiiie
noieiinoe, nicaeaaaaiie ia anao noaaeeyo i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey.
Aeiaaaeaiiay noieiinoue en/eneyaony eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo noieiinoueth
?aaeeciaaiiuo oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa e noieiinoueth iaoa?eaeueiuo
cao?ao, ioianaiiuo ia ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey. Ionthaea
eiae/anee aeieaeii auei au auoaeaoue, /oi iauaeoii iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey IAeN
neoaeeo yoa aeiaaaeaiiay noieiinoue. Iaeiaei aeaenoaothuaa a ?innee
iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiiaeei eiie iauaeo iaeiaeaiey yoei
iaeiaii. Iauaeoii iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey iacaaiu iai?iou ii ?aaeecaoeee
oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa. I?e yoii i?aaeoniio?aii e iieiaeaiea, /oi
i?aaei?eyoea i?eia?aoaao oiaa? ia noi?iia e caoai ?aaeecoao aai. Yoa
iia?aoeey oaeaea yaeyaony iai?ioii e niioaaonoaaiii iauaeoii
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

Ieaoaeueueeaie iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue yaeythony:

A) i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee, eiathuea niaeanii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ?O
noaoon th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.

A) iieiua oiaa?euanoaa, ?aaeecothuea oiaa?u, ?aaiou e oneoae io naiaai
eiaie.

A) eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua (naiaeiua) /anoiua i?aaei?eyoey, inouanoaeythuea
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth e eioth eiiia?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue.

A) oe?iu, ioaeaeaiey e ae?. iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey, iaoiaeyueany
ia oa??eoi?ee ?O e naiinoiyoaeueii ?aaeecothuea oiaa?u, ?aaiou e oneoae.

Ae) iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iauaaeeiaiey e eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea,
inouanoaeythuea i?iecaiaenoaaiioth e eioth eiiia?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue
ia oa??eoi?ee ?O.

A) eeoea, caieiathueany i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth aac
ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. (Noaouey 2 i caeiia ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee i iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue.)

Iauaeoaie iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey yaeythony:

- iai?iou ii ?aaeecaoeee ia oa??eoi?ee ?O oiaa?a, auiieiaiiuo ?aaio e
ieacaiiuo oneoa;

- oiaa?u, aceiaaiua ia oa??eoi?ee ?O, a niioaaonoaee n oaiiaeaiiuie
?aaeeiaie, onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O.

- iai?iou ii ?aaeecaoeee anao oiaa?ia eae nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
oae e i?eia?aoaiiuo ia noi?iia.

Iaeia ia i?eaueue.

Ia?yaeo n IAeN yaeyaony ninoaaiui yeaiaioii iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ?innee e
neoaeeo eino?oiaioii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea.

Iaeiaei a ioee/ee io IAeN aeaiiue iaeia yaeyaony i?yiui, o.a. aai
ieii/aoaeueiay noiia oeaeeeii e iieiinoueth caaeneo io eiia/iiai
oeiainiaiai ?acoeueoaoa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee.

Iaeia ia i?eaueue th?eaee/aneeo eeoe aue aaaaeai a aeaenoaea n 1.01.1992
aiaea caeiiii ?O ?i iaeiaa ia i?eaueue i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee.?
Iaeiaii ia i?eaueue yaeyaony iaeei ec iniiaiuo yeaiaioia iaeiaiaie
nenoaiu ?O. II iaania/eaaao aieaa 30% anao iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a
athaeaeao.

Ieaoaeueueeaie iaeiaa ia i?eaueue yaeyaony i?aaei?eyoea e i?aaiecaoeey,
eo oe?iaie e ae?. aiaeiae/iua iiae?acaeaeaiey, eiathuea ioaeaeueiue
aaeain e ?an/aoiue n/ao.

Iauaeoii iaeiaeaiey iaeiaii yaeyaony aaeiaay i?eaueue, eioi?ay
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie noiio i?eauee (oauoea) io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee
(?aaio, oneoa), iniiaiuo oiiaeia, eiiai eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey e
aeioiaeia io aia?aaeecaoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee, oiaiueoaiiuo ia noiio
?anoiaeia ii yoei iia?aoeeyi.

I?e en/eneaiee yoiai iaeiaa eniieuecotho neaaeothuea iieacaoaee i?eauee:
aaeiaay, iaeiaiiaeaaaaiay e /enoay i?eaueue (inoathuayny a ?anii?yaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoee iinea oieaou iaeiaia). Aaeiaay (aaeainiaay, iauay) i?eaueue
neeaaeuaaaony io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e ?aaeecaoeee eiiai eiouanoaa,
a oaeaea io aia?aaeeciaaiiuo aeioiaeia.

I?eaueue io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa) - yoi ?acieoea
iaaeaeo oeiainiauie ?acoeueoaoaie (au?o/ea) io ?aaeecaoeee ?aaio, oneoa
(aac IAeN e niaoeiaeiaa) e cao?aoaie ia eo i?iecaiaenoai.

Iaeia ia eiouanoai th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe.

Ieaoaeueueeaie iaeiaa ia eiouanoai oece/aneeo eeoe yaeythony a?aaeaeaia
?O, eiino?aiiua e eeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa, eiathuea ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee
a nianoaaiiinoe neaaeothuaa eiouanoai: aeeeua aeiia, eaa?oe?u, aea/e,
aa?aaee e eiua no?iaiey, iiiauaiey e nii?oaeaiey, a oaeaea iioi?iua
eiaeee, aa?oieaou, naiieaou e ae?. o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, ca
eneeth/aieai naiioiaeiuo iaoei e iaoaieciia.

Iaeia ia eiouanoai a?aaeaeai en/eneyaony iaeiaiauie i?aaiaie ii ianoo
iaoiaeaeaiey (?aaeno?aoeee) iauaeoia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, i?e yoii
auienuaaaony ieaoaaeiia ecaauaiea, eioi?ia a?o/aaony ieaoaeueueeo
iaeiaa.



3.3. I?iaeaiu e i?ioeai?a/ey aeaenoaothuae iaeiaiaie nenoaiu

A ?innee ianoiia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea - ia oieueei iaeiaiaa ?ac?aaioaiiay
iaeanoue iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneeo ciaiee, ii e naiay i?ioeai?a/eaay iaeanoue
i?aaiauo ioiioaiee. TH?eaee/anee ia o?aaoee?iaaia i?iaeaia aaeaina
aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee oeaio?a e iano, Caeii i ianoiii naiioi?aaeaiee
i?iaeaiu ia ?aoaao, a Caeii i ianoiuo iaeiaao oae e ia i?eiyo. Iaoaieci
?ani?aaeaeaiey iaeiaia ii caaiueyi athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu aeaoi?ie?iaai,
eae e aaeain i?aaiauo iieiiii/ee iaaeaeo oeaio?aeueiie aeanoueth e
aeanoueth ia ianoao. Oae aea i?iaeaiu nouanoaotho e ai acaeiiioiioaieyo
?aaeiiaeueiuo e ianoiuo aeanoyo.

Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea ?inneeneiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
oii, /oi a iai ia?aieaoaiu ?uii/iua e aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiua
i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee acaeiiioiioaiee ieaoaeueueeia n ainoaea?noaii.

I?iaicaeaoaiiua a 1990 aiaeo i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a
?innee inoathony ia ?aaeeciaaiiuie ia i?aeoeea, a ca/anooth iaeiaiaua
aeaenoaey na?ueacii ia?ooatho iieiaeaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ia
niaethaeaaony i?eioeei iaeiie?aoiinoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, yeanoe/iinoe
iaeiaiauo noaaie. Aeiioneaaony ecae?aoaeueiue iiaeoiae e ii?aaeaeaieth
nenoaiu iaeiaiauo eueaio e naieoeee aeey ioaeaeueiuo
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia.

Noaaeeueiinoue aea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia oieueei
aeeeoaeueiui iinoiyinoaii a ninoaaa iaeiaia, oneiaeyo eo nai?a, ii e
cae?aieaieai iaeiaia ca o?iaiyie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu a ea/anoaa eo
nianoaaiiie aeioiaeiie aacu.

Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia auoue naiaiaeiie e io iaeiyooaeoeaiuo
iaeiaiauo oi?i, o.a. oaeeo aeaeia iaeiaia, nai? eioi?uo o?aaoao cao?ao,
cia/eoaeueii i?aauoathueo aaee/eio iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee.

Oaeea iaeiae oieueei caioouaatho e oneiaeiytho iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea,
cao?oaeiytho iaeiaiaue eiio?ieue, ioaeaeay ?aaioieeia, e yeaeo?iiiua
nenoaiu io aeaenoaeoaeueii na?ueaciuo iaeiaia.

E iaaeinoaoeai ?inneeneie nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey iiaeii ioianoe e oi,
/oi iia iniiauaaaony ia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee ?acoeueoaoia i?iecaiaenoaa
(i?yiua iaeiae) e oiaa?iiai?ioia (einaaiiua iaeiae). Yoa iaaaoeaiay
noi?iia i?aaiecaoeee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a ?innee aeoaiei enneaaeiaaia Ae.
Eueaiaui, I. O?ieiaui e ae?. noi?iiieeaie ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

Iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie ?aoi?ie?iaaiey nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
yaeythony neaaeothuea: iino?iaiea aaeeiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a eioa?anao
nio?aiaiey oeaeinoiinoe ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa, eneeth/aiey oneiaee
aeey oi?ie?iaaiey ianiaianoeiuo ?aaeiiaeueiuo iaeiaiauo noai; nicaeaiea
iioeiaeueiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, iaania/eaathuae naaeaine?iaaiiinoue
iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo e /anoiuo eioa?ania, niaeaenoaothuae ?acaeoeth
ioa/anoaaiiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e ia?aueaaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aiaaonoaa ?innee.

Iaeiaiaay iieeoeea, i?iaiaeeiay a ?innee, oi?ie?oaiay a ?acoeueoaoa
aeaenoaey cia/eoaeueiiai /enea aanueia i?ioeai?a/eauo e ia anaaaea
acaeiinaycaiiuo ia?, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oaea?aeaiea
aeioiaeiie aacu athaeaeaoa ioiineoaeueii i?eaieaiii o?iaia, a n ae?oaie
- oi?ie?othueo eueaioiua ?aaeeiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeey io?aneae e a?oii
i?aaei?eyoee, eiathueo cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ai aeanoiuo no?oeoo?ao. Yoi
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao oeaeaniia?aciinoue ?anniio?aiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu.

A ia?eiae n 1991 aiaea ?inney caiaoii i?iaeaeioeanue aia?aae ii iooe
i?eaeeaeaiey naieo a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo, aooaaeoa?neeo e iaeiaiauo
noaiaea?oia e i?eiaiyaiui a no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.

Aianoa n oai, ia o?oaeii auei caiaoeoue, /oi yoio i?ioeann i?ienoiaeeo
iiae aeeyieai ?yaea oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua ieacuaatho ia iaai iaaaoeaiia
aicaeaenoaea. Iai au oioaeinue ia?a/eneeoue aeaaiua ec ieo:

* iinoiyiiia aeaeaiea ainiieiyoue aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa ca
n/ao oneeaiey iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie.

* caeiiiaeaoaee, aaiaey iiaua iaeiae i?aneaaeotho oieueei oeaeue
nicaeaiey iiaiai enoi/ieea aeioiaeia e, iioiaea, eaii?e?oao
aiciiaeiinoue ethaiai aeeyiey oaeeo iaeiaia ia iae?iyeiiiieeo.

Eiaiii yoe i?e/eiu ii?aaeaeytho y?ei au?aaeaiiue oeneaeueiue oa?aeoa?
?inneeneie nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, eioi?ay a iineaaeiea aiaeu
?acaeaaeanue oieueei ii iooe oneeaiey iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie aeey
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia e oneiaeiaiey.

I?e yoii aeey ?inneeneiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ia oa?aeoa?ia i?inoioa e
iiiyoiinoue iaeiaiaie nenoaiu aeey iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia, ?aaiiia?iinoue
?ani?aaeaeaiey iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie, eniieueciaaiea aaeaeaaoiuo
yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee iaeiaia.

Neiaeeaoayny ca aiaeu yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee ?inneeneay iaeiaiaay
nenoaia oa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieie neiaeiinoueth.

Oae eae ?acee/aaony 4 o?iaiy ?acee/iuo iaeiaia a caaeneiinoe, io niiniaa
ii?aaeaeaiey iaeiaiiaeaaaaiie aacu:

Ё iaeiae, ioiineiua ia naaanoieiinoue.

Ё iaeiae, oiea/eaaaiua ca n/ao au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee,
?aaio, oneoa.

Ё iaeiae, ioiineiua ia oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao.

Ё iaeiae, ioiineiua ca n/ao i?eauee inoathuaeny a ?anii?yaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoey.

Aeey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu oa?aeoa?ia oaeaea e i?ioeai?a/eainoue (o.e.
aeaenoaoao aieaa 1000 caeiiiuo e iiaecaeiiiuo aeoia).

Iiiaeanoai ?aciiaeaeiinoae iaeiaia e ieaoaaeae aucuaaao aic?aaeaiea ia
oieueei ni noi?iiu a?aaeaeai e i?iecaiaeeoaeae, yoei iaaeiaieueiu e
ioaeaeueiua o/aiua yeiiiienou.

Aeiaieueii /anoi i?iyaeyaony no?aieaiea i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaei?eieiaoaeae,
ioaeaeueiuo eeoe ecaaaeaoue oieaou iaeiaia, ne?uoue iaee/ea aeioiaeia
iaeaaaaiuo iaeiaia, ne?uoue iaee/ea aeioiaeia iaeaaaaiuo iaeiaii. Anee
aea iaeia onoaiiaeai caeiiii, oi oeeiiaiea io aai oieaou aoaeao
iaeacoaii eae i?anooieaiea.

3.4. ?aoi?ia iaeiaiaie nenoaiu: aiciiaeiinoe e aeueoa?iaoeau Iaeiae:
O/aaiia./Iiae. ?aae. Ae.A. *a?ieea - iiniaea - 2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e
aeii. I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1996 aiae.



A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia iniiaa ?eeanne/aneeo? i?eioeeiia noi?ioee?iaaiu
nia?aiaiiua i?eioeeiu ?oi?ioae iaeiaiaie nenoaiu?.

1. Yeiiiie/aneay yooaeoeaiinoue. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia iineoue
iiiu?eoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, ia iaoaoue yooaeoeaiiio eniieueciaaieth
?ano?nia, ?acaeoueth i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.

2. Aeaoaaecia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Caeiiu i iaeiaao aeieaeiu auoue
i?inouie ii oi?ioee?iaea, a i?ioeaaeo?a aceiaiey iaeiaia aeieaeia auoue
ioiineoaeueii aeaoaaie.

3. Aeaeinoue. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia auoue a ninoiyiee ?aaae?iaaiey
ia eciaiaiey yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee.

4. Ii?aaeaeaiiinoue iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia eiaoue
oaeoth no?oeoo?o, i?e eioi?ie eaaeaeue ieaoaeueuee oi/ii ciaao neieueei
ii ieaoeo.

5. Ni?aaaaeeeainoue. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue
ni?aaaaeeeaue iiaeoiae e ?acee/iui eiaeeaeaeai.

6. Aiaeece?oy aeaenoaothuoth iaeiaiaoth nenoaio ?innee iiaeii
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi iia iino?iaia ia iniiaa aaeeiuo i?eioeeiia aeey anao
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e i?aaei?eyoee, iacaaeneii io aaaeiinoaaiiie
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, oi?i nianoaaiiinoe e i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaie oi?iu
i?aaei?eyoey e, iaania/eaay ?aaiiiai?yaeaiiinoue iaeiaiaiai ecuyoey,
iaeiie?aoiinoue iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, iaaeiiouaiea aeaieiiai iaeiaeaiey,
ioee/aaony noaaeeueiinoueth, aeaeinoueth, i?inoioie, aeinooiiinoueth,
ii?aaeaeaiiinoueth onoaiiaeaiey noaaie e i?aaee en/eneaiey iaeiaa e aai
oieaou.

Aianoa n oai iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue, /oi a ?aaeueiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
eiaao ianoi ionooieaiey io yoeo i?eioeeiia e i?aaeaea anaai a ioiioaiee
noaaeeueiinoe e /aoeinoe, o.e. aeey iiiieiaiey athaeaeaoa aeaaiui
e?eoa?eai yaeyaony i?eiyoea oao eee eiuo iaeiaia. A oeaeii, aii?inu
aiciiaeiiai aicaeaenoaey oiai eee eiiai i?eiaiyaiiai iaeiaa
eaii?e?othony caeiiiaeaoaeyie. Ii caoi eaeia i?yiieeiaeiia ioiioaiea,
iiaei au i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo i?aa?aoeoue nenoaio iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
ec eino?oiaioa, niinianoaothuaai ?acaeoeth yeiiiieee a nenoaio,
ieacuaathuoth ia yeiiiieeo na?ueaciia ?ac?ooeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea.

Ecaanoiu o?e iniiaiuo niiniaa oaaee/aiey iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a
athaeaeao:

1) ?anoe?aiea e?oaa iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia;

2) oaaee/aiea oao iauaeoia, n eioi?uo aceiathony einaaiiua iaeiae;

3) iiauoaiea iaeiaiauo noaaie e i?e i?yiii e i?e einaaiiii
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee. Ii iaeiaei o?iaaiue iaeiaiauo noaaie ia aeieaeai
i?aauoaoue ?acia?a, i?e i?aauoaiee eioi?iai eo aeaeueiaeoee ?ino ia
i?inoi oa?yao niune, ii e io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaaony ia ninoiyiee
yeiiiieee.

Iiiaea ainoaea?noaa noa?athony naeaeaoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue i?eaeaeaoaeueiie, a iaeiae - noaaeeueiuie, eaaeeie e
aeaeeie. Iaeiaiaay iieeoeea a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo aeieaeia
iaania/eaaoue ?aaiiauaiaeiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoia ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo, iacaaeneii io eo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e oie eee eiie oi?ia
nianoaaiiinoe, noeioee?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai eiieo?aioiuo oiaa?ia.

A nae/an iai oioaeinue au iiaeaanoe eoiae ca 1998 aiae.

3.5. ?acoeueoaou ?aaiou iaeiaiaie neoaeau a 1998 aiaeo A.A. Ianea/aa
Eieeaaey IIN ?innee iiaeaiaeeo eoiae ca 1998 aiae // ?inneeneee
iaeiaiaue eo?uea?. - ?4/1999 - n. 6 - 7.

19 oaa?aey 1999 a. ?anoe?aiiii canaaeaiee Eieeaaee IIN ?innee aue
?anniio?ai aii?in ia eoiaao iinooieaiey iaeiaia e nai?ia a athaeaeaoioth
nenoaio ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ca 1998 a. E caaea/ao iaeiaiaie neoaeau
ii iaania/aieth iieiiou e naiaa?aiaiiuo iinooieaiee a 1999 a.

A i?ioeii aiaeo ?aaioa iaeiaiauo i?aaiia ii iiaeeecaoeee iinooieaiee a
athaeaeaoioth nenoaio no?aiu i?ioiaeeea a neiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
oneiaeyo, oa?aeoa?ecothueony i?iaeieaeeoaeueiui niaaeii i?iecaiaenoaa,
nie?auaieai eiaanoeoeee, aeaa?aaeaoeeae nioeeaeueiie noa?u. Iieiaeaiea
?acei onoaoaee aaaonoianeee oeiainiaue e?ecen. Aai iineaaenoaeyie auei
ii/oe aeaoo?aciaia nie?auaiea a naioya?a iinooieaiey aeeauo aeaiaa a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao.

Ca 1998 a. A athaeaeaoioth nenoaio no?aiu iinooieei 526 ie?ae. ?oa., a
oii /enea a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao - 194 ie?ae. ?oa. N o/aoii ieaoaaeae
a athaeaeaoiua e aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu iauai iinooieaiee ninoaaee 599
ie?ae. ?oa.

Ec iauaai iauaia iinooieaiee iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae a athaeaeaoioth nenoaio
a 1998 a. Auei ia?a/eneaii oieueei 37%, a oi a?aiy eae a1997 a. - 43%.

Caaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiia Ainiaeianeoaeaa ?innee ii nai?o iaeiaia a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao ia 1998 a. a ?acia?a 154,1 ie?ae. ?oa.,
auiieiaii ia 116,7% (ca 1997 a. - ia 91%), a oii /enea aeeauie
aeaiueaaie - ia 89,7% (ca 1997 a. - ia 53%). I?e yoii iiiany/iua
?acoeueoaou a oa/aiea aiaea cia/eoaeueii ioee/aeenue ae?oa io ae?oaa.

O?iaaiue iinooieaiey iaeiaia e nai?ia a athaeaeaoioth nenoaio no?aiu e
aaeiaiio aioo?aiiaio i?iaeoeoo (AAI) a 1998 a. ninoaaee 19,6% e a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao - 7,2%.

Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi ?acia? niaieoiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia a athaeaeaoioth nenoaio no?aiu ia 1 yiaa?y 1999 a.
ninoaaee 506 ie?ae. ?oa., i?e yoii ia aeieae ii iaeiaiaui ieaoaaeai
i?eoiaeeony 267,7 ie?ae. ?oa. (ieiei 53%) e ia aeieae ii oo?aoai
naieoeeyi - 238,5 ie?ae. ?oa. (nauoa 47%). E oiio aea ?ino iaaeieiee a
oaaea?aeueiue e oa??eoi?eaeueiua athaeaeaou a oa/aiee aiaea iaaethaeaeny
ec ianyoea a ianyoe, /oi ynii aeaeii ec I?eeiaeaiey 6



?acoeueoaou aiaeeca naeaeaoaeuenoaotho, /oi oaeaeueiue aan
caaeieaeaiiinoe ii iaeiaiaui ieaoaaeai a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao a iauai
iauaia caaeieaeaiiinoe a athaeaeaoioth nenoaio ninoaaee ia 1 yiaa?y 1999
a. 62%, a oi a?aiy eae aeiey iinooieaiee a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao -
3,7%.

Iiaaoaiea caaeieaeaiiinoe yaeyaony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo ?aca?aia ?inoa
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee. Ca 1998 a. a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao ?innee a
iiaaoaiea caaeieaeaiiinoe iinooieei 73,8 ie?ae. ?oa., /oi oaaee/eei
iaeiaiaua iinooieaiey a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao ia 38% (a 1997 a. - ia
26%).

*?acau/aeii aaaeiie inoaaony i?iaeaia nai?a aeoeecia ia aeeiaieueioth
i?iaeoeoeeth. A IY eaa?oaea oaeaeinue i?aiaeieaoue oaiaeaioeeth iaaeaiey
eaaaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa aeeiaieueiie i?iaeoeoeee, /oi ia iiaei
io?aceoueny ia iinooieaiee aeoeecia a athaeaeao. Aue oneeai eiio?ieue ca
i?aaei?eyoeyie, inouanoaeythueie yoo aeayoaeueiinoue. A ?acoeueoaoa a IY
eaa?oaea 1998a. aeioiaeu eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa oaaee/eeenue ii
n?aaiaieth ni n?aaeieie iieacaoaeyie i?aaeuaeoueo o?ao eaa?oaeia ia 61%,
a a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao - ia 68%.

I?enoaeueiia aieiaiea, eae e i?aaeaea, oaeaeyaony eiio?ieth ca iieiioie
e naiaa?aiaiiinoueth oieaou iaeiaia. A i?ioaaeoai aiaeo iaeiaiaua i?aaiu
i?iaa?eee 724 oun. Iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia - th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.
Iin?aaenoaii auacaeiuo e eaia?aeueiuo i?iaa?ie iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia ca
?acee/iua ia?ooaiey iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeiiieieoaeueii
ia/eneaii ieaoaaeae a athaeaeaoioth nenoaio (n o/aoii oeiainiauo
naieoeee) ia noiio 243 ie?ae. ?oa., /oi ninoaaeyao 40,5% e iinooieaieyi
a athaeaeao e ainoaea?noaaiiua aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu. Yooaeoeaiinoue
iaeiie auacaeiie i?iaa?ee a 1998 a. ii n?aaiaieth n 1997 a. oaaee/eeanue
a 1,5 ?aca (152 oun. ?oa. I?ioea 104 oun. ?oa.

A ieioaoai aiaeo ia/aoa e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?iaeieaeaaony ?aaioa ii
i?ei?eoaoiui iai?aaeaieyi iaeiaiaie iieeoeee, iniiaiuie ec eioi?uo
yaeythony:

n eciaiaiea ?acia?a e niioiioaiey nouanoaothuaai iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie, n
ia?aiinii iineaaeiaai n i?iecaiaeeoaey a noa?o iio?aaeaiey, e oi?iuaiea
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu;

n nieaeaiea iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie aeey oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae e nicaeaiea
i?aaeiinueie aeey ?aaeueiiai oaaee/aiey AAI;

n iiauoaiea niae?aaiinoe iaeiaia;

n oneeaiea eiio?iey ca iinooieaieai iaeiaia e oaeanoi/aiea iaeiaiaiai
aaeieieno?e?iaaiey.



Aeaeaa iai oioaeinue au i?eaanoe eiie?aoiua ia?u, eioi?ua iaia?aaaaony
i?eiyoue Ainoaea?noaaiiay iaeiaiaay neoaeaa ?O a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai.

3.6. ?aoi?ie?iaaiea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu N.I. Ooeueaei ?aoi?ie?iaaiea
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu // ?inneeneee iaeiaiaue eo?uea?. - ?1/1999 - n. 2 -
5.



A nenoaia noaaeeecaoeeiiiuo ia? I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii
auoiaeo yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena aaaeouaa ianoi ioaiaeeony
Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, n iiiiuueth
eioi?ie iaania/eaaaony iniiaiay ianna iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a athaeaeao.
E?iia oiai, nouanoaothuaa naaiaeiy iaeiaiaia a?aiy aeooeo i?aaei?eyoey,
iaeiaiaay iaa?ocea ia ?aaeueiue naeoi? yeiiiieee neeoeii aaeeea. Aac aa
nieaeaiey e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey iaaiciiaeii ?ann/eouaaoue ia iiaeuai
ioa/anoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e noaaeeecaoeeth nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai
iieiaeaiey.

Yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen, ia?aaeeaaaiue no?aiie, i?e anai aai iaaaoeaiii
aeeyiee ia ?inneeneoth yeiiiieeo iiaeao i?eianoe ae e ii?aaeaeaiioth
iieueco. Eiaiii a yoio ia?eiae iiaeii i?eiyoue ?aoeoaeueiua ia?u ii
?aoi?ie?iaaieth nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. A oa/aiee aeeeoaeueiiai
a?aiaie iiiaea i?aaeeiaeaiey ii eciaiaieth iaeiaiaie nenoaiu
noaeeeaaeenue ia iaiiieiaiea e ia i?eieiaeenue iiae aeeyieai a?aoiaioia
i aiciiaeiii nie?auaiee aeioiaeiie aacu athaeaeaoa. Naaiaeiy, a oneiaeyo
e?ecena, oaeie a?aoiaio oaea ia n?aaaouaaao.

O/eouaay yoi, niaoeeaeenou Ainiaaneoaeau ?innee ?ac?aaioaee oeaeinoioth
nenoaio ia? ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth iaeiaiaie iieeoeee. Iia iai?aaeaia:



Ю ia nieaeaiea iaeiaiaie iaa?ocee ia ioa/anoaaiiuo
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae e aa ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea n ?aaeueiiai naeoi?a
yeiiiieee a noa?o iio?aaeaiey;

Ю ia oi?iuaiea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu;

Ю ia iiauoaiea niae?aaiinoe iaeiaia e nai?ia e oneeaiea eiio?iey ca eo
iinooieaieai a athaeaeao.

I?e/ai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie ec noa?u i?iecaiaenoaa a
noa?o iio?aaeaiey iaeuecy iiieiaoue eae oaaee/aiea iauae noiiu iaeiaia,
nai?ia e iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae, aceiaaiuo n oece/aneeo eeoe. Aeaei a
oii, /oi a eiia/iie oeaia oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa, ?aaeecoaiuo
ianaeaieth, nin?aaeioi/aiu ana iaeiae, nai?u e ieaoaaee, oiea/aiiua a
noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee. Ainiaeianeoaeaa ?innee
i?aaeeaaaao, ia oaaee/eaay iauae noiiu iaeiaia a oeaia,
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoue eo ii oeaii/ea ec noa?u i?iecaiaenoaa a noa?u
iio?aaeaiey.

Ii iaeiao ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue i?aaeeaaaaony nieceoue noaaeo n
20% aei 10%. I?e yoii iauee ii?yaeie en/eneaiey e oieaou aeaiiiai iaeiaa
?ani?ino?aieoue ia oi?aiaua i?aaei?eyoey, oii?yaei/eoue aiciauaiea IAeN
i?aaiecaoeeyi-yenii?oa?ai e ia?aeoe ia ?an/aou ii eoiaai eaa?oaea n
oieaoie aaainiauo ieaoaaeae a ?acia?a 1/9 noiiu iaeiaa, en/eneaiiiai ca
i?aaeuaeouee eaa?oae.

Ii iaeiao ia i?eaueue nieceee noaaeo iaeiaa aei 30%. Neaaeoao
i?aaeinoaaeoue i?aaei?eyoeyi aiciiaeiinoue iai?aaeyoue i?eaueue aac
ia?aie/aiee, nouanoaothueo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, ia oeiaine?iaaiea
eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee e inaiaiaeeoue io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?eaueue,
iieo/aiioth a ia?aua o?e aiaea ii aiiaue aaaaeaiiui a aeaenoaea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iauaeoai noieiinoueth nauoa 10 iei. ?oa.

A ea/anoaa eiiiainaoeee auiaaeathueo a yoie nayce aeioiaeia
i?aaeeaaaaony iianaianoiia aaaaeaiea iaeiaa n i?iaeaae ii noaaea 5% aeey
anao oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa, ieacuaaaiuo ianaeaieth, ca eneeth/aieai
iaaieueoie a?oiiu aeeciaiii iaiaoiaeeiuo i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia e
eaea?noa, e ii noaaea 10% - aeey iiaeaeoeeciuo oiaa?ia, ?aaeecoaiuo
ianaeaieth. *oiau i?eaea/ue e iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth aeioiaeu a?aaeaeai,
inouanoaeythueo oi?aiaeth i?iiuoeaiiuie e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuie oiaa?aie
ia ?uieao, a oaeaea caieiathueony /aeii/iui aecianii, iaoiaeyueany
nae/an a iiaeaaeythuae /anoe a noa?a oaiaaie yeiiiieee, i?aaeeaaaaony
aaaaeaiea aaeeiiai iaeiaa ia aiaiaiiue aeioiae.

Ii iiaeioiaeiiio iaeiao n oece/aneeo eeoe i?aaeeaaaaony aaaaeaiea iiaie,
aieaa iyaeie e nioeeaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiie oeaeu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.
Iaeiia?aiaiii i?aaeeaaaaony aceiaiea iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao ii noaaea 3% e a athaeaeaou noauaeoia ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ii i?ia?anneaiui oeaeai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeey ia?ae/iie e
aoi?e/iie caiyoinoe ianaeaiey n iineaaeothuei ia?a?an/aoii ii eoiaai
aiaea a oiaea aeaeea?aoeeiiiie eaiiaiee.

Oeaea noaaie iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa aeey ia?ae/iie e aoi?e/iie caiyoinoe:



ia?ae/iay



aei 60 oun. ?oa. 9%

io 60 oun. ?oa. aei 120 oun. ?oa. 12%

io 120 oun. ?oa. aei 180 oun. ?oa. 17%

io 180 oun. ?oa. aei 240 oun. ?oa. 22%

nauoa 240 oun. ?oa. 32%





aoi?e/iay



aei 60 oun. ?oa. 12%

io 60% oun. ?oa. aei 120 oun. ?oa. 17%

io 120 oun. ?oa. aei 180 oun. ?oa. 22%

nauoa 180 oun. ?oa. 32%

I?aaeoniao?eaaaony oaeaea nie?auaiea eueaio ii yoiio iaeiao e ?anoe?aiea
iaeiaiiaeaaaaiie aacu ca n/ao ia?ae?uoey aaieianei-no?aoiauo noai ooiaea
io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey oiiaea iieaou o?oaea.

A oeaeyo yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey eaaaeecaoeee auieaou ca?aaioiie
ieaou e auaiaea aa ec oaiaaie yeiiiieee i?aaeeaaaaony nieceoue
eiinieeaee?iaaiioth noaaeo aciinia a ainoaea?noaaiiua athaeaeaoiua
oiiaeu (Iaineiiiue oiiae, oiiaeu caiyoinoe, iaaeeoeeineiai e
nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey) n 39,5 aei 30%. I?e yoii ?aaioiaeaoaee
aeieaeiu aoaeoo oiea/eaaoue io/eneaiey ii noaaea 25% ai ana oiiaeu, a
oece/aneea eeoea - ii noaaea 5% oieueei a Iaineiiiue oiiae. Aeey oiai
/oiau ia aeiionoeoue nieaeaiey o?iaiy iieaou o?oaea, neaaeoao nicaeaoue
iaoaieci, ii eioi?iio ?aaioiaeaoaee aeieaeiu aoaeoo oaaee/eoue oiiae
iieaou o?oaea aac nie?auaiey /eneaiiinoe ?aaioieeia ia 10%. Anee yoiai
ia i?iecieaeao, oi ?aaioiaeaoaee ia niiaoo ainiieueciaaoueny nie?auaieai
noaaie aciinia a ainoaea?noaaiiua aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu e aeey ieo
aoaeao aeaenoaiaaoue eiinieeaee?iaaiiay noaaea a ?acia?a 39,5%. Oaeei
ia?acii ?aaioiaeaoaee iieo/ao aiciiaeiinoue nie?aoeoue cao?aou, a
?aaioieee - oaaee/eoue naith ca?aaioioth ieaoo. Aieaa oiai, eae
iieacuaatho ?an/aou, aneaaenoaea ?anoe?aiey e?oaa ieaoaeueueeia e
iaeaaaaiie aacu, oeo/oaiey aaeieieno?e?iaaiey nai?ia aeioiaeu
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeia ia nie?aoeeenue.

I?aaeeaaaaony oaeaea ia?aniio?aoue noaaee aeoeecia, iaoaieci eo
aceiaiey, aeeth/ay ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaeiaiaie iaa?ocee n i?iecaiaenoaa
ia iioiaoth oi?aiaeth, e nie?auaiea n?ieia oieaou a athaeaeao n 45-60
aeiae aei 30-45 aeiae.



3.8. Oneeaiea eiio?iey ca oieaoie iaeiaia

I?aaeeiaeaiey Ainiaeianeoaeau ?innee eanaaony ia oieueei eciaiaiey
noaaie iaeiaia e nai?ia, oii?yaei/aiey e nie?auaiey iaoaiecia eo oieaou,
ii aeeth/atho a naay e ia?ii?eyoey ii oaeanoi/aieth nenoaiu iaeiaiaiai
aaeieieno?e?iaaiey. Yoi a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ioiineony e aaaaeaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ia i?iecaiaenoai e ?aaeecaoeeth aeeiaieueiie
i?iaeoeoeee, nicaeaieth iaeiaiauo iinoia, ?anoe?aieth i?aa iaeiaiauo
i?aaiia a /anoe inouanoaeaiey eiio?ieueiie e oeneaeueiie ooieoeee,
aeeth/ay nicaeaiea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo iaae?aaeiiaeueiuo iaeiaiauo
einiaeoeee, e iiauoaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe, a oii /enea oaieiaiie,
ieaoaeueueeia ca iaoieaoo iaeiaia e nai?ia. A oeaeyo oneeaiey eiio?iey
ca niaethaeaieai aaethoiiai e iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, nie?auaiey
ia yoie iniiaa iacaeiiiiai auaica eaieoaea e niioaaonoaaiii oaaee/aiey
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee aiineony i?aaeeiaeaiea i aiceiaeaiee ia
Ainiaeianeoaeao ?innee ooieoeee i?aaia aaethoiiai eiio?iey, a ia
iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee - ooieoeee aaaioa aaethoiiai eiio?iey.

Aianaiu oaeaea i?aaeeiaeaiey ii eciaiaieth iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
a /anoe i?aaiecaoeee o/aoa iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia e oieaou eie iaeiaia oai,
aaea iie ?aaeueii inouanoaeytho naith oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue.
I?e yoii aeieaeia auoue iiauoaia ioaaonoaaiiinoue e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee ca caaea?aeeo ieaoaaeae a athaeaeao, a iaeiaiaui
einiaeoeeyi neaaeoao a oaeeo neo/ayo i?aaeinoaaeoue aiciiaeiinoue
ia?auaiey acuneaiey iaaeieiee ia eo eiouanoai.

Ii-iiaiio ?anniao?eaaaony i?iaeaia ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee caaeieaeaiiinoe ii
ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao. Ianiio?y ia ?yae oaea i?eiyouo ia?, a oii /enea
iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 05.03.97 ? 254
Ia oneiaeyo e ii?yaeea ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee caaeieaeaiiinoe i?aaiecaoeee ii
ieaoaaeai a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao e io 14.04.98 ? 395 I ii?yaeea
i?iaaaeaiey a 1998 aiaeo ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee caaeieaeaiiinoe th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe ia?aae oaaea?aeueiui athaeaeaoii, eiee/anoai i?aaei?eyoee,
?ano?oeoo?e?iaaaoeo naie aeieae, e?aeia iaei. Ii iaoaio iiaieth, yoi a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue naycaii ni neiaeiinoueth i?ioeaaeo?u,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuae auione aeoeee eee iaeeaaoeee e eo caeia.
Ainiaeianeoaeaa ?innee i?aaeeaaaao oi?inoeoue yoo i?ioeaaeo?o, ia?aaeaa
?aoaiea aii?inia i ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee caaeieaeaiiinoe iaeiaiaui i?aaiai.
Aaeeinoaaiiui e aeaaiui oneiaeai i?iaaaeaiey ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee aeieaeia
noaoue oieaoa oaeoueo ieaoaaeae.

I?aaeoaeuenoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia naiai canaaeaiee ?anniio?aei e
iaeia?eei i?aaeeiaeaiea Ainiaeianeoaeau ?innee ii ?aoi?ie?iaaieth
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Noaaeo iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue i?aaeeiaeaii nie?aoeoue aei 15%, aeeth/ay iai?aaeaiea noiiu
1% noaaee ia oeiaine?iaaiea iiaeaea?aeee aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena e
oaieueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I?eciaii oaeaea oeaeaniia?aciui aeiaeeoue ia
Ainiaeianeoaeao ?innee eii?aeeiaoeeth aeayoaeueiinoe oaaea?aeueiuo
i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ii aii?inai niaa?oainoaiaaiey iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e i?iaaaeaiey iaeiaiaie iieeoeee.Aeaaa 4.
I?aeoe/aneee iiuo ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. AEo?iae ?Iaeiaiaue aanoiee? ?9/98

I?iaeieaeathuayny ?aoi?ia ?inneeneiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ianoiyoaeueii
o?aaoao ne?oioe?ciiai aiaeeca e iniuneaiey eciaiaiee iaeiaiauo nenoai
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi iiiaea yeiiiienou e iieeoeee aeey
a?aoiaioaoeee naieo i?aaeeiaeaiee ia?aaeei nnueathony ia ca?oaaaeiue
iiuo. Iaeiaei iaeiaiaue iiuo ioaeaeueii acyoie no?aiu ia iiaeao auoue
iieiinoueth ia?aian?i ia a ioa/anoaaiioth i?aeoeeo. Ai?acaei aieueoaa
cia/aiea eiaao eco/aiea iaueo oaiaeaioeee, auyaeaiea iaueo
caeiiiia?iinoae e eo eniieueciaaiea i?e i?eiyoee eiie?aoiuo ?aoaiee a
iaeiaiaie noa?a.

Iineaaeiyy /aoaa?oue aaea iciaiaiiaaeanue aani?aoeaaeaioiuie
aeeneonneyie e iaeiaiauie ?aoi?iaie a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao. ?acoeueoaou
yoeo iaeiaiauo i?aia?aciaaiee au? ia a iieiie ia?a iniuneaiu iao/iie
iauanoaaiiinoueth, iaeiaiieaoaeueueeaie e iaeiaiauie aaeieieno?aoeeyie.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi i?iecioea na?ue?ciay oieoeeaoeey iaeiaiauo nenoai e
iiiaea eciaiaiey auee inouanoaeaiu aaeeiiia?acii, iaeiaiaua nenoaiu
aeaaea aioo?e no?ai Aa?iiaeneiai Niiauanoaa na?ue?cii ?acee/athony.

Iaeia ec aeaaiuo i?iaeai iaeiaiauo nenoai ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai -
neiaeiinoue iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey eae aeey iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia, oae e aeey
iaeiaiauo i?aaiia. A neeo yoiai aicieeatho i?iaeaiu ii auyaeaieth noai
oeeiiaiey io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, aic?anoatho cao?aou ii niaea?aeaieth e
iao/aieth iaeiaiauo ?aaioieeia. Ioaeaeueiua ?inneeneea caeiiiaeaoaee e
yeiiiienou, aeaaay ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii /?acia?iiio oi?iuaieth
ioa/anoaaiiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, ?ani?ino?aiytho ieo i i?inoioa
iaeiaiauo nenoai ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ai iiiaeo
ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao eaeao i?ioeann eo oneiaeiaiey. Oae, ii aeaiiui IYN?,
iaeiaiaue eiaeaen a NOA ca iineaaeiea 30 eao oaaee/eeny ii iauaio a 2
?aca, a Eaiaaea - a 3 ?aca, a Ieaea?eaiaeao - a 2 ?aca.

Neaaeothuee ieo aeaneo i yeiau nieaeathuainy iaeiaiaii a?aiaie. A
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, niaieoiiia iaeiaiaia a?aiy a no?aiao IYN? aic?inei n
33% AAI a 1980 aiaeo aei 38% a na?aaeeia 90-o aiaeia.

Ca iineaaeiea aiaeu i?iecioee e?oiiua eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a iaeiaia.
Aeaaiie caeiiiia?iinoueth yaeyaony na?ue?ciue naeaea a noi?iio iiauoaiey
?iee iaeiaia ia iio?aaeaiea a aeioiaeao athaeaeaoia. Iai?eia?, a no?aiao
IYN? a 1965 - 1995 aiaeao oaeaeueiue aan iaeiaia ia iio?aaeaiea aic?in n
12% aei 18%, a oi a?aiy eae aeiee iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa ia i?eaueue
ei?ii?aoeee inoaeenue i?aeoe/anee iaeciaiiuie. Iniiaiie i?e/eiie ?inoa
aeiee iaeiaia ia iio?aaeaiea yaeyaony oi, /oi io ieo iaiiiai o?oaeiaa
oeeiieoueny, /ai, iai?eia?, io iaeiaia ia aeioiaeu. Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
?anoao iieacaoaeue eo niae?aaiinoe, nieaeathony ?anoiaeu ii eo nai?o. Ia
iineaaeithth ?ieue ea?aao e ?ino iio?aaeaiey an? aieaa ea/anoaaiiuo
oiaa?ia, i?aaeaea anaai a yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao. Iniiaiui
oaeoi?ii oaaee/aiey iauaiia iaeiaia ia iio?aaeaiea yaeeinue aaaaeaiea
iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue. Iaoiaeieiae/anee iainiiaai e aia?aua
aiaae?ai ia i?aeoeea yoio iaeia ai O?aioeee. Iiuo aai eniieueciaaiey
ieacaeny aanueia ?acoeueoaoeaiui e iinoaiaiii iaoae i?eiaiaiea ai anao
yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oieueei Aano?aeey e NOA
ec ninoaaa no?ai IYN? ia aaaee IAeN.

Naiie e?oiiie aeioiaeiie noaoue?e ai iiiaeo ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao
yaeythony iinooieaiey io iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa. Oae, a n?aaeiai ii
no?aiai IYN? iie ninoaaeytho ieiei 27%. A ioaeaeueiuo no?aiao
iinooieaiey io iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa nouanoaaiii i?aauoatho yoo aaee/eio.
Iai?eia?, a NOA aeiey iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa aeinoeaaao a athaeaeaoa 40%.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu eiaao ianoi onoie/eaay oaiaeaioeey nieaeaiey
iaeneiaeueiuo noaaie iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa. Iai?eia?, noaaee
iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa nie?aoeeenue ca iineaaeiea aeanyoue eao a Aano?aeee
n 57 aei 47%, a Aano?ee - n 62 aei 50, a Aaeueaee - n 72 aei 57,
O?aioeee - n 65 aei 54, a ssiiiee - n 70 aei 50, NOA - n 50 aei 40%.
Iaeiaei aeaaea iinea nieaeaiey i?aaeaeueiua noaaee iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa
an? au? inoathony aeinoaoi/ii aunieeie. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ianiio?y
ia nieaeaiea aunoeo noaaie a no?aiao IYN? aeiey iinooieaiee
iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa n oece/aneeo eeoe i?aeoe/anee inoaeanue iaeciaiiie
- ieiei 10% AAI. Yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi ai iiiaeo no?aiao nieaeaiea
i?aaeaeueiuo noaaie iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?anoe?aieai
iaeiaiaie aacu ca n/ao ioiaiu ?yaea au/aoia.

Ia?yaeo ni nieaeaieai i?aaeaeueiuo noaaie eiaao ianoi oaiaeaioeey
nie?auaiey /enea nooiaiae oeaeu iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa. Iaeaieaa aaniiia
eo oiaiueoaiea i?iecioei a neaaeothueo no?aiao: Aano?ee - n 10 aei 5,
Aaeueaee - n 12 aei 7, Eaiaaea - n 10 aei 4, O?aioeee - n 12 aei 4,
ssiiiee - n 15 aei 5, Eniaiee n 34 aei 17, NOA - n 14 aei 5.

Neaaeothuay oaiaeaioeey - ?ino aciinia ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy a n?aaeiai ii no?aiai IYN? iinooieaiey ii iei
i?aeoe/anee n?aaiyeenue n iinooieaieyie io iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa.
Ianiiiaiii, yoa oaiaeaioeey io?aaeaao oaeea aeiaaeueiua eciaiaiey a
ie?a, eae noa?aiea ianaeaiey, ?ino /eneaiiinoe iaeeiieeo ?iaeeoaeae,
oaaee/aiea aieaciae, ?ino aac?aaioeoeu. Yoa oaiaeaioeey eiaao ianoi e a
?innee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?innee, ii aeaiiui Aineiinoaoa, aeiey
iiaeeeuo ethaeae ninoaaeyao nauoa 12%. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaiaoiaeeii
oaeaeyoue a?oiia nioeeaeueiuo ieaoaaeae naiia i?enoaeueiia aieiaiea.

E?oiiua eciaiaiey i?iecioee e a iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?eauee ei?ii?aoeee.
Aeaaiia ec ieo - nieaeaiea iaeiaiauo noaaie. Iai?eia?, ca iineaaeiea 10
eao noaaee ei?ii?aoeaiiai iaeiaa nieaeaiu a Aaeueaee n 45 aei 39%,
Eaiaaea - n 36 aei29, Aeaiee - n 50 aei 34, O?aioeee - n 45 aei 33,
Aa?iaiee - n 56 aei 45, ssiiiee - n 43 aei 37, Oaaoeee - n 52 aei 38,
NOA - n 45 aei 35%. Ia?yaeo n yoei oae i?ioeann ?anoe?aiey iaeiaiauo aac
ii yoiio iaeiao. Ioaeaeueiua ?inneeneea yeiiiienou iuoathony iainiiaaoue
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eeeaeaeaoeee iaeiaa ia i?eaueue. Iaeiaei iiuo
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi yoio iaeia oniaoii
i?eiaiyaony a oa/aiea iiiaeo aeanyoeeaoee. Aai aeiey a no?oeoo?a
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao inoa?ony
noaaeeueiie ia o?iaia 8 - 9%.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu caiaoii aeoeaece?iaaeanue ?aaioa ii aieaa oe?ieiio
eniieueciaaieth oae iacuaaaiuo yeieiae/aneeo iaeiaia. Yoi aiieia
iauynieii, oae eae i?iaeaiu yeieiaee ia/eiatho i?aaaee?iaaoue iaae
ae?oaeie. Yeieiae/aneea iaeiae eiatho ?yae i?aeiouanoa ii n?aaiaieth n
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie iaoiaeaie ?aoaiey i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo caaea/. I?e yoii
neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aeaaiay caaea/a yoie a?oiiu iaeiaia ia
oeneaeueiay, a ?aaoee?othuay, iai?aaeaiiay i?aaeaea anaai ia ?aoaiea
yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai.

N?aaiaiea no?oeoo?u ?inneeneie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ni no?oeoo?ie iaeiaia
a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie iicaieyao naeaeaoue
auaiae i oii, /oi oa?aeoa?iui yaeyaony ioiineoaeueii ieceay aeiey
iinooieaiee iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa n oece/aneeo eeoe, aieaa aunieay aeiey
iinooieaiee iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, ioiineoaeueii ieceee oaeaeueiue aan
iaeiaia ia eiouanoai. Iaeiaei a oeaeii iaeiaiaay nenoaia ?innee neaaeoao
oaiaeaioeeyi ?acaeoey iaeiaiauo nenoai ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. Yoi i?aaeaea
anaai i?iyaeyaony a iiauoaiee aeiee iaeiaia ia iio?aaeaiea. Oae, a 1995
- 1997 aiaeao aeiey IAeN a eiinieeaee?iaaiiii Athaeaeaoa aic?inea n 25,4
aei 29%, oaeaeueiue aan aeoeecia - n 7,7 aei 11,1%, iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n
oece/aneeo eeoe - n 10,3 aei 12,7%. Aianoa n oai ?acei oiaea aeiey
iaeiaa ia i?eaueue n 42,6 aei 18,4%. Ii i?e yoii oioneaaony ec aeaeo,
/oi ii o?iaith n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea, no?oeoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa e
iio?aaeaiey, iaee/ey eiouanoaa a ?oeao o ianaeaiey ?inney na?ue?cii
ioee/aaony io no?ai n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie. Iiyoiio iiniaoiua
oaae n ea?aeeiaeueiie ?aoi?iie iaeiaia iiaoo i?eaanoe e ia?anoaieth
nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe, iaaeiai?o athaeaeaoiuo iinooieaiee.
I/aaeaeii, /oi a ?innee iaeiae iiea ia noaee oaeoi?ii yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa ie ii iaiieiaieth athaeaeaoia ?aciuo o?iaiae, ie ii
noeioee?iaaieth i?iecaiaeeoaeae e eiaanoi?ia.

Aeaeaa y oioae au ?anniio?aoue iaeiaiaoth nenoaio naiie yeiiiie/anee
?acaeoie no?aiu ie?a - NOA. Aiciiaeii, ?innee anoue /aio iio/eoueny o
yoie no?aiu. Iia eaaeaony, /oi iniaaiii yoi eanaaony i?aaiecaoeee nai?a
iaeiaia, oioy, eae oiiieiaeinue auoa, ia nouanoaoao eaeie - eeai
oieaa?naeueiie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu.

4.1. NIAAeEIAIIUA OOAOU AIA?EEE (NOA) eieaa ?Iaeiaiaua nenoaiu
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai? 1997 aiae.

Aaiaeaeaiei O?aieeei (17061790) iaeei ec aaoi?ia Aeaeea?aoeee
iacaaeneiinoe NOA i?iecian oaeoth enoi?e/aneoth o?aco: a aeecie iao
ie/aai iaecaaaeiiai, e?iia nia?oe e iaeiaia.

I?ioei aieaa aeaoonio eao. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia NOA niaa?oainoaiaaeanue,
i?eieiaea ana aieaa ?acaaoaeaiiue oa?aeoa?. A nia?aiaiiii aeaea iia
ioaa/aao caaea/ai ia i?inoi oeneaeueiui iaania/eaaoue aeioiaeaie
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao, athaeaeaou ooaoia e ianoiua athaeaeaou. Iaeiae
neoaeao eino?oiaioii ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Oi?ie?iaaiea e aeaeaeaiea
athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa caieiaao oeaio?aeueiia ianoi a ?aaeecaoeee
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee aia?eeaineiai ainoaea?noaa. Iniiaiay ?ieue a
oeiainiaie nenoaia NOA i?eiaaeeaaeeo athaeaeaoiiio iaoaiecio
oaaea?aeueiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Iaeiae, aeathuea iaeaieaa e?oiiua e
noaaeeueiua iinooieaiey, iai?aaeythony a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao. Ia aai
aeieth i?eoiaeeony i?eia?ii 70% aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia.

Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi i?e aanueia ?acaeouo ?uii/iuo ioiioaieyo,
naiaiaea i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a NOA ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oaea
noaei iaiouaieaiie ninoaaiie /anoueth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Iniiaiui
eino?oiaioii ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey neoaeeo iaeiaiaay iieeoeea
e oeiainiaia aicaeaenoaea ia /anoiia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai.

A ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee iiieii oaaea?aeueiuo aeanoae aeoeaii
aiaeaeathony ianoiua i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey. Iie iaeaaeatho cia/eoaeueiuie
nianoaaiiuie enoi/ieeaie oeiainiauo ?ano?nia (a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
ianoiua iaeiae). I?e/ai a iineaaeiea 15 - 20 eao a NOA iaaethaeaaony
?ino iauaia oeiainia ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, oaaee/aiea eo
oaeaeueiiai aana a iauai oiiaea n?aaenoa, iiaeeecoaiuo /a?ac oeiainiaoth
nenoaio. Iaeiia?aiaiii ia ianoiua oeiainu ia?aeeaaeuaaaony nouanoaaiiay
/anoue ?anoiaeia. A ?yaea io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e nioeeaeueiie
eio?ano?oeoo?u oeiainu ooaoia e ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe noaiiayony
iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia. Oae, a ainoaea?noaaiiii
oeiaine?iaaiee nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey, ia?aciaaiey, cae?aaiio?aiaiey,
aei?iaeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, a niaea?aeaiee iieeoeaeneiai aiia?aoa eo
oaeaeueiue aan ninoaaeyao io 70 aei 90%; a io?aia ie?oaeathuae
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, a nio?aiaiee i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, a a?aaeaeaineii e
aeeeeuiii no?ieoaeuenoaa ieiei. 40%.

E ?ano?nai ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey a NOA ioiinyony oeiainu ooaoia,
ioieoeeiaeeoaoia, oaoioeiia (iinaeeia a naeueneie ianoiinoe), oeieueiuo
e niaoeeaeueiuo aeeno?eeoia (ie?oaia). Caaiueyie nenoaiu ianoiuo
oeiainia yaeythony ianoiua athaeaeaou, a oaeaea niaoeeaeueiua oiiaeu,
oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ianoiui i?aaiai oi?aaeaiey. A
no?aia nouanoaoao aieaa 83 ouny/ ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey,
?aniieaaathueo nianoaaiiie oeiainiaie aacie.

Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1990-o aiaeia a NOA aue i?iaaaeai ii?in iy?ia 400
e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeia. N?aaee iaeaaaeiaeoeo i?iaeai ieiei. 90% iy?ia
auaeaeeee yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea e iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe a?aaeaeai.
I?e yoii eaaeaeue /aoaa?oue iy? iinoaaee i?iaeaio oaaee/aiey caiyoinoe
ia ia?aia ianoi ii cia/aieth e aaaeiinoe, a 70% iacaaee aa a ea/anoaa
iaeiie ec o?ao ia?aii/a?aaeiuo caaea/. Ii?in iicaieee auaeaeeoue
i?eia?ioth nenoaio i?ei?eoaoia:

· ?ino aeioiaeiie aacu ai?iaeia (oe?aieaiea iaeiaiaie aacu);

· nio?aiaiea nouanoaothueo i?aaei?eyoee e eiathueony ?aai/eo iano;

· aeinoeaeaiea naaeaine?iaaiiiai ea/anoaaiiiai ?inoa yeiiiieee;

· ?acaeoea eiaeono?eaeueiie e eiiia?/aneie aacu;

· oie/oiaeaiea o?ouia e ?acaaeei;

· iiiiuue aaaeiaeoei ?aeiiai.

Oaeei ia?acii, e a NOA i?iaeaia aeioiaeia e ?acaeoey iaeiaiaie aacu
noieo ia iaeiii ec ia?auo iano.

I?e iiiiue noaoai yeiiiie/aneeo ?aaoeyoi?ia (iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea,
e?aaeeoiaaiea, eiaanoe?iaaiea) oaaea?aeueiia ainoaea?noai iiaoaeaeaao
i?eieiaoue oa aa?eaiou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua a
iaeaieueoae ia?a oaeiaeaoai?yo iauanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe.

E?iia auiieiaiey oeneaeueiie ooieoeee nenoaia iaeiaia e nai?ia neoaeeo
eino?oiaioii yeiiiie/aneiai aicaeaenoaey ia iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai,
aai no?oeoo?o e aeeiaieeo, ?aciauaiea, onei?aiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna. Iaeiaaie iiaeii noeioee?iaaoue eee, iaiai?io, ia?aie/eaaoue
aeaeiaoth aeoeaiinoue, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?acaeoea oao eee eiuo io?aneae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiaeii nicaeaoue i?aaeiinueee aeey
nieaeaiey ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey /anoiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
aeey iiauoaiey eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia
ie?iaii ?uiea. N iiiiuueth iaeiaia iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue
i?ioaeoeeiienoneoth yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo eee iaania/eoue naiaiaeo
oiaa?iiio ?uieo. Iaeiae nicaeatho iniiaioth /anoue aeioiaeia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ianoiuo athaeaeaoia, aeaaay aiciiaeiinoue
oeiainiaiai aicaeaenoaey ia yeiiiieeo /a?ac ?anoiaeioth /anoue.

Iaeiaiaay iieeoeea NOA ?ann/eoaia ia i?eaea/aiea /anoiiai eaieoaea.
Noeioee?othuaa aeeyiea iaeiaiauo eueaio iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae oi?io
einaaiiiai noaneaee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.

A oaaea?aeueiuo aeioiaeao i?aiaeaaeatho i?yiua iaeiae. Aeioiaeu ooaoia e
ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe oi?ie?othony aeaaiui ia?acii ca n/ao einaaiiuo
iaeiaia e iieiouanoaaiiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

A no?oeoo?a aeioiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa NOA (1994 a.)
iaeaieueoee oaeaeueiue aan (ieiei 40%) caieiaao iiaeioiaeiue iaeia ia
oece/aneeo eeoe, aaniioth ?ieue ea?aao /anoue io/eneaiee ia nioeeaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea (i?eia?ii o?aouey 10%). Iaeia ia aeioiaeu ei?ii?aoeee
caieiaao o?aouea ianoi, inoaeueiay /anoue iinooieaiee i?eoiaeeony ia
aeoeeciua nai?u, caaiiua n?aaenoaa, iaeia ia eiouanoai, ainoaea?noaaiiua
iioeeiu.

Eoae, naiie e?oiiie noaoueae aeioiaeia yaeyaony iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n
ianaeaiey. Iaeia aceiaaony ii i?ia?anneaiie oeaea. Eiaaony iaiaeaaaaiue
iaeiaii ieieioi aeioiaeia e iyoue iaeiaiauo noaaie. Iaeiaii iiaeao
iaeaaaoueny eeai ioaeaeueiue /aeiaae, eeai naiuey. A iineaaeiai neo/aa
noiie?othony ana aeaeu aeioiaeia /eaiia naiuee ca aiae.

En/eneyaony iaeia neaaeothuei ia?acii. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey niaieoiiiai
aaeiaiai aeioiaea noiie?othony ana iieo/aiiua aeioiaeu: ca?aaioiay
ieaoa, aeioiae io i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iainey e
iiniaey, auiea/eaaaiua /anoiuie iaineiiiuie e no?aoiauie oiiaeaie,
ainoaea?noaaiiua iiniaey nauoa ii?aaeaeaiiie noiiu, aeioiae io oeaiiuo
aoiaa e ae?. Aeioiae io i?iaeaaee eiouanoaa e oeaiiuo aoiaa eeai
iaeaaaaony niaoeeaeueiui iaeiaii, eeai o/eouaaaony a ninoaaa ee/iiai
aeioiaea.

Ec niaieoiiiai aaeiaiai aeioiaea au/eoathony aeaeiaua ecaea?aeee,
naycaiiua n aai iieo/aieai. E iei ioiinyony ?anoiaeu ia i?eia?aoaiea e
niaea?aeaiea eaieoaeueiuo aeoeaia: caiaeueiue o/anoie, caeaiea,
iai?oaeiaaiea, oaeouea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ?anoiaeu e o.ae. Yoe cao?aou
o/eouaathony ia oieueei o i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ii e o ethaeae naiaiaeiuo
i?ioannee. Iinea au/eoaiey cao?ao neo/aaony /enoue aeioiae ieaoaeueueea.

Ec aaee/eiu /enoiai aeioiaea au/eoathony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iaeiaiaua
eueaiou, i?aaeaea anaai iaiaeaaaaiue ieieioi aeioiaeia. E?iia
iaiaeaaaaiiai ieieioia /enoue aeioiae oiaiueoaaony ia aciinu a
aeaaioai?eoaeueiua oiiaeu, iaeiae, oiea/aiiua aeanoyi ooaoa, ianoiua
iaeiae, i?ioeaiou, iieo/aiiua io oeaiiuo aoiaa i?aaeoaeuenoa ooaoia e
ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, noiiu aeeiaioia, ?anoiaeu ia iaaeeoeeineia
ianeoaeeaaiea (a ?acia?ao, ia i?aauoathueo 15% iaeaaaaiie noiiu),
i?ioeaiou ii ee/iui aeieaai e ii eiioa/iiio aeieao a caeia
iaaeaeaeeiinoe. Iooai oaeeo au/aoia ia?acoaony iaeiaiiaeaaaaiue aeioiae.

Iaiaeaaaaiue ieieioi aeioiaeia aaee/eia ia?aiaiiay, eiathuay
oaiaeaioeeth e oaaee/aieth. A 1990-o aiaeao ii ninoaaeye 4 oun.
aeieea?ia. Noaaee iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa, aeaenoaiaaaoaai a 1996 a.,
i?eaaaeaiu a neaaeothuae oaaeeoea.

Oaaeeoea 1

Noaaee iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa

Iaeiaiiaeaaaaiue aeioiae, aeiee.Iaeiaiaua noaaee, %Noi?oaeaneay ia?a
(niaianoiua aeioiaeu)Noi?oaeaneay ia?a (?acaeaeueiua aeioiaeu)Iaeeiieee
aeaaa naiuee. Aeaaa aeiiioicyenoaaIaeeiieee /aeiaae0-40100

40100-96900

96900-147700

147700-263750

nauoa 2637500-20500

20500-48450

48450-73850

73850-131875

nauoa 1318750-32150

32150-83050

83050-134500

134500-263750

nauoa 2637500-24000

24000-58150

58150-121300

121300-263750

nauoa 26375015

28

31

36

39,6

Aei 1986 a. a no?aia aeaenoaiaaee 14 noaaie iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa,
aaee/eia eioi?uo ia?anoaea io 11% aei 50%. A oiaea iaeiaiaie ?aoi?iu
1990-o aiaeia oeaea noaaie auea oi?iuaia: iaeneiaeueiay noaaea
nouanoaaiii nieaeaia, iaiaeaaaaiue ieieioi oaaee/ai. Ia?yaeo n yoei
oiaiueoeeinue eiee/anoai iaeiaiauo eueaio.

Io/eneaiea ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea - aoi?ay ii aaee/eia noaouey
aeioiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa - aiinyony eae ?aaioiaeaoaeai, oae e
ia?iiui ?aai/ei. A ioee/ea io aa?iiaeneeo no?ai (a oii /enea e ?innee),
aaea iniiaioth /anoue aeaiiiai aciina ieaoeo ?aaioiaeaoaeue, a NOA aciin
aeaeeony iiiieai. Noaaea iaiyaony aaeaaiaeii i?e oi?ie?iaaiee
athaeaeaoa. A 1995 1996 aiaeao iauay noaaea ninoaaeyea 15,3% io oiiaea
ca?aaioiie ieaou, i?e/ai ?aaioiaeaoaeue e o?oaeyueany aiineee ii 7,65% A
eiioea 1980-o aiaeia 6,5%.. Ii iaeaaaaony ia aanue oiiae ca?aaioiie
ieaou, a oieueei ia?aua 62,7 oun. aeiee. a 1996 a. (a ?an/aoa ia
eaaeaeiai caiyoiai). Io/eneaiey eiatho no?iai oeaeaaia iacia/aiea. Eae
neaaeoao ec i?eaaaeaiiuo aeaiiuo iaeeoei oaiaeaioeey iiauoaiey noaaie.

Iaeia ia aeioiaeu ei?ii?aoeee caieiaao eeoue o?aouea ianoi a aeioiaeao,
athaeaeaoa. Aai iniiaiay noaaea a 1996 a. ninoaaeyea 34%. Aiineony ii ii
neaaeothuae noaia ei?ii?aoeey oiea/eaaao 15% ca ia?aua 50 oun. aeiee.
iaeiaiiaeaaaaiiai aeioiaea, 25% ca neaaeothuea 25 oun. aeiee. e 34% ia
inoaaoothny noiio. E?iia oiai, ia aeioiaeu a ia?aaeaeao io 100 aei 335
oun. aeiee. onoaiiaeai aeiiieieoaeueiue nai? a ?acia?a 5%. Oaeia
nooiai/aoia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea eiaao /?acau/aeii aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey
n?aaeieo e iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee.

Iaeiae ia aeioiaeu ei?ii?aoeee aceiathony oaeaea e a athaeaeaou ooaoia.
Noaaea iau/ii noaaeeueia, oioy ano?a/aaony e a?aaeoe?iaaiiay oeaea
ooaoiiai iaeiaa. Iaeaieaa aunie yoio iaeia a ooaoao Aeiaa 12%,
Eiiiaeoeeoo 11,5%, oaaea?aeueiii ie?oaa Eieoiaey (aaei. oeaio? a.
Aaoeiaoii) 10,25%. Iaeaieaa ieceea iaeiae a ooaoao Ienneneie io 3 aei
5%, THoa 5%.

Iaeia ia aeioiaeu ei?ii?aoeee eiaao aieueoia eiee/anoai eueaio, ec
/enoiai aeioiaea au/eoathony ianoiua iaeiae ia aeioiaeu, 100%
aeeaeaeaiaeia io iaoiaeyueony a iieiie nianoaaiiinoe ianoiuo aei/a?ieo
eiiiaiee, 7080% aeeaeaeaiaeia, iieo/aiiuo io iaeaaaaiuo iaeiaii ianoiuo
ei?ii?aoeee, aeioiaeu ii oeaiiui aoiaaai ianoiuo aeanoae e ooaoia,
aciinu a aeaaioai?eoaeueiua oiiaeu. I?eiaiythony iaeiaiaua eueaiou a
?aieao nenoaiu onei?aiiiai aiciauaiey noieiinoe iniiaiiai eaieoaea
(aii?oecaoeee), eueaioa ia eiaanoeoeee, ia iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea e
iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neea ?aaiou (IEIE?). Aeaenoaotho iaeiaiaua neeaeee,
noeioee?othuea eniieueciaaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aeaeia yia?aee. Eiiiaieyi
i?aaeinoaaeyaony "iaeiaiaue e?aaeeo" a ?acia?a 50% noieiinoe
iai?oaeiaaiey, eniieuecothuaai nieia/ioth yia?aeth eee yia?aeth aao?a a
oiaea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna.

Aeey iiaeaea?aeee io?aneae aeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe eniieuecoaony
iaeiaiaay neeaeea ia enoiuaiea iaae?, eioi?ay iicaieyao nieaeaoue iaeia
ia i?eaueue ei?ii?aoeee, ?aaioathueo a yoeo io?aneyo. Neeaeea ia
aeieaeia oiaiueoaoue aaee/eiu iaeiaa aieaa /ai ia 50%. Ia aeeth/aaony a
aeioiaeu oaei?iaeaiea noieiinoe aeoeaia, anee iii ia ?aaeecoaony iooai
i?iaeaaee. Aeaenoaotho e ae?oaea iiiai/eneaiiua iaeiaiaua eueaiou.

A iniauo neo/ayo n ei?ii?aoeee aceiaaony iaeia ia naa?oi?eaueue.
Iai?eia?, oaeie iaeia i?eiaiyeny ai a?aiy aieiu ai Aueaoiaia. A ia/aea
1980-o aiaeia aaaaeai iaeia ia naa?oi?eaueue io iaooue eioi?ue aeieaeai
aue oiaiueoeoue i?aaeiieaaaaiue ?ino i?eauee iaooyiuo eiiiaiee io niyoey
eiio?iey ca aioo?aiieie oeaiaie ia iaooue. Aacie iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
neoaeeea ?acieoea iaaeaeo oaeoe/aneie oeaiie iaooe e aa aaciaie oeaiie.

Iaeiae ia naa?oi?eaueue ninoaaeytho /anoue aioeiiiiiieueiiai iaoaiecia
?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee NOA. ?uii/iue iaoaieci, iniiaaiiua ia naiaiaea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?aaoee?oao ?ani?aaeaeaiea ?ano?nia
e iaania/eaaao onoaiiaeaiea oeai ia o?iaia, io?aaeathuai cao?aou ia
i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?ia, n o/aoii n?aaeiae ii?iu i?eauee. Eae yoi
i?ienoiaeeo? A oneiaeyo eiieo?aioeee ia ?uiea eiiiaiee ia iiaoo
onoaiaaeeaaoue i?iecaieueiua oeaie ia naie oiaa?u e oneoae. Iie aeieaeiu
o/eouaaoue oeaiu, iacia/aaiua ae?oaeie oe?iaie e i?aaei?eyoeyie,
i?aaeeaaathueie aiaeiae/ioth i?iaeoeoeeth eee oneoae. ?uiie aeaao
iio?aaeoaeth aiciiaeiinoue auai?a, e yoi aai aeaaiia naienoai. A oiaea
eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau oeaiu ia/eiatho nieaeaoueny aei o?iaiy,
i?eaeeaeathuaainy e ecaea?aeeai i?iecaiaenoaa.

Iaeiaei neaaeoao iiiieoue, /oi i?e aicieeiiaaiee iiiiiieee ?uii/iue
iaoaieci ia n?aaaouaaao, /oi i?eaiaeeo e ia?aoiiio iayooaeoeaiiio
?ani?aaeaeaieth e eniieueciaaieth ?ano?nia.

A NOA iiiyoea "iiiiiieey" i?eiaiyaony e oe?ia eee e a?oiia oe?i,
iaeaaeathueo oaeei aeeyieai ia eiie?aoiii ?uiea, eioi?ia iicaieyao
iiaeaaeyoue eiieo?aioeeth, ?aaoee?iaaoue iauai e oneiaey iinoaaie e
oeene?iaaoue oeaiu, iaiiny oua?a iio?aaeoaeth. I?e yoii aaniethoiue
?acia? oicyenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu ia i?aaeii?aaeaeyao aa iiiiiieueiua
iiceoeee a io?anee eee ia ?uiea. Oe?ia, iacaaeneii io aa aaee/eiu,
noaiiaeony iiiiiieeae, anee ae i?eiaaeeaaeeo iiaeaaeythuay /anoue
i?iaeaae ia eiie?aoiii oiaa? iii eee aaia?aoe/aneii ?uiea.

Ia?aie/aiea iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee aeayoaeueiinoe iiiiiieee aaaeaony ii
ianeieueeei iai?aaeaieyi. N?aaee ieo: i?ia?anneaiia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea
aeioiaeia oe?i, iaeiae ia naa?oi?eaueue. I?e yoii caeiiu i eiieo?aioeee,
eae i?aaeei, ia ?ani?ino?aiythony ia eio?ano?oeoo?iua io?anee
(o?ainii?o, aaieianeia aeaei, eiiioiaeueiua neoaeau niaaaeaiea aiaeie e
yia?aeae). Ca/anooth ia cao?aaeaatho iie e aeiauaathuoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue
aeiau/o oaey i?iecaiaenoai noaee. A yoeo io?aneyo ainoaea?noai
?aaoee?oao iauaiu, oeaiu, aeinooi ia ?uiie. N/eoaaony, /oi caeanue
eiieo?aioeey ia iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue oniaoiiio auiieiaieth
aiceiaeaiiuo ia aeaiiua io?anee ooieoeee. A yoeo io?aneyo aaeee
oaeaeueiue aan ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iineieueeo aeaaiia aeey
ieo ia i?eaueue, a oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae iauanoaa.

Iaeia ia aeioiaeu io i?iaeaaee eaieoaeueiuo aeoeaia aceiaaony ii oie aea
noaaea, /oi e a oeaeii n aeioiaea ei?ii?aoeee (iaeneiaeueii 34%). Ii
anee i?e yoie iia?aoeee aianoi aeioiaea ia?acothony oauoee, oi noiia
oauoeia ia iiaeao au/eoaoueny ec iaeiaiiaeaaaaiiai aeioiaea.

Oaaea?aeueiua aeoeeciua nai?u eiatho ia?aie/aiiia cia/aiea Iie caieiatho
ne?iiiia ianoi a aeioiaeao ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa Oaaea?aeueiua
aeoeecu onoaiiaeaiu ia oiaa?u aeeiaieueiua, oaaa/iua ecaeaeey, oneoae
ia aei?iae e aicaeooiua ia?aaicee.

Ca iineaaeiea aiaeu i?iecioee ii?aaeaeaiiua eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee. Iai?eia?, a 1995 a. iiaeioiaeiue iaeia ninoaaee
594,4 ie?ae. aeiee. Ii oaaee/eeny ii/oe ia 20 ie?ae. aeieea?ia eee ia
17,6%, ii n?aaiaieth n 1992 a. Io/eneaiey ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea
iiauneeenue aei 483 ie?ae. aeiee., eee ia 17,3%. Iaeia ia aeioiaeu
ei?ii?aoeee aic?in aei 157,8 ie?ae. aeiee., eee ia 36% Oaaee/eeenue
aeoeeciua nai?u ia 10 ie?ae. aeiee., eee ia 20%. Aunieea oaiiu ?inoa ca
o?e aiaea iauyniythony oai, /oi ec-ca iaino?aiey aeaoeoeeoa
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa auee iiauoaiu aeoeecu ia ?yae oiaa?ia, a oii
/enea ia ieai, aeii, oaaa/iua ecaeaeey. Aaaaeai aeoeec ii noaaea 10% ia
aei?iaea aaoiiiaeee, ae?aaioeaiiinoe, iaoa, ee/iua naiieaou.

Iaeiae ia eiouanoai, ia?aoiaeyuaa a ii?yaeea ianeaaeiaaiey eee aea?aiey,
au?inee ii/oe ia 25% e ninoaaeee 148 ie?ae. aeiee. Eiouanoai
noieiinoueth aei 10 oun. aeiee. io aeaiiiai iaeiaa inaiaiaeaeaii. Aieaa
aei?iaie iiaea?ie eee ianeaaenoai iaeaaathony iaeiaii ii i?ia?anneaiie
oeaea io 18 aei 50%. Naiay aunieay noaaea i?eiaiyaony, anee noieiinoue
ianeaaenoaa i?aauoaao 2,5 iei. aeiee., i?e yoii o/eouaaaony noaiaiue
?iaenoaa.

Iioeeiu, aeaaiui ia?acii oaiiaeaiiua, a 1995 a. i?aauneee 20 ie?ae.
aeiee. ?ino ninoaaee 13,8% ii ioiioaieth e 1992 a.

Iauay noiia nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa NOA aac
caaiiuo n?aaenoa a 1995 a. ninoaaeyea 1446,9 ie?ae. aeiee., /oi
i?aauneei o?iaaiue 1992 a. ii/oe ia 300 ie?ae. aeiee., eee ia 20,5%.
Aeinoaoi/ii aaniiue i?e?ino a oneiaeyo iaeie eioeyoeee.

Iauai ?anoiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa n o/aoii caaiiuo n?aaenoa
ninoaaee a 1995 a. i?eia?ii 1529 ie?ae. aeiee. A no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia
iaeaieueoee oaeaeueiue aan caieiatho cao?aou ia nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea
nauoa 40%; /aoaa?ooth /anoue ninoaaeytho ?anoiaeu ia aiaiiua ioaeaeu;
inoaeueiay /anoue i?eoiaeeony ia auieaou nnoae e i?ioeaioia ii iei,
noaneaeee ooaoai e ai?iaeai, i?i/ea oaaea?aeueiua ?anoiaeu.

Eaaeaeue ooao eiaao naith (ioaeaeueioth io oaaea?aeueiie) iaeiaiaoth
nenoaio. Ooaou aceiatho iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n ei?ii?aoeee e n a?aaeaeai.
I?e/ai eiie?aoiua aii?inu iaeiaeaiey ?aoaoue auaaao iiae/an iai?inoi.
Oae, ooao eiaao i?aai ia iaeia n aeioiaeia eiiiaiee a oii neo/aa, anee
ia aai oa??eoi?ee ?aniieiaeaiu no?iaiey eee ?aaioatho neoaeauea aeaiiie
eiiiaiee. Iaeiaei iineaaeiyy iiaeao ia eiaoue ia oa??eoi?ee ooaoa ie
no?iaiee, ie neoaeaueo, ii i?iaiaeeoue oi?aiaeth e iieo/aoue i?eaueue
(iniaaiii i?e oe?ieii ?ani?ino?aiaiee oi?aiaee ii eaoaeiaai).
Aeooaeueiui noaiiaeony aii?in i i?aaiia?iinoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ooaoaie
eiiiaiee a yoii neo/aa.

Ia anaaaea iaeiicia/ii ?aoaaony aii?in e n iaeiaiiaeiaeaieai ee/iuo
aeioiaeia. Iiaeioiaeiue iaeia ieaoyo e aeeoaee ooaoa, e a?aaeaeaia,
iieo/athuea aeioiae ia oa??eoi?ee. Iai?eia?, ethaee, ?aaioathuea (ii ia
aeeaouea) a Iueth-Ei?ea, ieaoyo iaeia n ca?aaioaiiie ieaou (n inoaeueiuo
aeioiaeia ieaoyo ii ianoo aeeoaeuenoaa). Noaaee iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa
eieaaethony io 2 aei 12%.

Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo enoi/ieeia aeioiaeia ooaoia, eioi?ui iie aeaeyony n
athaeaeaoii ai?iaeia, yaeyaony iaeia n i?iaeaae einaaiiue iaeia ia
iio?aaeaiea (noiaeee n iaeiaii ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue). Iau/ii ei
ia iaeaaathony i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u (ca eneeth/aieai ?anoi?aiia).
A 19931994 oeiainiaii aiaeo iaeia n i?iaeaae i?eiaiyeny a 44 (ec 50)
ooaoia NOA. Iai?eia?, yoio iaeia ionoonoaoao a ooaoao: Aeynea, Aeyeaaa?,
Iueth-Aeaea?ne. A inoaeueiuo noaaea eieaaeaony io 3 aei 8,25 %,
iineieueeo onoaiaaeeaaaony i?aaeoaeuenoaaie naieo ooaoia. Iaeaieaa
ieceay a Eiei?aaei e Aeneiineia (3%), a Aeaaaia, Eoeceaia, Ie/eaaia,
Aeaei?aeaeee, THaeiie Aeaeioa, Aeiaa (4%); iaeaieaa aunieay a
Eaeeoi?iee (7,25%), Eeeeiiena (8%), Iueth-Ei?ea (8,25%). Iaeia n
i?iaeaae iiaeao ?ani?aaeaeyoueny, iai?eia?, neaaeothuei ia?acii: a ooaoa
Eeeeiien a athaeaeao ooaoa 6%, a athaeaeao e?oiiuo ai?iaeia, oaeeo, eae
*eeaai, Ni?eiaoaeueae, 1% (iai?aaeyaony ia ioaeaeu aeaia?oaiaioa
nei?inoiiai o?ainii?oa aeaeaciua aei?iae). Iaeioi?ua ooaou, iai?eia?,
Eaeeoi?iey, aceiatho iaeia ia aeaeiaoth aeoeaiinoue. Ii aeeth/aao a naay
aeaa yeaiaioa: iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea iauaai aiaeiaiai iai?ioa i?aaei?eyoey
(iau/ii a i?aaeaeao io 1 aei 2,5%) e iaeia ia oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou,
eioi?ue a Eaeeoi?iee ninoaaeyao 1,6%.

Oaeei ia?acii, oeiainu ooaoia aace?othony ia iiaeioiaeiii iaeiaa n
a?aaeaeai, iaeiaa n ei?ii?aoeee, iaeiaa n i?iaeaae e iaeiaa ia aeaeiaoth
aeoeaiinoue.

Ai?iaea NOA eiatho naie iaeiaiaua enoi/ieee. Aeaaiui ec ieo iiaeii
iacaaoue iaeia ia eiouanoai. Iai?eia?, a a. Iueth-Ei?ea yoio iaeia
iaania/eaaao 40 % nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa. Ii aceiaaony n
aeaaeaeueoeaa i?eia?ii 900 ouny/ caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee. I?e yoii
eiiia?/aneay e eiay nianoaaiiinoue iaeaaaaony iaeiaii ii
aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiui noaaeai. Nianoaaiiee eaa?oe?u ieaoeo iaiueoa, /ai
nianoaaiiee naeaaaaiiai a iaai aeeeiai aeiia eee nianoaaiiee iniiaiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia. A?aiaeaoi? eaa?oe?u ia ieaoeo iaeia ia
eiouanoai, oioy ii, eiia/ii, o/eouaaaony i?e iacia/aiee aeaaeaeueoeai
a?aiaeiie ieaou. Ee/iia eiouanoai, eniieuecoaiia aeey nianoaaiiiai
iio?aaeaiey, aeaiiui iaeiaii ia iaeaaaaony.

A a. Oeioii (ooaoa Eeeeiien) iaeia ia eiouanoai a 1991 1992 oeiainiaii
aiaeo aue onoaiiaeai a 6,75 % (yoi i/aiue aunieee o?iaaiue). A
iaeaaaaioth nianoaaiiinoue aoiaeeee caiey e no?iaiey. Ia yoii iniiaaiee
aaca iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ?aaia 1/3 ?uii/iie noieiinoe. Aeaaeaeaoe iieo/ae
iaeei ?ac a /aou?a aiaea ienueii n ooi/iaiiie ioeaieie aai
nianoaaiiinoe. Iaeia iinooiae a athaeaeaou ooaoa, ai?iaea, oeieueiuo e
ia?eiauo ie?oaia. A n?aaeiai iaeia ia eiouanoai a NOA ninoaaeyao 1,4%.

Ec ae?oaeo ianoiuo iaeiaia a ai?iaea iiaeii auaeaeeoue: iaeia ia
ainoeie/iia ianeoaeeaaiea (5% io ieaou ca ainoeieoeo); iaeia ia
eiiioiaeueiua oneoae (3% io ieaou ca oaeaoii, aac, yeaeo?e/anoai); iaeia
ia naeaeee (i?e i?iaeaaea e iieoiea iaaeaeaeeiinoe aiinyony 2 aeieea?a
50 oeaioia ca eaaeaeoth ouny/o aeieea?ia).

Ianoiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe eeoeaice?oaony i?aai i?iaeaaee i?iaeoeoia
(ioaeaeueii iieiea), nie?oiuo iaieoeia, oaaa/iuo ecaeaeee, aeaaeaiea
?anoi?aiaie. Auaeathony eeoeaicee ia i?aai iieueciaaiey aaoiiiaeeyie,
iioioeeeeaie, ia i?aai niaea?aeaiey aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo. Eeoeaiceiiiua
nai?u aoiaeyo a nenoaio ianoiuo iaeiaia.

Ianoiua iaeiae a NOA ea?atho naiinoiyoaeueioth ?ieue, e a ioee/ea io
?innee e ?yaea aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, neoaeao iniiaie aeioiaeiie /anoe
ianoiuo athaeaeaoia. Oai ia iaiaa iineaaeiea aac e?oiiuo
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo noaneaeee ia iaoiaeyony. Aeaaea noieeoea NOA a.
Aaoeiaoii, eiathuee a ea/anoaa oaaea?aoeaiiai ie?oaa Eieoiaey
i?a?iaaoeau ooaoa, iiaeao iie?uaaoue naie ?anoiaeu eeoue ia 80%.
Inoaeueiua cao?aou aiciauathony oaaea?aeueiuie noaneaeeyie. A
Iueth-Ei?ea noaneaeee aiciauatho ieiei o?aoe athaeaeaoa ai?iaea.

Eae iu aeaeei, eiaiii noaneaeee, noaaaioeee e aeioaoeee oaaea?aeueiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa iiaoo aeoeaii aeeyoue ia nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia
?acaeoea ai?iaeia.

Iaiiiiei, /oi e nenoaia ianoiuo iaeiaia ai iiiaii onoaiaaeeaaaony
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ainoaea?noaa.

Aiaeec no?oeoo?u e noaaie ianoiuo iaeiaia a NOA iicaieyao
eeanneoeoee?iaaoue eo ii /aou?ai iniiaiui a?oiiai:

Ia?aay yoi nianoaaiiua iaeiae, eioi?ua niae?athony oieueei ia aeaiiie
oa??eoi?ee. Nthaea ioiinyony i?yiua e einaaiiua iaeiae. Ec i?yiuo
iniiaiuie yaeythony: iieiouanoaaiiua, i?iiuneiaua, iicaiaeueiua, ianoiua
iaeiae n ianeaaenoa e aea?aiee. Einaaiiia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea aanueia
?aciiia?acii. Iii i?aaenoaaeaii eae iaeiaii n i?iaeaae, oae e
niaoeeoe/aneeie aeoeecaie.

Aoi?ay a?oiia ianoiuo iaeiaia aeeth/aao a naay iaaeaaaee e
iauaainoaea?noaaiiui iaeiaai, io/eneythueany a ii?aaeaeaiiii i?ioeaioa a
ianoiue athaeaeao. Ii oeiainiaie nouiinoe yoe iaaeaaaee ioee/athony io
ianoiuo iaeiaia oieueei oi?iie iiaeeecaoeee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.

O?aouey a?oiia yoi iaeiae ia o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, ia c?aeeua, ia
ainoeieoeu, eiiioiaeueiua nai?u e i?i/ea. N?aaee iaeiaia ia iio?aaeaiea
a NOA iiaeii ioiaoeoue oaeea, eae iaeia ia ?aaeno?aoeeth aaoiiaoei,
iaeia ia ia?eiaeo aaoiiiaeey, aeoeec ia oiieeai, iaeia ca iieueciaaiea
aaoino?aaeaie. Iineaaeiee aeaeeony iaaeaeo athaeaeaoaie ooaoa e
ai?iaeia. Noaaee iaeiaa caaenyo io aeaea aaoiiiaeey.

Iaeiiaoe, anoue /aoaa?oay a?oiia ianoiuo iaeiaia. Yoe iaeiae ia iinyo
oeneaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, a ii?aaeaeytho iieeoeeo ianoiuo i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey. Nthaea aoiaeyo i?aaeaea anaai yeieiae/aneea iaeiae,
iai?aaeaiiua ia caueoo ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu. A Iueth-Ei?ea
anoue, iai?eia?, iaeia ia i/enoeo iaooyiuo iyoai ia aiaeiaiao. Eiaaony
iaeia ia ei?ii?aoeee, a ?acoeueoaoa aeayoaeueiinoe eioi?uo iiyaeythony
iooiaeu "?enea". Niaoeeaeueiui iaeiaii iaeaaathony eiiiaiee,
i?iecaiaeyuea aieinoe aeey aeeaeeinoae aac eo aoi?e/iiai eniieueciaaiey
(eiathony a aeaeo eiina?aiua aaiee e i?i/ay oa?a, eaeouay iinea
eniieueciaaiey i?iaeoeoeee a iooiaeu).

Aeey anao no?ai oa?aeoa?ii i?aiaeaaeaiea iaeiaia, aceiaaiuo a
oeaio?aeueiue athaeaeao, e iiae/eiaiiia iieiaeaiea ianoiuo iaeiaia. Ii a
oi aea a?aiy o?aaiecaoeey i?eaiaeeo e onei?aiiiio ?inoo aeioiaeia
ai?iaeneeo athaeaeaoia. Iiyoiio ianoiua iaeiae iiauoathony iaeaieaa
auno?uie oaiiaie.

A ioee/ea io ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaia ianoiua iaeiae oa?aeoa?ecothony
iiiaeanoaaiiinoueth e ?aa?anneaiinoueth. Eo noaaee ia o/eouaatho
aeioiaeia iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia.

Ia?aaeei aicieeaao aii?in: n /ai naycaia iiiaeanoaaiiinoue
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, i?eiaiyaiay ai anao ?acaeouo no?aiao? Aeaei a oii, /oi
iiiaeanoaaiiinoue iaeiaia iaoneiaeaia ineoieiae/aneei oaeoi?ii,
iicaieythuei naeaeaoue iauaa iaeiaiaia a?aiy iaiaa caiaoiui; ioaaouaay
?aciiia?acea oi?i aeioiaeia, aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia iio?aaeaiea e
iaeiieaiea. Yooaeoeaiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiee iiiaeanoaa iaeiaiauo oi?i
i?aaeiieaaaao iaeiia?aiaiii oia?aiiinoue iaeiaeaiey eaaeaeui ec iaeiaia
e anae eo niaieoiiinoueth.

Iiyoiio oaeaeueiue aan iaeiaia a NOA ii ioiioaieth e aaeiaiio
aioo?aiiaio i?iaeoeoo (AAI) ninoaaeyao eeoue ieiei 27%, /oi ieaea, /ai a
aieueoeinoaa aa?iiaeneeo no?ai.

4.1.1. Yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia Aeeea Eeeioiia 1993 aiaea aeo?iae ?Ie?iaay
yeiiiieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey? ?12/1998;

I?aceaeaio - aeaiie?ao A. Eeeioii - ?i?aceaeaio ia?aiai? (oae iacaaea
aai ia/aoue) aac i?iiaaeeaiey iioae ii iooe ia?aniio?a a aeooa
oaaea?aeueiuo eiioeaioeee i?aeoe/anee anao aniaeoia oaaea?aeueiie
athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee. Eeeioii ia i?inoi i?iaae /a?ac eiia?ann i?ia?aiio
nie?auaiey athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa. Ii noiae ia?ano?ieoue nenoaio
oaaea?aeueiiai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iiaeioiaeiiai aeioiaea a iai?aaeaiee
i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiii oiio, eoaea oieeae a? ?aeaai e oai?aoeee
?yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey?.

I?aaeaea anaai, Eeeioii aeiaeeny io eiia?anna oeaeiai ?iaeaoa? iiauoaiey
iaeiaia Ni. I?eeiaeaiea 2. I?e/ai, /oi eanaaony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa, oi iaeiaiaay oeaea auea iiauoaia n onoaiiaeaieai
iiaie aa?oiae aaceniie noaaee - 39,6% (aeey naiaeiuo ia?, iiaeathueo
niaianoioth iaeiaiaoth aeaeea?aoeeth).

Oaaeeoea 2.

Oeaea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa iinea ?aoi?iu 1993 aiaea
(%)(aeey naiaeiuo iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia) Enoi/iee: ?Economic Report of the
President?, Washington, 1997, p.34.

Aiaeiaie iaeiaiiaeaaaaiue aeioiae (oun. aeiee.)Iaeiaiaay noaaea i?e
aaeieieno?aoeee AooaIaeiaiaay noaaea iinea ?aoi?iu 1993 aiaeaaei
36,9151536, 9 - 89,2282889,2 - 140,03131140,0 - 250,03136nauoa
250,03139,6 Aeey eeoe n iaeaunoeie aeioiaeaie, iiaeathuei iaeiaiaoth
aeaeea?aoeeth eiaeeaeaeoaeueii, aue ia?aiia/aeueii aaaaeai
aeiiieieoaeueiue 10%-ue iaeia (iethnoaiue e aaceniie noaaea), /oi
aeaaaei aunooth iaeiaiaoth noaaeo a 46%Oaeei ia?acii, Eeeioii e aai
niaaoieee nouanoaaiii eciaieee ?iniiaiia oa/aiea iaeiaiaie iieeoeee? ia
aaca oeiainiaie eiioeaioeee naiae ia?oee, eioi?ay caueuaao
i?ia?anneaiinoue nenoaiu eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iiaeioiaeiiai aeioiaea e a?
yaaeeoa?iua i?eioeeiu (eae iiae/a?eeaae A. Eeeioii, oaeoe/anee iaeia aue
iiauoai anaai aeey 1,2% iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia n iaeaunoeie aeioiaeaie).

Iiauoaiea iaeiaa aeaei iaeeaeaaiua ?acoeueoaou: iaeiaiaua nai?u
oaaee/eeenue e e 1996 aiaeo aeioiaeu io oaaea?aeueiiai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iiaeioiaeiiai aeioiaea aeinoeaee 8,6% AAI,
aa?ioaoenue e o?iaith 1980 (8,8%), eiaaea ia/eiaeinue eo neieueaeaiea
aiec, eieoeee?iaaiiia ?yeiiiieeie i?aaeeiaeaiey? ?aeaaia.

Iiaeiaiua aea eciaiaiey, oioy e iaiaa ?aaeeeaeueiua, i?aoa?iae a 80 -
90-a aiaeu iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n ei?ii?aoeee - o?aoee ii cia/aieth
enoi/iee aeioiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. ?aoi?iu Eeeioiia
niinianoaiaaee oaaee/aieth nai?ia oaaea?aeueiuo ei?ii?aoeaiuo iaeiaia. A
?acoeueoaoa e 1995 aiaeo eo aan a iauae aeiea oaaea?aeueiuo iinooieaiee
aeinoea 11,8% (ii/oe aei o?iaiy 1980 aiaea).

Yaiethoeeth, ioee/ioth ii naiae oi?ia, ii ?nicao/ioth? aeaaiie /a?oa
?acaeoey oaaea?aeueiiai iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa a 80 -90-a aiaeu i?iaeaeaee
iaeiae e aciinu ii nioeeaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth. E nouanoai aeaea
caeeth/aaony aeaaea ia a oii, /oi iinea 3-o aeanyoeeaoee eioaineaiiai
?inoa yoe iaeiae i?eaeeceeenue e oaeaeueiiio aano oaaea?aeueiiai
iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa. Aaaeii oi, /oi iiauoay e noaaee iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey,
e i?aaeaeu iaeiaiiaeaaaaiiai aeioiaea, aia?eeaineay athaeaeaoiay nenoaia
i?aa?aoeea iaeiae ii nioeeaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth (e, iniaaiii, aeaaiue ec
ieo, oae iacuaaaiue ?iaeia AOSD? AOSD - eiiieaeniue iaeia ii iaineiiiiio
no?aoiaaieth, no?aoiaaieth ia neo/ae iioa?e ei?ieeueoea e
o?oaeiniiniaiinoe, a oaeaea ii iaaeeoeeineiio no?aoiaaieth;
aeeth/athuai oaeaea iaeia no?aoiaaiey ii aac?aaioeoea e iaeia
no?aoiaaiey ?aaioieeia ae/ae. o?ainii?oa.) a aanueia cia/eoaeueiue
?aa?anneaiue iaeia n i/aiue oe?ieie noa?ie ioaaoa. Aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
niaieoiioth noaaeo ii ?iaeiao AOSD? oiea/eaatho e ?aaioathuea ii iaeio,
e ?aaioiaeaoaee, i?e/ai oaia?ue aai oaia?ue noaee i?eeaaaoue ei anaio
aeioiaeo iacaaeneii io aaee/eiu. Oaeoe/anee iaeia ii nioeeaeueiiio
no?aoiaaieth noae aunooiaoue eae aeie ?aa?anneaiue ?eaace -
iiaeioiaeiuo? iaeiaia, eioi?ue aeaaiaea?y naiaio aano a oaaea?aeueiii
athaeaeaoa au? neeueiaa nieceee noaiaiue i?ia?anneaiinoe aai iaeiaiaie
no?oeoo?u. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iie noeioee?otho ?acaeoeth ?nioeeaeueiie
i?eaioaoeee? aia?eeaineie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu.

*aou?a inoaeueiuo enoi/ieea aeioiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa a
?anniao?eaaaiue ia?eiae eaeea - eeai iiaua oaiaeaioeee ia iaia?oaeeee,
ii i?aaeiaio inoaaaynue aoi?inoaiaiiuie yeaiaioaie oaaea?aeueiie
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu.

A oeaio?a ?anioaeeeaineie aoaee ia Eeeioiia noaei (iiyoue) ?aaeeeaeueiia
nieaeaiea iaeiaiauo noaaie. Aaeieieno?aoeey ?aoeoaeueii iioea ii
iae?aeiio iooe oaycuaaiey nie?auaiey oaaea?aeueiuo iaeiaia ni
noaaeeecaoeeiiiie no?aoaaeae, iiauoathuae iaeiae ia naiuo ninoiyoaeueiuo
aia?eeaioeaa. Auaeaeioa ieai iiyoaiiiai aeinoeaeaiey athaeaeaoiiai
aaeaina, Eeeioii naeaeae au? iaeii aaaeiia cayaeaiea, iiae/a?eioa
i?aainoaaiiinoue a i?iaaaeaiee iae?iyeiiiie/aneie ?eeiee? aeaiie?aoia.
Aaaeiinoue naaeaine?iaaiiinoe oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa iiaeoaa?aeaeaia
anaie iaeiaiauie i?aaeeiaeaieyie Eeeioiia. Aianoi ?aaeeaeueiuo,
?ac?ooathueo athaeaeao, iaeiaiaoth no?oeoo?o athaeaeaoa nie?auaiee
noaaie iiaeioiaeiuo iaeiaia i?aceaeaio i?aaeeiaeee iaeao naeaeoeaiuo
iaeiaiauo eueaio, aie?oa eioi?iai e iioea ai?ueaa a eiia?anna e iinea
iiaaaeu Eeeioiia ia auai?ao 1996 aiaea. Naeaeoeaiua aeaiiua ?iaeaa/aiey
iaeiaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa?, ianeieueei aunieiia?ii iacaaiiua ?Aeeeai i
i?aaao aeey n?aaeiaai eeanna?, aeeth/aao:

Ю i?aai ia au/ao ec iaeiaiiaeaaaaiiai aeioiaea ?anoiaeia ia
iineaoeieueiia ia?aciaaiea aia?eeaioeaa n iaeuie e n?aaeieie aeioiaeaie
(oaeoe/anee i?yiay iaeiaiaay noaneaeey) aieioue aei noiiu 10 000 $ a
aiae

Ю oia?aiiia iaeiaiaia nie?auaiea aeey naiae n aeioiaeaie ieaea 75 000 $
a aiae a oi?ia i?yiie eueaiou 500 $ ia eaaeaeiai ?aa?iea iieiaea 13 eao

Ю iaeioi?ia ?anoe?aiea nenoaiu iaiaeaaaaiuo iaeiaii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo
iaineiiiuo n/aoia a?aaeaeai n ieceeie e n?aaeieie aeioiaeaie

An? yoi aianoa acyoia aeaenoaeoaeueii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeueoa?iaoeao
?anioaeeeaineiio iaeiaiaiio ?yeno?aiecio?. Iiaeii caeeth/eoue, /oi anee
a ?onea athaeaeaoiie no?aoaaee, aue?enoaeeeciaaaoaeny e eiioeo 90-o
aiaeia, i?iaeaia naaeaine?iaaiiinoe oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa aoaeao
?aoaia ni. I?eeiaeaiea 3, oi iae?iyeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua i?eaioe?u
Eeeioiia aoaeoo aeiieie?iaaoue a oaaea?aeueiie athaeaeaoiie iieeoeea
?caao?aoiaai aeiy?.

5 aaaonoa 1997 aiaea i?aceaeaio Eeeioii iiaeienae caeiiiaeaoaeueiue
aeo, ii eioi?iio aeioiaeu oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa auee o?acaiu ia 157
ie?ae. aeiee. aeaaiaea?y iineaaeaieth iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie.

Caeeth/aiea.

?inney ia?aaeeaaao nae/an aeanoi/aeoee yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen. Eae yoi ie
ia?aaeienaeueii cao/eo, ii eiaiii nae/an ianooiaao a?aiy ia?aiai.
Iaiaoiaeeiu eiiieaeniua i?aia?aciaaiey ai anae no?oeoo?a ?inneeneie
yeiiiieee. Yooaeoeaiay iaeiaiaay nenoaia yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo
ninoaaeythueo yeiiiie/aneiai i?ioeaaoaiey no?aiu. Ia yoii iiaeii
noaeeoue ii ca?oaaaeiui no?aiai, aaea ianoaeaeaiea iaeiaia aeaaii oaea
caieiaao ii/aoiia ianoi n?aaee yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey.

Nenoaia iaeiaia e nai?ia neoaeeo eino?oiaioii yeiiiie/aneiai
aicaeaenoaey ia iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai, aai no?oeoo?o e aeeiaieeo,
?aciauaiea, onei?aiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. Iaeiaaie iiaeii
noeioee?iaaoue eee, iaiai?io, ia?aie/eaaoue aeaeiaoth aeoeaiinoue, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?acaeoea oao eee eiuo io?aneae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiaeii nicaeaoue i?aaeiinueee aeey nieaeaiey ecaea?aeae
i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey /anoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, aeey iiauoaiey
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia ie?iaii ?uiea. N
iiiiuueth iaeiaia iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue i?ioaeoeeiienoneoth yeiiiie/aneoth
iieeoeeo eee iaania/eoue naiaiaeo oiaa?iiio ?uieo. Iaeiae nicaeatho
iniiaioth /anoue aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ianoiuo athaeaeaoia,
aeaaay aiciiaeiinoue oeiainiaiai aicaeaenoaey ia yeiiiieeo /a?ac
?anoiaeioth /anoue.

A aeaiiie ?aaioa iu iinoa?aeenue i?iaiaeece?iaaoue aeaenoaothuoth
nae/an a ?innee iaeiaiaoth nenoaio, ia?aoeeenue e iiuoo ca?oaaaeiuo
no?ai. A eoiaa iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi aeaenoaey I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O
iai?aaeaiu ia oeo/oaiea neooaoeee. A oeaeii ?inneeneay iiaeaeue
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ia oae oae aeaeaea io iaeiaiauo nenoai ?acaeouo
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. Ii, ai - ia?auo, ii o?iaith n?aaeiaaeooaaiai
aeioiaea, no?oeoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey, iaee/ey eiouanoaa a
?oeao o ianaeaiey ?inney na?ue?cii ioee/aaony io no?ai n ?acaeoie
?uii/iie yeiiiieeie. Ai - aoi?uo, a ?innee neiaeeeanue eaoano?ioe/aneay
neooaoeey ni nai?ii iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee. A yoii aeiiaaou e iaeiaiaua
ia?aaeau e iniaaiiinoe ?onneiai ia?iaea. Aia?eeaineea yeiiiienou
aiai?yo, /oi anee au a NOA auea au iaeiaiaay nenoaia Oaaoeee, oi ieeoi
ia noae au ?aaioaoue. Oaaoeey aea iaieioi ?acaeaaaony. Yoi aiai?eo i
oii, /oi ?inneeneei yeiiiienoai iaiaoiaeeii, aiciiaeii, au?aaioaoue
iniaaiiua iooe iioeiecaoeee iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. Ii aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue oaea nouanoaothuea iaeiaiaua nenoaiu, iauaie?iaua
oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey, /oi e auei naeaeaii a aeaiiie ?aaioa.

Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:

1. THoeeia O.O. Iaeiae e iaeiaiiaieiaeaiea: O/aaiee . - I.: Eio?a - I,
1998. - 429 n.

2. Iaeiae: O/aa. iiniaea/Iiae. ?aae. Ae. A. *a?ieea - 4-a ecae.,
ia?a?aa. e aeii. - I: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1998. - 544n

3. Iaeiaiaua nenoaiu ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai: O/aaiee aeey aocia, iiae ?aae.
A.A. Eiycaa, Ae.A. *a?iee. - I.: Caeii e i?aai, THieoe, 1997. - 191 n.

4. //"Ie?iaay yeiiiieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey" ?12/1998 aiae.

5. Oeie/aaa I.E. Iaeiaiaia i?aai: O/aaiee.I: Ecaeaoaeuenoai AAE, 1997.
- 336n

6. THoeeia O.O. Iaeiae e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea O/aaiee - I.: EIO?A - I, 1999
- 429 n.

7. Iaeiae: O/aaiia iiniaea /Iiae. ?aae. Ae.A. *a?ieea - I.: Oeiainu e
noaoenoeea, 1995 aiae. - n. 400

8. ?aecaa?a A.A. Yeiiiie/aneay yioeeeeiiaaeey aeey aeaoae e ac?ineuo. -
I.: AICO Iaooaoeieiaano, 1995 aiae. - 688 n.

9. Iaeiaiaue eiaeaen ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee (/anoue ia?aay). - I.:
Annioeeaoeey aaoi?ia e ecaeaoaeae OAIAeAI. Ecae. YEIIN. - 1999 a. - 80
n.

10. Nia?aiaiiay yeiiiieea. Iauaaeinooiiue o/aaiue eo?n. ?inoia - ia -
Aeiio, Ecae. Oaieen, 1995 a. - 608 n.

11. Aa?aoa TH.I. : Niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. //
Aoaeeo e oeiainiaue aiaeec. - ?1/1999

12. Yeiiiieea : o/aaiee/Iiae ?aae. aeioe. A.N. Aoeaoiaa. 2-a ecae.,
ia?a?aa. e aeii. - I.: Ecae. AAE, 1997 aiae - 816 n.

13. Eo?n yeiiiieee: o/aaiee/Iiae ?aae. A.A. ?acaa?aa. - EIO?A - I, 1997
aiae. - 720 n.

14. Iaeiae: O/aaiia./Iiae. ?aae. Ae.A. *a?ieea - iiniaea - 2-a ecae.,
ia?a?aa. e aeii. I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1996 aiae. - n. 688

15. . Ianea/aa Eieeaaey IIN ?innee iiaeaiaeeo eoiae ca 1998 aiae //
?inneeneee iaeiaiaue eo?uea?. - ?4/1999

16. N.I. Ooeueaei ?aoi?ie?iaaiea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu // ?inneeneee
iaeiaiaue eo?uea?. - ?1/1999



I?eeiaeaiea 1.

No?oeoo?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia a athaeaeao ?O. (o?ei. ?oa.)

199519961997Iaeia ia i?eaueue41,532,576,7 (17,6%)Iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n
oec. eeoe3,35,1-I.Ae.N.71,8101,8171,9 (39,5%)Aeoeecu17,545,375,8
(17,4%)Iaeia ia eiouanoai. - - 10,4 (2,4%)I?eeiaeaiea 2.

No?oeoo?a iaeiaia athaeaeaoa a NOA (%). Enoi/iee: aeo?iae ?Ie?iaay
yeiiiieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey? ? 12/1998



199519961997Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iiaeioiaeiua
iaeiae43,745,246,0Iiaeioiaeiua iaeiae n ei?ii?aoeee11,611,811,0Iaeiae e
aciinu ii nioeeaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth35,835,134,0Aeoeecu4,33,74,0Iaeiae
ia ianeaaenoai e aea?aiey1,11,2Oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu1,41,35,0I?i/ea
aeioiaeu2,11,7I?eeiaeaiea 3.

Oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao a NOA (ie?ae. aeiee., % e AAI). Enoi/iee:
aeo?iae ?Ie?iaay yeiiiieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey? ? 12/1998



1995199619971998Oaaea?aeueiua aeioiaeu1352 (18,6)1453 (19,10)1580
(14,8)1660 (19,9)Oaaea?aeueiua ?anoiaeu1516 (20,9)1560 (20,5)1600
(20,1)1670 (30,0)Aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa164 (2,3)107 (1,4)20 (0,3)10 (0,1)

I?eeiaeaiea 4

?en.2: Caaeneiinoue iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a athaeaeao io o?iaiy
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey





AAe - aeioiaeu athaeaeaoa;

Iao- iaeiaiaay noaaea (io 0 aei 100);

AAemax- iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiay aaee/eia aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa;

Iao- i?aaeaeueiay noaaea, i?e eioi?ie aeioiaeu athaeaeaoa aeinoeaatho
iaeneiaeueiiai cia/aiey.

I?eeiaeaiea 5.

?en.3: Aeeyiea eciaiaiey o?iaiy iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ia yeiiiie/aneoth
aeoeaiinoue e iaeiaiiaeaaaaioth aaco





IA - aaca aeey en/eneaiey iaeiaa;

aeioiaeu, iiaeeaaeauea iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth, A;

------- ?aaeueii iaeaaaaiua aeioiaeu (i?iaeaeea?e?iaaiiua), A;

aeioiaeu, ne?uaaaiua io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

I?eeiaeaiea 6.

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