СодержаниеINTRODUCTION What Is a Word? What Is Lexicology?
The Main Lexicological Problems
CHAPTER 1 Which Word Should We Choose, Formal or Informal?
Informal Style
Colloquial Words
Dialect Words
Mrs. Eynsfordhill. What does doing her in mean? Higgins (hastily).
All right. Fire away.
IV. Read the following jokes. Write out the informal words and word-groups and say whether they are colloquial, slang or dialect
V. Make up a dialogue using colloquial words from your lists and from the extracts given in the chapter.
CHAPTER 2 Which Word Should We Choose, Formal or Informal? (continued)
Learned Words
The Time of the Angels
The Importance of Being Earnest
Archaic and Obsolete Words
Twelfth Night
Professional Terminology
Runway Zero-Eight
Calling up to the flies
III.a. Make up a list of literary learned words selected from the following.
Brief Candles
CHAPTER 3 The Etymology of English Words. Are All English Words Really English?
I. Latin Affixes
The prefix dis
II. French Affixes
The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary
Star: Germ. Stern
I. Consider your answers to the following.
II. Subdivide all the following words of native origin into
III. Read the following jokes. Explain the etymology of the italicized words. If necessary consult a dictionary.
IV. Identify the period of the following Latin borrowings; point out the structural and semantic peculiarities of the words from
V. In the following sentences find examples of Latin borrowings; identify the period of borrowings.
VI. Study the map of Great Britain and write out the games of the cities and towns ending in
IX. Read the following jokes and identify the Scandinavian borrowings.
X. Copy out the examples of Norman and Parisian borrowings from the following passage. Describe the structural peculiarities of
XI. Read the following extract. Which of the italicized borrowings came from Latin and which from French?
XIII. Think of 10—15 examples of Russian borrowings in English and English borrowings in Russian.
CHAPTER 4 The Etymology of English Words (continued)
International Words
Etymological Doublets
V. In the following sentences find one of a pair of etymological doublets and name the missing member of the pair.
VI. Classify the following borrowings according to the sphere of human activity they represent. What type of borrowings are thes
VII. Read the following text. Copy out the international words. State to what sphere of human activity they belong.
IX. State the origin of the following translation-loans. Give more examples.
XI. Supply the adjectives of Latin origin corresponding to the following nouns. Comment upon their stylistic characteristics.
XIII. Read the following extract. State the etymology of the italicized words. Comment upon their stylistic characteristics.
CHAPTER 5 How English Words Are Made. Word-Building
Some Native Suffixes
Right-Ho, Jeeves
Some Productive Affixes
Note. The native noun-forming suffixes -dom
Semantics of Affixes
And what of Charles? I pity any detective who would have to dog him through those twenty months.
II. The italicized words in the following jokes and extracts are formed by derivation. Write them out in two columns
IV. Explain the etymology and productivity of the affixes given below. Say what parts of speech can be formed with their help.
IX. Find eases of conversion in the following sentences.
X. One of the italicized words in the following examples |!was made from the other by conversion. What semantic correlations exi
XI. Explain the semantic correlations within the following pairs of words.
XII. Which of the two words in the following pairs is made by conversion? Deduce the meanings and use them in constructing sente
CHAPTER 6 How English Words Are Made. Word-Building (continued)
A Five-Colour Buick
Anglo-Saxon, Franko-Prussian, handiwork, handicraft, craftsmanship, Spokesman, statesman
A Five-Colour Buick
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
Classroom, bedroom, working-man, evening-gown, dining-room, sleeping-car
Blackboard, blackbird, football, lady-killer, pick pocket, good-for-nothing, lazybones, chatterbox.
A Five-Colour Buick
They were the tallest boys in their form.
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
Some of the Minor Types of Modern Word-Building.
Language and Humour
The Importance of Being Earnest
II. Find compounds in the following jokes and extracts and write them out in three columns: A. Neutral compounds. B. Morphologic
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
V. Arrange the compounds given below into two groups
VI. Identify the compounds in the word-groups below. Say as much as you can about their structure and semantics.
VII. Say whether the following lexical units are word-groups or compounds. Apply the criteria outlined in the foregoing text to
VIII. Find shortenings in the jokes and extracts given below and specify the method of their formation.
IX. What is the type of word-building by which the italicized words in the following extracts were made?
X. Define the particular type of word-building process by which the following words were made and say as much as you can about t
XI. Read the following extract. Consider the italicized words in respect of a) word-building, b) etymology and say everything yo
CHAPTER 7 What Is "Meaning"?
The Study of Language
Polysemy. Semantic Structure of the Word
They went to the bar for a drink
Types of Semantic Components
Meaning and Context
N (adjective + noun) and N
II. Define the meanings of the words in the following sentences. Say how the meanings of the same word are associated one with a
V. Explain the basis for the following jokes. Use the dictionary when in doubt.
VI. Choose any polysemantic word that is well-known to you and illustrate its meanings with examples of your own. Prove that the
IX. Try your hand at the following research work.
CHAPTER 8 How Words Develop New Meanings
Causes of Development of New Meanings
The Process of Development and Change of Meaning
Transference Based on Resemblance (Similarity)
Tweed ("a coarse wool cloth") got its name from the river Tweed and cheviot
Narrowing (or Specialization) of Meaning
Deer: | any beast | > | a certain kind of beast | Meat
The So-called "Degeneration" ("Degradation") and "Elevation" of Meaning
Tory: | brigand, highwayman | > | member of the Tories | Knight
II. Read the following extracts and explain the semantic processes by which the italicized words acquired their meanings
The Romance of Words
The Romance of Words
Teaching English Linguistically
IV. Explain the logical associations in the following groups of meaning for the same words. Define the type of transference whic
V. Analyse the process of development of new meanings in the italicized words in the examples given below.
VI. Explain the basis for the following jokes. Trace the logical associations between the different meanings of the same word.
IX. Read the following. Find examples of "degeneration" and "elevation" of meaning. Comment on the history of the words.
CHAPTER 9 Homonyms: Words of the Same Form
Sources of Homonyms
Wrens (informal). This neologistic formation made by shortening has the homonym wren
A piece of furniture Meals provided for pay
Classification of Homonyms
II. Find the homonyms in the following extracts. Classify them into homonyms proper, homographs and homophones.
VI. Provide homonyms for the italicized words in the following jokes and extracts and classify them according to Professor A. I.
IX. To revise what you have learned from the preceding chapters, say everything you can about the italicized words in one of the
2. a) etymology, b) word-building, c) stylistic characteristics
CHAPTER 10 Synonyms: Are Their Meanings the Same or Different?
Men and Women
Death of а Него
Criteria of Synonymy
He glared at her
The Stone Angel
Types of Synonyms
Types of Connotations
The evaluative connotation
His {her) eyes sparkled with amusement, merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness
The connotation of manner
Stylistic connotations
II. The sentences given below contain synonyms. Write them out in groups and explain the difference where the words are familiar
V. Consult the diagram on p. 125 and using the definitions of the following synonyms and the explanation given in the English-Ru
VI. Single out the denotative and connotative components of meanings of the synonyms in the examples given below.
X. Classify the following synonyms in two columns according to: a) degree (intensity) of the referent; b) brief or lengthy durat
XI. Write out synonymic groups and classify them into
CHAPTER 11 Synonyms (continued). Euphemisms. Antonyms
To surprise
Superstitious taboos
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
The French Lieutenant's Woman
II. Find the dominant synonym in the following groups of synonyms. Explain your choice.
VI. Find the euphemisms in the following sentences and jokes. Name the words for which they serve as euphemistic substitutes.
VII. Find antonyms for the words given below.
Book of English Idioms
How to Distinguish Phraseological Units from Free Word-Groups
Тулу со своим самоваром.)
The structural criterion
To carry coals to Manchester
The cargo ship is carrying coal to Liverpool
This big ship is carrying a large cargo of coal to the port of Liverpool.
We never know the value of water till the well is dry.
I. Consider your answers to the following.
II. What is the source of the following idioms? If in doubt consult your reference books.
IV. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
V. Substitute phraseological units incorporating the names of colours for the italicized words.
VI. Read the following jokes. Why do little children often misunderstand phraseological units? Explain how the misunderstanding
VII. Read the following jokes. Explain why the italicized groups of words are not phraseological units.
Great Discovery
VIII. Explain whether the semantic changes in the following phraseological units are complete or partial. Paraphrase them.
IX. Say what structural variations are possible in the following phraseological units. If in doubt, consult the dictionaries.
X. Read the following jokes. Identify the phraseological units using the two major criteria: structural and semantic. What are t
XI. Read the following proverbs. Give their Russian equivalents or explain their meanings.
XII. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian proverbs.
XIII. Give the proverbs from which the following phraseological units have developed.
XIV. Read the following joke. What proverb is paraphrased in it?
CHAPTER 13 Phraseology: Principles of Classification
How can I be a judge in a situation in which I am all at sea? I'm afraid I'm all at sea in this problem).
I don't like you much, but seeing that we're in the same boat I'll back you all I can).
To show one's colours —
To weather (to ride out) the storm —
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological fusions
The structural principle of classifying
To have your tongue in your cheek is to
IV. In the texts of exercises II and III find examples of phraseological synonyms and antonyms.
VI. Complete the following similes. Translate the phraseological units into Russian. If necessary, use your dictionary.
IX. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the structural principle. Translate the p
X. Read the following jokes. Classify the italicized word-groups, using Professor Smirnitsky's classification system for phraseo
XI. Group the following italicized phraseological units, using Professor Koonin's classification system. Translate them into Rus
CHAPTER 14 Do Americans Speak English or American?
The American Language. N.-Y.
Vocabulary of American English
Hiawatha Song)
The Grammar System of American English
II. Read the following extract and give more examples illustrating the same group of Americanisms. What do we call this group?
A Common Language
Corn is what you call maize.
IV. Read the following passage. Draw up a list of terms denoting the University teaching staff in Great Britain and in the USA.
V. Give the British equivalents for the following Americanism.
VII. Identify the etymology of the following words.
IX. Translate the following words giving both the British and American variant.
XII. Read the following joke and find examples of words which are characteristic of American English.
XIII. Bead the following extract. Explain the difference in the meanings of the italicized words in American and British English
How to Scrape Skies
XV. Look through the following list of words and state what spelling norms are accepted in the USA and Great Britain so far as t
XVII. Write the following words according to the American norms of spelling.
XIX. Bead the following extract. What is a citizen of the USA called? Analyse the suggested variants of names from the point of
American Words
Supplementary Material
"English words and their background"
List of authors quoted
Лексикология английского языка
Phenomenon, philosophy, method, music
Weeny, Weedy, Weaky
U-turn ['ju:t3:n] — R. поворот "кругом". 2 M-day
We'll put you up front. —
A. Gandelsman.
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